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<h1>ICA2010: 20th International Congress on Acoustics, ICA 2010<br>
Venue, Location, Date</h1>
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<p style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><font size="+2">Table of Contents</font></p>
<ul id="Toc">
<ul>
<li>10 General acoustics, education</li>
<li>101ss Education</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p376">Support Mathematics Summer Schools for acoustics researcher training</a></li>
<li><a href="#p919">The delivery of noise and vibration study material and real life practice</a></li>
<li><a href="#p964">Problem based learning in acoustics at Aalborg University</a></li>
<li><a href="#p695">A viscoelastic figure model of tongue for understanding speech articulation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p399">Case study of curriculum development for technical listening training for employees of an acoustic related company</a></li>
<li><a href="#p75">EAA Summer Schools</a></li>
<li><a href="#p705">Integral curriculum on noise control in Spain: a cooperative task</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1000">Distance learning program for professional career in acoustics</a></li>
<li><a href="#p253">Identification, classification and acquisition of sounds for spatial orientation and mobility training of blind and visually impaired persons</a></li>
<li><a href="#p711">Workshop on advanced room acoustic prediction modelling
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p739">Acoustic education: Experiments for off-campus teaching and learning</a></li>
</ul>
<li>20 General linear acoustics</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p633">Left-handed elastic shear and longitudinal elastic waves in 2D phononic crystals made of a solid matrix</a></li>
<li><a href="#p522">Diffraction of bulk waves on phononic crystals</a></li>
<li><a href="#p721">Composite square and monomial power sweeps for SNR customization in acoustic measurements</a></li>
<li><a href="#p702">Research on acoustic source positioning method for boiler tube leakage</a></li>
<li><a href="#p923">Wave propagation interaction in anisotropic piezoelectric porous layer loaded with fluid</a></li>
<li><a href="#p79">Cylindrical harmonic expansion of the sound field due to a rotating line source</a></li>
<li><a href="#p270">The physics of wedge diffraction: high-frequency approximate solution in the vicinity of shadow boundary</a></li>
</ul>
<li>25 Nonlinear acoustics</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p545">Acoustic versus ultrasonic breast imaging</a></li>
<li><a href="#p385">Droplet motion and deformation induced by acoustic streaming and radiation pressure</a></li>
<li><a href="#p294">Beyond the geometrical focus in focused acoustic beams</a></li>
<li><a href="#p937">Nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy and acoustic slow dynamics for micro-damage characterization, correlation to acoustic emission : new trends for heterogeneous materials Non Destructive Testing (NDT) and Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)</a></li>
<li><a href="#p242">Diagnostics of elastic properties of polymerizing polyacrylamide</a></li>
<li><a href="#p239">Nonlinear elastic properties of solids with defects</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1007">Longitudinal magnetoelastic Riemann wave in a rod</a></li>
<li><a href="#p80">3D numerical modeling of nonlinear continuous wave ultrasound beam propagation in homogeneous dissipative media</a></li>
<li><a href="#p992">Time-resolved Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) of the flow in an acoustic standing wave tube</a></li>
<li><a href="#p473">Evaluation of stress corrosion cracks in metals by linear and nonlinear ultrasound
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p13">Classical and non-classical nonlinear acoustic effects discerned by airborne ultrasound</a></li>
<li><a href="#p102">Resonant amplification of evanescent acoustic waves by a slab of 2D magnetic acoustic metamaterials
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p699">Vibro-acoustic behavior of micro-perforated plate to sound absorption performance </a></li>
<li><a href="#p348">The acoustic source strength of high-energy blast waves: combining measurements and a non-linear model</a></li>
</ul>
<li>28 Aeroacoustics and atmospheric sound</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p235">Aeolian tones generated by a square cylinder with a splitter plate</a></li>
<li><a href="#p453">Design and calibration of a small aeroacoustic beamformer</a></li>
<li><a href="#p404">Time-domain simulations for outdoor sound propagation : surface waves and ground effects</a></li>
<li><a href="#p890">Hybrid CFD/BEM approach to predicting flow induced noise</a></li>
<li><a href="#p223">Statistical estimation of turbulent trailing edge noise</a></li>
<li><a href="#p718">Development of low-noise centrifugal fans in a refrigerator</a></li>
<li><a href="#p284">The effect of grazing-bias flow on the self sustained oscillations in a side branch </a></li>
<li><a href="#p345">Linear stability analysis applied to flow duct acoustics</a></li>
<li><a href="#p850">Simulations of acoustic scattering in duct systems with flow</a></li>
<li><a href="#p144">Uncertainty assessment for outdoor sound propagation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p879">Reducing the acoustic signature of a UAV propeller operating at low Reynolds numbers</a></li>
<li><a href="#p867">Tomographic reconstruction of the inclining vortex wind field from the acoustic travel time data between a pair of facing line array</a></li>
<li><a href="#p606">Acoustic analysis of flat plate trailing edge noise</a></li>
<li><a href="#p943">Comparative study on finite-difference and finite-volume implementations of the linearized Euler model for outdoor sound propagation simulations</a></li>
<li><a href="#p795">Localization of stationary sound sources in flows by using a time-reversal method</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1014">Battlefield target localization using acoustic vector sensor on board UAV</a></li>
<li><a href="#p621">Numerical analysis on 2D and 3D edge tones in terms of aerodynamic sound theory</a></li>
<li><a href="#p649">Flow-induced pulsations in pipe systems with closed side branches: study of the effectiveness of detuning as remedial measure</a></li>
<li><a href="#p966">On conditions of equivalence between Curle's and non-uniform Kirchhoff equations of aeroacoustics</a></li>
</ul>
<li>30 Underwater sound</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p708">Assessment of the sea surface roughness effects on shallow water inversion of sea bottom properties</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1027">Active suppression of acoustic radiation from a submarine hull using inertial actuators</a></li>
<li><a href="#p787">Acoustic sensing in snapping shrimp dominated environments</a></li>
<li><a href="#p714">Model calculations of wave noise and their application to the open ocean</a></li>
<li><a href="#p914">Vertical array passive geo-acoustic inversion in range-dependent environments</a></li>
<li><a href="#p68">A comparison of two secure routing protocols in underwater acoustic network</a></li>
<li><a href="#p67">Security considerations of underwater acoustic network</a></li>
<li><a href="#p697">Bayesian matched-field geoacoustic inversion</a></li>
<li><a href="#p26">Measurement and modelling of underwater noise from pile driving</a></li>
<li><a href="#p625">Sound pressure analysis and experiment of small ultrasonic lens</a></li>
<li><a href="#p839">The examination of the structure of the upper layers of the seabed by the means of the parametric sonar</a></li>
<li><a href="#p432">Underwater signals from confined explosions in very shallow water</a></li>
<li><a href="#p47">The survey result of ship wreckage off the coast of Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="#p569">Multistatic detection and tracking using maximal length sequences</a></li>
<li><a href="#p969">Rapid seafloor inversion in shallow oceans using broadband acoustic data</a></li>
<li><a href="#p770">Bistatic scattering from an array of regularly spaced cylinders</a></li>
<li><a href="#p231">Analysis of the radiation impedance with effect of reflected wave from sonar-dome in a cylindrical array</a></li>
<li><a href="#p838">Nonlinear searching of the buried objects at the sea</a></li>
<li><a href="#p135">Development of the ship-mounted underwater acoustic surveillance system</a></li>
<li><a href="#p752">Time frequency analysis of acoustics of breaking waves of plunging type </a></li>
<li><a href="#p742">Effects of correlation property of spread-spectrum signal on BER of M-ary underwater acoustic communication system</a></li>
<li><a href="#p955">A mesh-less self-adaptive boundary element quadrature scheme for underwater noise prediction</a></li>
<li><a href="#p734">Computation of drag and flow noise along wavy wall in turbulent flow </a></li>
</ul>
<li>3001ss Underwater sound transducers</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p985">Underwater ultrasonic field characterisation using laser doppler vibrometry of transducer motion</a></li>
<li><a href="#p915">Potential impact of long-life environmental sonobuoys on littoral ASW
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p482">On the study of longitudinal wave traveling through an elastic plate immersed in water</a></li>
<li><a href="#p368">On the influence of transducer heating in underwater ultrasonic thruster</a></li>
</ul>
<li>3002ss Underwater sound propagation</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p967">HANKEL: A tool for exploring the complex pressure field in range-independent underwater acoustic environments</a></li>
<li><a href="#p234">Hydrophone self-localisation using travel times estimated from ocean noise cross-correlations</a></li>
<li><a href="#p675">Acoustic propagation fluctuation caused by internal waves in the Yellow Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="#p459">Aspects of practical models of acoustic reflection loss at the ocean surface</a></li>
<li><a href="#p767">Frequency dependence of low frequency horizontal correlation in shallow water</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1011">Development of a small and long-life ultrasonic biotelemetry system strong against sea ambient noise</a></li>
<li><a href="#p510">Relation between BMD, ultrasonic properties and piezoelectricity in bovine cortical bone </a></li>
<li><a href="#p871">Estimation of propagated pulse waveform in Lűtzow-Holm Bay of Antarctic Ocean calculated by parabolic equation method</a></li>
</ul>
<li>3003ss Underwater sound effect on marine life</li>
<li>35 Ultrasonics, quantum acoustics, and physical effects of sound</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p939">Analysis of attenuation of high-frequency
acoustic waves in piezoelectric crystals
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p448">Characteristics of longitudinal and torsional vibration for hole machining by ultrasonic vibration</a></li>
<li><a href="#p891">Behaviour of ultrasonic attenuation in cemented carbides</a></li>
<li><a href="#p938">Measurement of liquid characteristics using ultrasound resonator</a></li>
<li><a href="#p900">Modelling coherent elastic wave propagation through creep damaged material</a></li>
<li><a href="#p233">Influence of defective elements on acoustic fields and imaging for a linear array transducer
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p535">Rough surface reconstruction using far-field acoustic measurements</a></li>
<li><a href="#p659">Acoustoelectric transport in magnetoresistive manganite films in high magnetic fields</a></li>
<li><a href="#p390">A comprehensive study of thermodynamical parameters and solvation number of some organic acid salts in non-aqueous medium</a></li>
<li><a href="#p275">Interaction of ultrasonic wave with the laser radiation in optical fiber</a></li>
<li><a href="#p656">Density dependence of acoustic and acousto-optic characteristics of silica nanofoam</a></li>
<li><a href="#p735">Removal of liquid in a long pore opened at both ends using high-intensity aerial ultrasonic wave
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p172">Ultrasonic attenuation in divalent FCC crystal CaO due to phonon-phonon interaction in temperature range 100-1500K</a></li>
<li><a href="#p173">Temperature variation of anharmonic properties of tellurium oxide single crystal</a></li>
<li><a href="#p99">Ultrasonication and kinetic studies in changes of ultrasonic velocities in the mixing of solvents</a></li>
<li><a href="#p824">Characteristics of focused ultrasound by layer structured phononic crystal</a></li>
<li><a href="#p644">Method of Determining Effect of Heat on Mortar by Using Aerial Ultrasonic Waves with Finite Amplitude</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1005">Analysis of multilayered piezoelectric cylinders with noncircular cross-section</a></li>
<li><a href="#p140">Temperature dependent anharmonic properties of MgO, MgS and MgSe</a></li>
<li><a href="#p931">Ultrasonic investigation of piezoelectric -semiconductor crystals</a></li>
<li><a href="#p295">Welding characteristics and structures of same and different metal specimens using ultrasonic complex vibration welding equipment</a></li>
<li><a href="#p112">Ultrasonic behaviour of velocities and higher order elastic constants in Zener alloys</a></li>
</ul>
<li>3501ss Sonoprocessing </li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p878">Flow cytometry as a means of observing the effects of ultrasound on bacteria</a></li>
<li><a href="#p566">Effect of high power ultrasounds on mass-transfer zone in supercritical fluid extraction processes</a></li>
<li><a href="#p465">Effect of ultrasound on the physical and functional properties of reconstituted whey protein powders</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1008">Power ultrasound as a new food processing and preservation modality </a></li>
<li><a href="#p567">Sonoprocessing of fluids for environmental and industrial applications</a></li>
<li><a href="#p565">Kinetic and microstructural changes induced by sonoprocessing on convective drying of eggplant</a></li>
<li><a href="#p643">Enhancement of acoustic heating during nucleation of acoustic cavitation inside an ultrasonic reactor cavity</a></li>
<li><a href="#p334">The generation of particulate fluids using power ultrasound</a></li>
<li><a href="#p532">Fundamentals of acoustic cavitation and ultrasonic processing: The effect of surfactants</a></li>
<li><a href="#p16">Ultrasonic processing and synthesis of nanomaterials</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1021">Manufacture of graded porosity foams: Simulation of local ultrasonic pressure and comparison with experimental results</a></li>
<li><a href="#p184">Sonoprocessing of dairy ingredients at a semi-industrial scale</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1017">Investigation of Generated attosecond EM by Recoiling of ionized and bounded electrons in atom with fs laser</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1018">Effect of ion density variation on THZ generation in laser-dense plasma interaction</a></li>
</ul>
<li>3502ss Sonochemistry and Sonoluminescence</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p210">Stabilization of multi-needle-to-plate electrical discharges in a high-intensity sound field</a></li>
<li><a href="#p418">Observations of bubble clusters within different cavitation environments - electrochemistry, acoustics and imaging studies</a></li>
<li><a href="#p342">Ultrasonic synthesis of air-filled microbubbles and PFC-filled microcapsules</a></li>
<li><a href="#p581">Transient cavitation in high-quality factor resonators at high static pressures</a></li>
<li><a href="#p816">Frequency effects on sonoluminescence of alkali-metal atoms in sulfuric acid</a></li>
<li><a href="#p248">Effects of rare-gases on MBSL spectrum of K atom emission</a></li>
<li><a href="#p626">Nebulization of a formaldehyde (FA)-neutralizing agent by an ultrasonic device enhances condensation of vaporized FA</a></li>
<li><a href="#p303">Objective parameters for the characterization of cavitation effects</a></li>
<li><a href="#p66">Modelling of Na D line shape in sonoluminescence spectra based upon density dynamics</a></li>
<li><a href="#p338">Characterization of nanofluid of copper</a></li>
<li><a href="#p97">Cavitation - a rapid and a novel way of generating the nanoemulsion encapsulated with active pharmaceutical ingredients</a></li>
<li><a href="#p336">Sonochemical reduction method for controlled synthesis of metal nanoparticles in aqueous solutions</a></li>
<li><a href="#p274">Degradation of water pollutants using ultrasound</a></li>
<li><a href="#p304">Sonochemistry and sonoluminescence in aqueous systems</a></li>
<li><a href="#p280">Sonochemistry with bubbles stabilized in micromachined pits</a></li>
<li><a href="#p540">Multibubble sonoluminescence pulse from Na atom in viscous liquid</a></li>
<li><a href="#p331">Degradation of perchloroethylene aqueous solutions by sonochemical, electrochemical and sonoelectrochemical methods</a></li>
<li><a href="#p170">Multi-bubble sonoluminescence resolved in space, time, and color </a></li>
<li><a href="#p414">Correlation of vibrometry and cleaning effects in ultrasonic dental instruments</a></li>
<li><a href="#p108">On the influence of liquid-surface vibration on sonochemiluminescence</a></li>
<li><a href="#p748">Transient light emission measurement of pulse burst sonochemical luminescence</a></li>
<li><a href="#p107">Origin of the broad-band noise in acoustic cavitation</a></li>
</ul>
<li>3503ss Bubbles on biomedical and industrial surfaces</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p934">Developments in targeted ultrasound contrast agent dynamics</a></li>
<li><a href="#p640">Influence of gas type on ultrasound cleaning efficiency</a></li>
<li><a href="#p24">Mixing and pumping with oscillating bubbles</a></li>
<li><a href="#p159">Measurement of a microcapsule vibration having a hard plastic shell in an acoustic standing wave</a></li>
<li><a href="#p369">The effect of a nearby solid boundary on the dynamics of a small group of ultrasound driven microbubbles</a></li>
<li><a href="#p925">Bubble vessel interactions associated with pulsed ultrasound</a></li>
<li><a href="#p87">The correlation between acoustic cavitation and sonopration involved in ultrasound-mediated DNA transfection with Polyethylenimine (PEI) in vitro</a></li>
<li><a href="#p28">Non-spherical bubble dynamics in a compressible liquid</a></li>
<li><a href="#p401">Acoustically-driven microbubble pinch off</a></li>
</ul>
<li>3504ss Geophysical and engineering bubble acoustics</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p379">Bubbles in the ocean and their significance in ocean acoustics</a></li>
<li><a href="#p661">The role of surface tension in exciting breathing mode oscillations of newly-formed bubbles</a></li>
<li><a href="#p136">Multibubble cavitation inception: Effects of bubble-bubble interaction under negative pressure</a></li>
<li><a href="#p463">Ultrasonic streaming in incompressible fluids - modelling and measurements</a></li>
<li><a href="#p238">Interfacial dynamics and frequencies of passive bubble-acoustic emissions</a></li>
</ul>
<li>3505ss Medical bubble acoustics</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p812">Molecular imaging for the detection of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque </a></li>
<li><a href="#p996">Ultrasound contrast agents: from imaging to therapy</a></li>
<li><a href="#p299">Single microbubble acoustics in small tubes</a></li>
<li><a href="#p524">Ultrasound-activated microbubbles for tendon gene transfer: confocal microscopy real time intracellular investigations and in vivo efficiency</a></li>
<li><a href="#p853">Modulational instability of microbubbles surface modes</a></li>
<li><a href="#p831">Ultra high-speed fluorescence imaging of ultrasound contrast agents for imaging and therapy</a></li>
<li><a href="#p232">Sonodynamic therapy with titanium dioxide in vitro and in vivo</a></li>
<li><a href="#p793">A simultaneous observation system for microbubble vibration in an acoustic field by using a high-speed camera and an LDV</a></li>
<li><a href="#p25">Forming morphing microfoam</a></li>
<li><a href="#p375">Wideband nonlinear imaging of ultrasound contrast agent with a CMUT Probe</a></li>
<li><a href="#p88">A review of single microbubble acoustics</a></li>
<li><a href="#p54">Comparative analysis of gene transfer efficiency to CHO cells by echo contrast agent BR14 under different ultrasound conditions</a></li>
<li><a href="#p509">Evaluation of the effects of secdonary radiation force on aggregation of ultrasound contrast agents</a></li>
</ul>
<li>3506ss High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) and its application in medicine </li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p526">Mechanical erosion of tissue using millisecond bursts of high amplitude shock waves</a></li>
<li><a href="#p316">A brief review of development of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) in Chongqing Medical University of the past 21 years</a></li>
<li><a href="#p478">Theoretical modeling of radiation force imparted on a kidney stone by a focused ultrasound beam</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1021">Manufacture of graded porosity foams: Simulation of local ultrasonic pressure and comparison with experimental results</a></li>
<li><a href="#p86">Controlled drug release from encapsulated nanometer liposomes using high intensity focused ultrasound </a></li>
</ul>
<li>3507ss Micro/Nanofluidics and Actuation</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p662">Acoustically induced micro-scale capillary wave turbulence</a></li>
<li><a href="#p385">Droplet motion and deformation induced by acoustic streaming and radiation pressure</a></li>
<li><a href="#p106">Applications of high-frequency ultrasonics in microfluidics and microactuation </a></li>
<li><a href="#p23">Trapping of particles on ultrasonic radiation surface
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p138">Acoustic streaming on "micro-laboratory" using sensor plate/matching layer/piezoelectric substrate</a></li>
<li><a href="#p195">Noncontact ultrasonic particle manipulation in a circular trajectory using a vibrating disc</a></li>
<li><a href="#p194">Acoustic manipulation in a microchannel</a></li>
<li><a href="#p174">Non - linear properties of mixed divalent crystals</a></li>
<li><a href="#p188">Liquid mixing using streaming in frequency-modulated ultrasound beams radiated from SAW devices
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p660">Synthesis of multilayer polymeric nanoparticles using surface acoustic wave atomization</a></li>
<li><a href="#p750">The use of acoustic actuation methods for particle manipulation within a droplet</a></li>
<li><a href="#p344">Characteristics of screw-shaped ultrasonic motor that incorporates three transducers</a></li>
<li><a href="#p493">Ultrasonic cleaning of the root canal</a></li>
<li><a href="#p267">Finite element analysis of acoustic streaming through the driving force in an ultrasonic air pump</a></li>
<li><a href="#p761">Unconstrained droplet behaviour under high intensity acoustic vibration</a></li>
<li><a href="#p98">Acoustical investigations of gallium nitride nanowires</a></li>
<li><a href="#p886">Fast microfluidic actuation driven using surface acoustic waves</a></li>
<li><a href="#p441">A high power piezoelectric ultrasonic linear micromotor using slotted stator</a></li>
<li><a href="#p674">Acoustic sizing of air bubbles inside a MEMS piezo inkjet printhead</a></li>
</ul>
<li>3508ss Thermoacoustics</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p260">Performance measurements of a traveling wave thermoacoustic refrigerator</a></li>
<li><a href="#p846">Exergy analysis of thermoacoustic prime mover</a></li>
<li><a href="#p854">Numerical simulation of heat and fluid interaction of a contoured resonator thermoacoustic engine</a></li>
<li><a href="#p9">Measurement of the thermal and acoustic properties of the concrete alleviated with the cork
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p911">Basic study for practical use of thermoacoustic electric generation system</a></li>
<li><a href="#p992">Time-resolved Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) of the flow in an acoustic standing wave tube</a></li>
<li><a href="#p402">Effect of sub loop tube on energy conversion efficiency of loop-tube-type thermoacoustic system</a></li>
<li><a href="#p916">Marginal conditions of thermoacoustic Taconis oscillations revisited</a></li>
<li><a href="#p153">Thermoacoustic wave propagation in a narrow channel subject to temperature gradient</a></li>
<li><a href="#p910">A basic study for silencer by using thermoacoustic phenomena - Experimental discussion for heat exchange and viscous dissipation
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p843">Critical temperature ratio needed for a spontaneous gas oscillation in a miniature thermoacoustic engine</a></li>
</ul>
<li>3509ss Non-medical Imaging and Ultrasonic Measurement Techniques</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p131">Monitoring of flotation cell process state by acoustic emissions</a></li>
<li><a href="#p145">Delamination detection in wood - based composites, a methodological review
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p279">Airborne ultrasonic transducers for ultrasonic transmission tomography in gaseous media</a></li>
<li><a href="#p508">Evaluation of contact stiffness between solid-solid interfaces using dual-frequency ultrasound</a></li>
<li><a href="#p792">Microstructure characterization and imaging of single phases in polycrystalline metals by atomic force acoustic microscopy</a></li>
<li><a href="#p123">Ultrasonic evaluation of dimensional and technological parameters of cement mortars </a></li>
<li><a href="#p121">Preliminary study to assess ultrasonic characteristics of Torta del Casar - type cheese</a></li>
<li><a href="#p824">Characteristics of focused ultrasound by layer structured phononic crystal</a></li>
<li><a href="#p254">Fundamental study on nonlinear ultrasonic imaging method for closed cracks using subtraction of responses at different external loads</a></li>
<li><a href="#p408">Aperture synthesis on 2-D ultrasonic transducer arrays for projection imaging of biological media</a></li>
<li><a href="#p70">The use of ultrasound energy propagated in wood</a></li>
<li><a href="#p406">Acoustics and dielectric properties of Borassus Flabellifier ‘BF' with frequency and temperature </a></li>
<li><a href="#p8">An ultrasonic flowmeter based on bean pattern of a multi element transducer: theoretical approach</a></li>
<li><a href="#p578">Quantitative numerical approach for ultrasound imaging with Time Domain Topological Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="#p318">Acoustical investigations in some cubic crystals</a></li>
<li><a href="#p177">Speed measurement of moving object by using sensitivity compensated ultrasonic transmitting signal and pulse compression</a></li>
</ul>
<li>3510ss Mack Breazeale Memorial Session</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p1019">Theoretical and experimental investigation of the backward beam displacement</a></li>
<li><a href="#p536">Mack Breazeale's contribution to Spring Schools on acousto-optics and its applications (1980 - 2008)</a></li>
<li><a href="#p32">Studies on acoustical dissipation and related parameters in Vth group mononitrides</a></li>
</ul>
<li>38 Measurement, Generation and reproduction of sound</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p580">A directional loudspeaker array for surround sound in reverberant rooms</a></li>
<li><a href="#p305">The reproduction of the response of an aircraft panel to turbulent boundary layer excitations in laboratory conditions</a></li>
<li><a href="#p856">Sound field reproduction by using a scatterer</a></li>
<li><a href="#p329">A new loudspeaker for low frequency radiation by linear motion type ultrasonic motor</a></li>
<li><a href="#p810">Optimization of loudspeaker and microphone configurations for sound reproduction system based on boundary surface control principle
- An optimizing approach using Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization and its evaluation -</a></li>
<li><a href="#p737">Objective evaluation of a three-dimensional sound field reproduction system</a></li>
<li><a href="#p885">Sound field reproduction using directional loudspeakers and the equivalent acoustic scattering problem</a></li>
<li><a href="#p721">Composite square and monomial power sweeps for SNR customization in acoustic measurements</a></li>
<li><a href="#p806">Three-party sound field sharing system based on the boundary surface control principle
-Subjective assessment of voice reproduction with speaker's facing angle-</a></li>
<li><a href="#p464">A sound telescope: a control of zone of interest</a></li>
<li><a href="#p100">Measurement and generation of footsteps sound on Japanese traditional dance</a></li>
<li><a href="#p836">Sound source localization using scattered acoustic pressure on the surface of rigid sphere and its performance</a></li>
<li><a href="#p244">Analysis of exponentially tapered piezoelectric bimorph actuator</a></li>
<li><a href="#p207">A study on acoustic theoretical formula for compact acoustic reproduction systems</a></li>
<li><a href="#p349">Localization of acoustic signals used in sound emitters at pedestrian crosswalks
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p898">Visualization of sound field and sound source vibration using laser measurement method</a></li>
<li><a href="#p835">Performance degradation due to transfer function errors in acoustic brightness/contrast control: sensitivity analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="#p798">Parametric simulation study of miniature loudspeaker for performance evaluation and improvement</a></li>
<li><a href="#p666">Bone conductors, signals and sores</a></li>
<li><a href="#p570">Wide band pneumatic sound system for MEG</a></li>
<li><a href="#p815">Sound absorption characterisation of woven materials. Case study: auditorium restoration </a></li>
<li><a href="#p462">New construction of loudspeaker for low frequency range by rotational type ultrasonic motor</a></li>
<li><a href="#p546">Sound source location for reproduction of speech signal at local spot based on its decomposition into random signals</a></li>
<li><a href="#p921">Acoustic projector using directivity controllable parametric loudspeaker arrays</a></li>
<li><a href="#p262">Stereo reproduction using parametric loudspeakers</a></li>
<li><a href="#p481">High order Ambisonic decoding method for irregular loudspeaker arrays</a></li>
<li><a href="#p45">Representations of HRTFs using MATLAB: 2D and 3D plots of accurate dummy-head measurements </a></li>
<li><a href="#p864">Design, fabrication, and design verification of 50-kHz CMUTs for high-intensity airborne ultrasound</a></li>
<li><a href="#p438">Electro-acoustic transducers with cellular polymer electrets</a></li>
<li><a href="#p678">Fast head-related transfer function measurement in complex environments</a></li>
</ul>
<li>40 Structural acoustics and vibration</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p58">Vibroacoustic investigations on hand prostheses and sound design</a></li>
<li><a href="#p598">Sound radiation of orthotropic curved sandwich structures using a mixed boundary element/finite element approach</a></li>
<li><a href="#p43">Optimal design of piezoelectric panel speakers using the simulated annealing algorithm</a></li>
<li><a href="#p834">Preliminary acoustic tests on resilient materials: comparison between common layers and nano-structured layers</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1027">Active suppression of acoustic radiation from a submarine hull using inertial actuators</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1026">Vibrations of roll swage jointed plates</a></li>
<li><a href="#p548">A review of prediction methods for ground-borne noise due to construction activities</a></li>
<li><a href="#p427">Vibrational and acoustical characteristics of the piano soundboard</a></li>
<li><a href="#p704">Monte Carlo model of the uncertainty of SEA loss factors</a></li>
<li><a href="#p687">Short-interval period distributions for structural health monitoring</a></li>
<li><a href="#p594">Infrasound and ground vibration transmitted from highway bridges using moving trucks</a></li>
<li><a href="#p198">Active vibration control of clamped beams using PPF controllers with piezoceramic actuators</a></li>
<li><a href="#p281">Regularized imaging methods for defect detection using flexural waves</a></li>
<li><a href="#p657">Acoustical diagnosis of concrete crack depth based on its resonance</a></li>
<li><a href="#p903">Dynamic properties of damping materials for reducing heavyweight floor impact sounds</a></li>
<li><a href="#p518">Elastomer layer impact on plate radiation and transmission loss</a></li>
<li><a href="#p499">Sonic crystal noise barriers made of resonant elements</a></li>
<li><a href="#p268">The acoustical design of slim size piezoelectric speakers for mobile phones</a></li>
<li><a href="#p451">Noise reduction of an acoustical enclosure: Mechanisms and prediction accuracy</a></li>
<li><a href="#p51">Electroacoustic absorbers: a unification of active acoustic impedance control and shunt loudspeakers theory</a></li>
<li><a href="#p472">Measurement of sound-radiation from a torpedo-shaped structure subjected to an axial excitation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p777">Air gap influence on the vibro-acoustic response of solar arrays in stowed configuration of satellites during launch</a></li>
<li><a href="#p993">The fluid-strucutre interaction behaviour of building floating floors supported at points randomly distributed</a></li>
<li><a href="#p669">The radiation modes problem: Exact solutions
for the active control of sound power and
the reconstruction of acoustic sources
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p122">Investigation of the damping effect on the energy response of a structure-cavity system in the case of a heavy fluid</a></li>
<li><a href="#p924">Methods and tools used in paper machine supercalender vibration diagnostics</a></li>
<li><a href="#p723">Vibration and reliability of synthesis gas compressors (A case study in PKT-Kaltim Indonesia)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p845">Experimental investigation of particle clumping position on circular plates using acoustic streaming generated by ultrasonic vibrations</a></li>
<li><a href="#p572">Passive control of structural intensity for reducing structure-borne sound on compound plate structure</a></li>
<li><a href="#p489">The acoustical design of mobile phones </a></li>
<li><a href="#p250">The development of ultra thin piezoelectric speakers for mobile phones</a></li>
<li><a href="#p190">Active structural acoustic control of sound radiation from flat plates </a></li>
<li><a href="#p265">Acoustic waves in quasi-periodic multi-layered media</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1003">Simulation of the vibration generated by entry and exit to/from a spall in a rolling element bearing </a></li>
<li><a href="#p574">Low Frequency Sound Radiation from Aluminium Extrusion, Part I: Experimental Study</a></li>
<li><a href="#p728">Effects of extensional wave propagating through shell structure on vibration energy flow</a></li>
<li><a href="#p732">A novel double-notch passive hydraulic engine mount design</a></li>
<li><a href="#p251">Vibroacoustic coupling of cylindrical structure with both excited end plates</a></li>
<li><a href="#p749">Research on reduction of structure-borne sound using perforated plate</a></li>
<li><a href="#p979">Adaptive electromechanical tuned vibration absorbers and their application in semi-active fluid mounts</a></li>
<li><a href="#p647">On some mathematical problems in modeling piezoelectric actuators</a></li>
<li><a href="#p101">Vibration control of a building model with base isolation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p638">Power transmission analysis of coupled rectangular plates with elastically restrained coupling edge including in-plane vibration</a></li>
<li><a href="#p471">Underwater sound radiation by a layered infinite elastic plate with discontinuity</a></li>
<li><a href="#p909">Vibration modelling of composite laminates with delamination damage</a></li>
<li><a href="#p169">Multiphysics modelling and experimental verification of active and passive reduction of structural noise</a></li>
</ul>
<li>4001ss Theoretical and computational acoustics</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p290">Meaning Of admittance boundary condition explained on an analytical example Of structure fluid coupling</a></li>
<li><a href="#p377">Prediction of soil surface velocity from above-ground acoustic sources</a></li>
<li><a href="#p429">High-order doubly asymptotic absorbing boundaries for the acoustic wave equation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p877">Numerical simulation of sound wave interaction with human hearing system with fast integral acousto-elastic equation solver</a></li>
<li><a href="#p593">On the selection and implementation of sources for
finite-difference methods</a></li>
<li><a href="#p895">A Multi-Level Fast Multipole Algorithm (MLFMM) for calculating the sound scattered from objects within fluids</a></li>
<li><a href="#p900">Modelling coherent elastic wave propagation through creep damaged material</a></li>
<li><a href="#p519">Love wave propagation in a near-surface depth-varying distribution of cracks</a></li>
<li><a href="#p82">Studies on substructure FMBEM and direct mixed-body FMBEM for acoustic performance prediction of reactive mufflers</a></li>
<li><a href="#p528">The plane wave expansion technique to describe diffraction of sound</a></li>
<li><a href="#p180">Bayesian ocean acoustic tracking and track prediction in an uncertain environment</a></li>
<li><a href="#p511">The prediction of synthesised wavefields within realistic room acoustics scenarios</a></li>
<li><a href="#p693">Acoustic-gravity waves in the air generated by an underwater source</a></li>
<li><a href="#p119">Numerical computations of a recorder fluid</a></li>
<li><a href="#p61">A fully consistent constrained generalized coordinate formulation of the interaction of an acoustic cavity and surrounding structures</a></li>
<li><a href="#p56">Long-range correlation of random acoustic fields and passive remote sensing of the environment </a></li>
<li><a href="#p682">Ranking energy paths in a SEA model</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1029">Modeling the transmission loss of passthroughs in sound package using foam finite elements</a></li>
<li><a href="#p639">The effect of coupling on the modal behavior of the coupled system of a cavity and a flexible panel</a></li>
<li><a href="#p504">Investigation on the cause of instability in time domain acoustic BEM by using the wave vector concept</a></li>
<li><a href="#p981">Three formulas of generalized gamma functions occurring in analytical acoustics</a></li>
<li><a href="#p616">FDTD techniques applied to acoustic propagation in vegetable tissue</a></li>
<li><a href="#p381">Measurement and prediction of the acoustic performance of poroelastic foam filled mufflers for sleep apnoea devices</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1028">A review on prediction models for the acoustic performance of pipe lagging</a></li>
<li><a href="#p841">On decreasing the calculation time in multi-dimensional acoustic numerical simulation by multi-GPU parallel computing</a></li>
<li><a href="#p715">Time-domain computation of broadband noise due to interaction of a rectilinear cascade of flat plates with inflow turbulence</a></li>
<li><a href="#p847">Use of CFD to calculate the performance of microperforated materials </a></li>
<li><a href="#p1031">Vibro-Acoustic Characterisation of Thermoplastic Fibre Reinforced Composites</a></li>
<li><a href="#p488">FDTD modelling of frequency dependent boundary conditions for room acoustics</a></li>
<li><a href="#p713">Experimental and theoretical investigation into
aerodynamic noise sources of large upwind
horizontal-axis wind turbines</a></li>
<li><a href="#p17">Efficient handling of parameter uncertainties in coupled fluid-structure finite element computations</a></li>
<li><a href="#p272">The ultra-weak variational formulation for the 3D elastic wave problems</a></li>
<li><a href="#p192">Blind source separation and localization in case of one reflection problem of one source signal</a></li>
<li><a href="#p35">Numerical methods for simulating disc brake squeal noise </a></li>
<li><a href="#p423">Uncertainty modelling in metecting friction-induced pad-mode instabilities in disc brake squeal</a></li>
<li><a href="#p823">Basic investigations on boundary shape modeling for sound field analysis of rooms using time domain finite element method</a></li>
<li><a href="#p862">Critique of Biot-related theories of acoustic waves in porous media</a></li>
<li><a href="#p213">A method to calculate the acoustic intensity near an open end of a flanged round pipe</a></li>
<li><a href="#p139">Sound production and radiation of resonator-controlled edge tones</a></li>
<li><a href="#p426">Spatial data structures for dynamic acoustic virtual reality</a></li>
<li><a href="#p276">Theory and Phenomenology of the Acoustic Vector Field</a></li>
<li><a href="#p840">Computing diffraction integrals with the numerical method of steepest descent</a></li>
<li><a href="#p653">Wavefront modelling and low frequency ray theory</a></li>
<li><a href="#p230">Prediction by the finite-difference time-domain method for vibroacoustic problems</a></li>
<li><a href="#p496">Acoustic properties of double-porosity fibrous materials</a></li>
<li><a href="#p758">Frequency-domain computation of inflow broadband noise due to interaction of a rectilinear cascade of flat plates with incident turbulence</a></li>
<li><a href="#p503">The fast multipole BEM for low-frequency acoustic problems based on degenerate boundary formulation</a></li>
</ul>
<li>50 Noise: its effects and control</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p10">An acoustic comfort model for dwellers in high-rise built environment in the tropics </a></li>
<li><a href="#p613">Study of elastic modulus for viscoelastic absorption materials</a></li>
<li><a href="#p339">Estimating urban natural ventilation potential by noise mapping and building energy simulation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p615">Stochastic computational methods for broadband fan noise</a></li>
<li><a href="#p706">Measurement methodology for the acoustic scattering of a single tree</a></li>
<li><a href="#p756">Speech referenced limiting of noise</a></li>
<li><a href="#p321">Highly uncomfortable Mosquito Signal based on subjective evaluation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p486">An adaptive approach to enhance damping in a two dimensional feed forward active noise control system using velocity microphones</a></li>
<li><a href="#p694">Estimating the sound-absorption coefficients of oblique micro-perforated panels by using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="#p440">Active noise control at a virtual acoustic energy density sensor in a three-dimensional sound field</a></li>
<li><a href="#p411">The insertion loss of thick barriers with rectangular and circular vertical edges</a></li>
<li><a href="#p768">Active noise reduction: performance of personal devices</a></li>
<li><a href="#p699">Vibro-acoustic behavior of micro-perforated plate to sound absorption performance </a></li>
<li><a href="#p226">Sound transmission loss of expansion chambers with upper and lower chambers staggered</a></li>
<li><a href="#p162">Noise suppression method for a high-realistic reproduction system with active noise control </a></li>
<li><a href="#p165">A study of a comfortable sound design for higher-frequency noise based on auditory masking</a></li>
<li><a href="#p513">Improvement of active noise control performance by changing reference signal</a></li>
</ul>
<li>5001ss Environmental Noise Management</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p22">Music and outdoors: Are they meant to work together?
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1009">The Fortaleza noise mapping project - A tool for the strategies of knowledge and control of noise in the municipality and the new perception for the control of big music events</a></li>
<li><a href="#p445">A 70 dB(A) limit proposal for façade exposure to urban noise, based on research</a></li>
<li><a href="#p356">The H.U.S.H. project - Database of noise reduction measures for city noise action planning</a></li>
<li><a href="#p301">The H.U.S.H. project - The geographical data platform for city noise action planning</a></li>
<li><a href="#p562">Multisource industrial plant inverse noise modelling and assessment against ISO 8297</a></li>
<li><a href="#p654">Noise assessment of a desalination plant</a></li>
<li><a href="#p363">Satisfactory background noise levels in naturally ventilated buildings - Challenging acoustic criteria used in the past</a></li>
<li><a href="#p998">Are Western noise policies appropriate for developing and emerging countries?</a></li>
<li><a href="#p127">Ventilation system noise control</a></li>
<li><a href="#p789">Development of noise control measures on construction site
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p391">Improving environmental noise predictions</a></li>
<li><a href="#p874">Acoustical indicators and indexes for urban quality evaluation
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p147">Managing the cost of noise exposure in transport corridors</a></li>
<li><a href="#p832">Statistical patterns of the noise levels of a town</a></li>
<li><a href="#p917">Airport noise environmental impact assessment including affected communities perception: description of social survey on neighborhoods of Santos Dumont Airport - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</a></li>
<li><a href="#p283">New techniques in noise prediction</a></li>
<li><a href="#p460">Construction noise management guideline for major transport infrastructure projects</a></li>
<li><a href="#p987">Assessment of low frequency noise from transportation sources</a></li>
<li><a href="#p217">Acoustical insertion loss of plenum window at different sound incidence angles</a></li>
<li><a href="#p444">Are there more definitive ways to manage environmental noise?</a></li>
<li><a href="#p69">Compressor noise control for a large underground natural gas storage station in China</a></li>
<li><a href="#p73">Consideration of new environmental noise evaluation index</a></li>
</ul>
<li>5003ss Road transportation noise</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p769">Quantitative assessment of noise reduction following building treatment to dwellings affected by traffic noise</a></li>
<li><a href="#p128">Limit of predicted road noise emissions due to traffic constraints - Part 2</a></li>
<li><a href="#p848">Tire surface vibration and sound radiation resulting from the tire cavity mode</a></li>
<li><a href="#p730">Further comparison of traffic noise predictions using the CadnaA and SoundPLAN noise prediction models</a></li>
<li><a href="#p888">Deployment of the binary traffic in the city of Maringa, PR, Brazil: acoustic adequacy of the surroundings of educational institution</a></li>
<li><a href="#p224">Directivity of the CoRTN road traffic noise model</a></li>
<li><a href="#p156">A geometric method to determine feasible noise barrier locations</a></li>
<li><a href="#p155">A study on the sound power level of Queensland road vehicles</a></li>
<li><a href="#p965">Enhancements to noise barrier design standards for European highways</a></li>
<li><a href="#p395">Relationships between noise indices, road traffic noise and criteria in NSW</a></li>
<li><a href="#p751">Road traffic noise pollution in Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="#p571">An environmental noise mapping study for heterogeneous traffic conditions</a></li>
<li><a href="#p997">Are vehicles driven in electric mode so quiet that they need acoustic warning signals?</a></li>
<li><a href="#p183">In situ measurements of reflection index and sound insulation index of noise barriers</a></li>
<li><a href="#p527">How to measure the effectiveness of low-noise pavements in urban situations?</a></li>
</ul>
<li>5004ss Aircraft noise</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p431">Towards improving the characterisation of aircraft and background noise</a></li>
<li><a href="#p354">Applying Computational Aero-Acoustics (CAA) to turbofan liner optimisation. </a></li>
<li><a href="#p849">Sound power radiation due to an isolated airfoil in a turbulent stream.</a></li>
<li><a href="#p324">INM - getting it to work acoustically </a></li>
<li><a href="#p325">Alternative aircraft metrics - Useful or like moving the deck chairs on the Titanic?</a></li>
<li><a href="#p326">Military aircraft noise and the community</a></li>
<li><a href="#p59">Aircraft noise management in New Zealand
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p285">An airline approach to community noise: assessing the noise exposure in case of CDA implementation at TAROM
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p596">A measurement method to discriminate aircraft fly-over noise</a></li>
<li><a href="#p686">Airfoil trailing edge noise reduction by the introduction of sawtooth and slitted trailing edge geometries</a></li>
<li><a href="#p249">Conversion relationship of aircraft noise indices between WECPNL and DENL</a></li>
<li><a href="#p134">Policy and the evaluation of aircraft noise</a></li>
<li><a href="#p113">Semi-empirical prediction of tone noise due to counter-rotating open rotors</a></li>
<li><a href="#p680">Thickness noise analysis of an uneven helicopter rotor configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="#p523">On the source modeling technique in Tam & Auriault's fine-scale turbulence jet noise theory</a></li>
<li><a href="#p696">A paired comparison experiment to examine startle evoked by low level sonic booms and other transients.</a></li>
<li><a href="#p917">Airport noise environmental impact assessment including affected communities perception: description of social survey on neighborhoods of Santos Dumont Airport - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</a></li>
<li><a href="#p668">Helicopter noise propagation characteristics in the refracting atmospheric conditions</a></li>
<li><a href="#p575">Low frequency liners for turbofan engines</a></li>
<li><a href="#p335">Airport noise model taking account of soundproofing embankment and aircraft ground operation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p553">Factors affecting the harmonious coexistence of the airport and local communities</a></li>
</ul>
<li>5005ss Wind farm noise</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p33">A new wind farm noise standard for New Zealand, NZS 6808:2010</a></li>
<li><a href="#p41">Wind induced aerodynamic noise on microphones from atmospheric measurements</a></li>
<li><a href="#p587">Economics on wind farm noise mitigation by power limitation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p20">Noise generated by wind farms: ISPRA experience of measurements</a></li>
<li><a href="#p725">Assessment of the methods addressing atmospheric stability effects in the latest SA EPA "Wind farms environmental noise guidelines", New Zealand NZS 6808 and Australian AS 4959 </a></li>
<li><a href="#p713">Experimental and theoretical investigation into
aerodynamic noise sources of large upwind
horizontal-axis wind turbines</a></li>
<li><a href="#p53">Statistical and curve fitting post-process of wind farm noise monitoring data</a></li>
</ul>
<li>5008ss Health effects of noise</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p607">The contribution of leisure noise to overall noise exposure</a></li>
<li><a href="#p515">Effects of noise on sleep in shift workers</a></li>
<li><a href="#p110">Comparative analysis of methods to evaluate people exposure and annoyance</a></li>
<li><a href="#p247">A night noise index on the basis of the integration of awakening potential</a></li>
<li><a href="#p652">Introducing aircraft noise characteristics into models that predict sleep structure</a></li>
<li><a href="#p443">Economic valuation of sleep disturbance due to traffic noise: A questionnaire study applying CVM in Urayasu, Chiba, Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="#p65">Work and non-work noise exposure</a></li>
</ul>
<li>5010ss Occupational noise</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p114">Noise as a cognitive impairment factor: a case study amongst teachers</a></li>
<li><a href="#p382">Control of noise exposure for employees in the music sector</a></li>
<li><a href="#p495">The European Regulation 2003/10/EC and the impact of its application to the military noise exposure</a></li>
<li><a href="#p774">Noise levels in UAE dental clinics and its effect on dental professionals and patients </a></li>
<li><a href="#p116">Earmuffs comfort</a></li>
<li><a href="#p727">Validation of a temporary threshold shift (TTS) detector for use with portable listening devices</a></li>
<li><a href="#p858">The effect of wearing earplugs on the level and spectrum of performed music</a></li>
<li><a href="#p651">Effect of hearing protection and hearing loss on warning sound design</a></li>
<li><a href="#p77">Hearing status among aircraft maintenance personnel in a Swedish commercial airline company</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1030">Military aircraft noise effects on crew's cognitive conditions</a></li>
<li><a href="#p800">Noise in industrial workrooms</a></li>
<li><a href="#p298">Results of simulation tests of a global index proposed for the acoustic assessment of machines</a></li>
<li><a href="#p709">Noise and hearing loss in the metal manufacturing industry in New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="#p557">Noise at Work regulations 2005 and the Royal Academy of Music noise project.</a></li>
<li><a href="#p860">Determination of earmuff transmittance with the use of MIRE technique and with artificial test fixtures</a></li>
</ul>
<li>5011ss Vehicle noise and vibration</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p258">Quality evaluation of engine start and idle sounds</a></li>
<li><a href="#p896">Improving the acoustic evaluation of motor cars</a></li>
<li><a href="#p859">Optimization of Diesel engine noise</a></li>
<li><a href="#p212">Transmission loss calculations for dissipative mufflers with temperature gradients</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1023">Development of a low cost system for pass-by noise beamforming measurements</a></li>
<li><a href="#p46">Brake vibration and noise - A review and discussion</a></li>
<li><a href="#p729">Characteristics of flow-induced noise generated by air flow passing through perforated plates and impinging on a flat plate</a></li>
<li><a href="#p36">Numerical study of friction-induced pad-mode instability in disc brake squeal</a></li>
<li><a href="#p37">Acoustic radiation of friction-induced pad-mode instability in disc brake squeal</a></li>
<li><a href="#p935">The passive acoustic effect of automotive catalytic converters</a></li>
<li><a href="#p997">Are vehicles driven in electric mode so quiet that they need acoustic warning signals?</a></li>
<li><a href="#p558">Development of experimental procedure for detecting and evaluating squeak and rattle noise emission from the instrument panel in a vehicle</a></li>
<li><a href="#p601">Estimation of the dynamic force transmitted by a nonlinear hydraulic engine mount </a></li>
<li><a href="#p437">Trail bike exhaust noise: Are road-legal trail bikes louder than competition bikes?</a></li>
<li><a href="#p955">A mesh-less self-adaptive boundary element quadrature scheme for underwater noise prediction</a></li>
<li><a href="#p912">Vibro-acoustic analysis of a vehicle
integrated with design of experiments methodology using three performance criteria
</a></li>
</ul>
<li>5012ss Rail transport noise and vibration</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p561">Probabilistic prediction of wheel squeal under field humidity variation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p229">Train induced vibration isolation of theskyvue, Sydney Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="#p636">Algorithms for detection of rail wheel squeal</a></li>
<li><a href="#p186">The force transmissibility of a floating slab track</a></li>
<li><a href="#p450">Investigations on transportation induced ground vibrations
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p926">Application of noise reduction equipment in the modernization of the EU railway development</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1006">Noise of railway transport and its impact on the environment</a></li>
<li><a href="#p743">Rail dampers - The first Australian field trial
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p319">Modelling the real time performance of noise barriers for the night time operation of a rail-freight terminal</a></li>
<li><a href="#p340">Source noise control to mitigate airborne noise at high rise developments - Epping to Chatswood Rail Link</a></li>
</ul>
<li>5015ss Military Noise</li>
<li>55 Architectural acoustics</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p948">Acoustic study of the Society of Jesus Church. Characterization by means of objective and subjective parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#p458">Using an ambisonic microphone for measurement of
the diffuse state in a reverberant room</a></li>
<li><a href="#p219">A new system of speech privacy criteria in terms of Speech Privacy Class (SPC) values </a></li>
<li><a href="#p240">Sound propagation in performance halls with balconies</a></li>
<li><a href="#p766">Taiwan green building material labelling system and its sound insulating assessment</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1025">Investigating room acoustics using higher order ambisonics and perceptual evaluation of ambisonic auralization techniques</a></li>
<li><a href="#p5">Improving the acoustic for classical musicians</a></li>
<li><a href="#p813">Acoustical effects of columns, beams and furniture on sound fields in small enclosures</a></li>
<li><a href="#p986">The acoustics of ancient Iranian music room at "Aali Ghapoo"</a></li>
<li><a href="#p287">Acoustical measurements in occupied rooms in Paris</a></li>
<li><a href="#p360">Optimal design of slit resonators for acoustic normal mode control in rectangular rooms</a></li>
<li><a href="#p646">A review of the current role of acoustics in sustainability: The contrast of different rating tools, codes and standards</a></li>
<li><a href="#p357">Measurement and optimization of background noise and reverberation for a meeting room </a></li>
<li><a href="#p602">Phase coherence as a measure of acoustic quality: Part 1, The neural mechanism</a></li>
<li><a href="#p603">Phase coherence as a measure of acoustic quality: Part 2, Audience engagement</a></li>
<li><a href="#p604">Phase coherence as a measure of acoustic quality: Part 3, Concert hall design</a></li>
<li><a href="#p388">The Lindeman Hall of Oslo ― Evidence of low-frequency radiation from the stage floor</a></li>
<li><a href="#p782">Restoration of the Bell Pavilion for King Song-Dok Bell considering its acoustic characteristics
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p722">An acoustic investigation into small auditorium in Indonesia
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p126">Architectural categories and acoustic characteristics of traditional Chinese theatres</a></li>
<li><a href="#p365">A new miniature loudspeaker for room acoustical scale model experiment</a></li>
<li><a href="#p744">Quantitative evaluation of three-dimensional shape of auditorium using elliptic Fourier descriptors</a></li>
<li><a href="#p904">Effects of stage design elements on acoustics of concert halls</a></li>
<li><a href="#p905">Effects of sound strength and IACC on perception of listener envelopment in concert halls</a></li>
<li><a href="#p491">Simulation of the aperture diffraction in coupled rooms by acoustical radiosity</a></li>
<li><a href="#p617">Study on effect of room acoustics on timbral brightness of clarinet tones. Part I: subjective evaluation through a listening experiment</a></li>
<li><a href="#p797">Effect of sound absorption on indoor sound environment of nursery school classrooms</a></li>
<li><a href="#p902">Evaluation of stage support for musician's performance in a concert hall</a></li>
<li><a href="#p870">Acoustics of the concert hall at the Sydney Opera House, Part two: The Acoustician's Perspective
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p366">A new type of porous absorber</a></li>
<li><a href="#p197">Room acoustics in rehearsal rooms and public areas in the new Norwegian National Opera House</a></li>
<li><a href="#p796">A study of sound absorption characteristics on air layer with irregular shape</a></li>
<li><a href="#p833">The optimum initial delay time of Angklung Musics in an Angklung concert hall</a></li>
<li><a href="#p386">A coherent image source method for flat waveguides with locally reacting boundaries</a></li>
<li><a href="#p746">Numerical investigation on the sound absorption coefficients of Malaysian wood</a></li>
<li><a href="#p211">Acoustic description of the Great Hall of the Moscow P.I.Tchaikovsky Conservatory
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p631">A proposal for a tool for automatic correction of geometrical errors in acoustical simulation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p168">Effect of microperforation on sound insulation of double-leaf structures</a></li>
<li><a href="#p157">Predictions of road traffic noise on residential balconies using a specular & diffusion model </a></li>
<li><a href="#p753">Acoustical characteristics of newly developed perforated plates</a></li>
<li><a href="#p773">Study on an estimation method for parameters of a dry laminated panel</a></li>
<li><a href="#p946">Sound environmental design in nursery institutions focused on floor material</a></li>
<li><a href="#p196">Control of sound insulation in glass facades at Oslo's Opera House</a></li>
<li><a href="#p754">Designing small music practice rooms for sound quality</a></li>
<li><a href="#p149">Contoured foam absorbers</a></li>
<li><a href="#p920">Teatro di San Carlo, Naples, restoration and enlargement: Conservation of the excellent acoustics in the oldest active opera house in Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="#p815">Sound absorption characterisation of woven materials. Case study: auditorium restoration </a></li>
<li><a href="#p310">Optimal architectural configurations and acoustic parameters for multiple sources.</a></li>
<li><a href="#p430">Examining the relationships between monaural and binaural classroom acoustics parameters and student achievement</a></li>
<li><a href="#p182">Green rating systems and classroom acoustic design</a></li>
<li><a href="#p802">Integrated lighting luminaire-acoustics diffusor for classroom</a></li>
<li><a href="#p632">Comparison between measured and simulated binaural impulse responses in different rooms</a></li>
<li><a href="#p137">Study on wooden micro-perforated panel and its application</a></li>
<li><a href="#p403">Reverberation time - The mother of all room acoustical parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#p417">Room acoustical parameter values at the listener's ears - can preferred concert hall acoustics be predicted and explained? </a></li>
<li><a href="#p346">Effects of the sound source direction on acoustical parameters in a church</a></li>
<li><a href="#p716">Evaluation of a hard-walled rectangular room model with planar absorption cavities</a></li>
<li><a href="#p103">Acoustical design of inner galleries in Heydar Aliyev Center</a></li>
<li><a href="#p642">Basic study on acoustic wave analysis by the multi-moment method using interpolation by a high-order polynomial</a></li>
<li><a href="#p178">Acoustic characterization of sacred music rendered by a human whistle at the Divine Providence Church in Goa, India</a></li>
<li><a href="#p887">Acoustics of the concert hall at the Sydney Opera House, Part one: A Client's Perspective</a></li>
<li><a href="#p707">Reflection of sound by concave surfaces</a></li>
<li><a href="#p425">Effect of experimental design on the results of clarity-index just-noticeable-difference listening tests</a></li>
<li><a href="#p801">A numerical investigation of the sound intensity field in rooms by using diffusion theory and particle tracing</a></li>
<li><a href="#p91">Error and uncertainty of IACC measurements introduced by dummy head orientation using Monte Carlo simulations</a></li>
<li><a href="#p352">Characterization of non-exponential sound energy decays in multiple coupled volumes</a></li>
<li><a href="#p337">Reverberation times prediction on classroom using neural network model </a></li>
</ul>
<li>5501ss Sound transmission in lightweight structures</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p613">Study of elastic modulus for viscoelastic absorption materials</a></li>
<li><a href="#p420">Sound and vibrations investigations in a multi-family wooden frame building</a></li>
<li><a href="#p984">Improving transmission loss of light-weight panels by enhancement of skin tension through evacuation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p259">Impact of acoustic performance on sustainability and quality of an energy efficient building</a></li>
<li><a href="#p21">The equivalent translational stiffness of steel studs</a></li>
<li><a href="#p204">A wave based model to describe the niche effect in sound transmission loss determination of single and double walls</a></li>
<li><a href="#p203">Empirical calculation of sound insulation in lightweight partition walls with separate steel studs</a></li>
<li><a href="#p605">Measurements on timber-framed floors with a granular material in the floor topping</a></li>
<li><a href="#p74">Prediction of sound transmission through a light double panel with sandwich skins, foam core and mechanical links. </a></li>
<li><a href="#p552">Improvement of the floor impact noise of the concrete slab using latex modified mortar</a></li>
<li><a href="#p419">Uncertainties in standard measurement and evaluation procedure applied in light weight structures </a></li>
<li><a href="#p428">Modeling and experimental validation of locally resonant structures</a></li>
<li><a href="#p776">Effect of resilient channel and floating floor on floor impact sound insulation of wood-frame construction</a></li>
<li><a href="#p498">Acoustic properties of hollow brick walls</a></li>
<li><a href="#p941">The effect of aerated concrete containing glass foam aggregate on the heavy-weight impact sound isolation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p583">Floor impact noise characteristics of impact ball depending on the drop heights in the both wooden and concrete structures</a></li>
<li><a href="#p221">Quantitative comparisons of resilient channel design and installation in single wood stud walls</a></li>
<li><a href="#p322">Evaluation of the sound insulation of roofing systems</a></li>
<li><a href="#p358">Influence of different materials in the acoustic performance of ventilated sill used in natural climatization construction</a></li>
<li><a href="#p255">Wooden roof: evaluation of acoustic performances performed in laboratory, on an external test-cell, and on real buildings</a></li>
<li><a href="#p456">Airborne sound transmission in lightweight wall design structures for residential and commertial buildings</a></li>
<li><a href="#p698">The growth of vibro-acoustical properties of volume based timber buildings during the construction phase</a></li>
</ul>
<li>58 Acoustical measurements and instrumentation</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p12">Ultrasonic food quality analyzer based on cylindrical standing waves</a></li>
<li><a href="#p252">Sensitivity study of fiber optic ultrasonic probe based on the modulation in the refracitive index of air
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p541">Measurement of equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level of driving sound of three tesla MRI equipment</a></li>
<li><a href="#p970">Improved method of measuring reflection or impedance spectra using adapted signal spectra and resonance-free calibrations</a></li>
<li><a href="#p534">Specification and calibration of acoustic short-term stimuli for objective audiometry</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1023">Development of a low cost system for pass-by noise beamforming measurements</a></li>
<li><a href="#p50">Multi-field microphone - when the sound field is unknown </a></li>
<li><a href="#p690">Localization algorithms for acoustic emission phenomena
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p692">Determination of the velocity of surface acoustic waves with excitation and detection by local electric field probes </a></li>
<li><a href="#p821">Sound strength calibration methods</a></li>
<li><a href="#p950">Evaluating estimation of direct-to-reverberation energy ratio using D/R spatial correlation matrix model</a></li>
<li><a href="#p474">Discrepancies between actual-ear and artificial-ear
responses</a></li>
<li><a href="#p807">Effect of frequency compound technique on coded excitation and synthetic aperture focusing ultrasound imaging</a></li>
<li><a href="#p721">Composite square and monomial power sweeps for SNR customization in acoustic measurements</a></li>
<li><a href="#p959">Improving the resolution of beamforming measurements on wind turbines</a></li>
<li><a href="#p271">Development of a head-movement-aware signal capture system for the prediction of acoustical spatial impression</a></li>
<li><a href="#p827">The study of sensitivity on piezoelectric vibratory tactile sensor using a longitudinal bar resonator</a></li>
<li><a href="#p410">Volume diffusers in the reverberation room</a></li>
<li><a href="#p317">Sound detection characteristics under different postions of the fiber optic sensor arrays using Sagnac interferometer </a></li>
<li><a href="#p608">Precision Time Synchronization Using IEEE 1588 for Distributed Acoustic Measurement
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p312">Signals for the approximate characterization of acoustic systems</a></li>
<li><a href="#p480">Fast near-field HRTF measurements using reciprocal method</a></li>
<li><a href="#p63">Analysis of MRI driving sound in case of gradient magnet field controlled by the original sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#p378">Possibility for sub-ppm hydrogen detection with the ball SAW sensor</a></li>
<li><a href="#p873">Ultrasonic open channel drainage flow measurement using correlation technique</a></li>
<li><a href="#p83">Comparative study of times of flight, speed of sound and elastic constants in nanostructured materials by pulse acoustic microscopy and laser ultrasonic techniques</a></li>
<li><a href="#p442">Measurement of sound intensity of MRI driving sound in near field of MRI equipment</a></li>
<li><a href="#p111">Non contact acoustic imaging method in the extremely shallow underground using optimum frequency range method by SLDV</a></li>
<li><a href="#p185">Study on the health index value using the waveform of the Korotkoff sounds</a></li>
<li><a href="#p913">Measurement of reverberation time: a comparative study of impulsive sound sources</a></li>
<li><a href="#p160">A novel approach for impulse response measurements in environments with time-varying noise</a></li>
<li><a href="#p373">Ball SAW gas chromatograph for detection of mixed VOC and FC gases</a></li>
<li><a href="#p542">Novel impulse response measurement method for stringed instruments</a></li>
<li><a href="#p143">The design of clock delay circuit for delay pulse and beamforming in ultrasonic phased array system</a></li>
<li><a href="#p44">On the measurement and evaluation of bass enhanced in-ear phones</a></li>
<li><a href="#p738">Optical fibre Bragg gratings for acoustic sensing</a></li>
<li><a href="#p788">Characteristics of Absorbing Material in Obliquely Incident Waves</a></li>
<li><a href="#p673">Design of distributed monitoring system based on vibration and acoustic signals</a></li>
<li><a href="#p820">An in-situ technique for extensive field measurements of absorption characteristics of materials by using ensemble averaging </a></li>
</ul>
<li>60 Acoustic signal processing</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p436">Conversion of reproduced sound field based on the coincidence of sound pressure and direction of particle velocity</a></li>
<li><a href="#p453">Design and calibration of a small aeroacoustic beamformer</a></li>
<li><a href="#p293">Optimum signals for acoustic security screening of cargo containers</a></li>
<li><a href="#p218">Improved acoustic echo cancellation for low SNR based on blockwise combination of filters
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p876">Wideband speech and audio coding using a new spectral replication method based on parametric stereo coding</a></li>
<li><a href="#p960">Loudness control of level in automotive infotainment systems</a></li>
<li><a href="#p42">Acoustic studies of tremor in pathological voices</a></li>
<li><a href="#p120">Recognition of mechanical devices using acoustic signal analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="#p658">Fault Diagnosis of Machinery based on Support Vector Data Description and D-S Evidence Theory</a></li>
<li><a href="#p27">Localization of multiple sound sources based on subtraction of accumulated inter-channel correlation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p819">Analysis of frontal localization in double layered loudspeaker array system</a></li>
<li><a href="#p810">Optimization of loudspeaker and microphone configurations for sound reproduction system based on boundary surface control principle
- An optimizing approach using Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization and its evaluation -</a></li>
<li><a href="#p187">Reduction of computing time by genetic algorithm for the nondestructive technique to detect a crack in a large scale concrete structure</a></li>
<li><a href="#p413">A deterministic filterbank compressive sensing model for Bat biosonar</a></li>
<li><a href="#p163">A design of acoustic security system in near field based on paired microphones and automatic video camera</a></li>
<li><a href="#p950">Evaluating estimation of direct-to-reverberation energy ratio using D/R spatial correlation matrix model</a></li>
<li><a href="#p611">A Sample-wise Acoustic Positioning Method Using Natural Gradient Adaptation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p721">Composite square and monomial power sweeps for SNR customization in acoustic measurements</a></li>
<li><a href="#p409">Interpolation method of head-related transfer functions in the z-plane domain using a common-pole and zero model</a></li>
<li><a href="#p701">Transfer path analysis of output noise
using multi-dimensional spectral analysis method for vacuum cleaner</a></li>
<li><a href="#p747">Emergency evacuation guiding system using changeable sound directivity</a></li>
<li><a href="#p817">Cepstrum method enables accurate assessment of thickness of cortical bone layers - Potential improvement for analysis of ultrasound backscatter from underlying trabecular matrix</a></li>
<li><a href="#p691">Accurate position detection of sound source by LabView</a></li>
<li><a href="#p529">Am imporved simplicity-based approach for heart sound analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="#p222">Theoretical study of 3D radiated sound field reproduction system using directional loudspeakers and boundary surface control</a></li>
<li><a href="#p84">Automatic detection of road surface states from tire noise using neural network analysis </a></li>
<li><a href="#p958">The suppression for undesired reflection towards audio spot</a></li>
<li><a href="#p865">Adaptive noise cancellation for acquisition
of reference signal of active noise control</a></li>
<li><a href="#p808">Generation of a private listening zone; acoustic parasol</a></li>
<li><a href="#p505">A Study on the musical source separation method using NMF and musical cues</a></li>
<li><a href="#p582">A head-related transfer function model for fast synthesizing multiple virtual sound images</a></li>
<li><a href="#p291">Adaptive adjustment of the "sweet spot" for head rotation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p189">Visualization and dereverberation of head-related transfer function based on spatio-temporal frequency analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="#p400">A study of dynamic determination of filter length for multi-channel active noise control</a></li>
<li><a href="#p755">A design of reflective audio spot with reflective objects
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p573">Robustness of array processing techniques in acoustic detection and localization</a></li>
<li><a href="#p18">Sound signals decomposition for perceptual audio coding</a></li>
<li><a href="#p372">Blind directivity estimation of a sound source in a room using a surrounding microphone array</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1002">Designing a 3-D sonar system using a sparse array and CZT beamforming</a></li>
<li><a href="#p370">Design of wireless class-D stereo amplifier system using Bluetooth</a></li>
<li><a href="#p775">Analysis of acoustic imaging using wide-spread infrasonic sensor network array</a></li>
<li><a href="#p150">Dynamics of acoustic parameters for compounds in polymerization</a></li>
<li><a href="#p736">SENZI, a 3D sound-space recording system using a spherical microphone array with 252-ch microphones
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p351">Blind reverberation time estimation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p724">Multistatic time reversal</a></li>
<li><a href="#p828">Methods to reduce errors of ultrasound time-pulse radars</a></li>
<li><a href="#p779">Theory of sound manipulation: relation of transfer function characteristic and its performance</a></li>
<li><a href="#p759">The steering for distance perception with reflective audio spot</a></li>
<li><a href="#p546">Sound source location for reproduction of speech signal at local spot based on its decomposition into random signals</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1024">Passive ultrasonic pointing system based on three-dimensional position estimation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p237">Parameters estimation of point moving source with time-frequency transformation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p679">Noise robust semi-adaptive sound reproduction system based on semi-BSS</a></li>
<li><a href="#p544">The semi-virtual violin - A perception tool</a></li>
<li><a href="#p412">Performance analysis of dominant mode rejection beamforming</a></li>
<li><a href="#p822">Multiple description coding for MP3 coded sound signal</a></li>
<li><a href="#p531">Hidden Markov Model with heart sound signals for identification of heart disease</a></li>
<li><a href="#p350">Multizone soundfield reproduction using multiple loudspeaker arrays</a></li>
<li><a href="#p655">Stability analysis of broadband active noise equalization algorithm</a></li>
<li><a href="#p90">Design of time-domain modal beamformer for broadband spherical microphone arrays</a></li>
<li><a href="#p384">A conceptual explicit expression of the separation matrix in independent component analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="#p968">New Sequential Partial Update Normalized Least Mean M-estimate Algorithms for Stereophonic Acoustic Echo Cancellation</a></li>
</ul>
<li>64 Physiological acoustics</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p763">Behavior of precedence effect generated by two sound sources on the front and the mid-coronal plane</a></li>
<li><a href="#p612">The cochlea as a graded bank of independent, simultaneously excited resonators: Calculated properties of an apparent “travelling wave”</a></li>
<li><a href="#p286">Sub-cutaneous cochlear implant: analytical modelling of an acoustic receiver behind the skin</a></li>
<li><a href="#p132">Measurement of children's ear canal impedances using small impedance probes</a></li>
<li><a href="#p957">Relation between fine structures in hearing thresholds and distortion product otoacoustic emissions</a></li>
<li><a href="#p422">Modeling human auditory evoked brainstem responses based on nonlinear cochlear processing.</a></li>
<li><a href="#p49">A new model for the shapes of rate-level functions of auditory-nerve fibers</a></li>
<li><a href="#p882">Improving musical streaming for cochlear implant users using visual cues.</a></li>
<li><a href="#p790">Acoustic sensitivity to micro-perturbations of KEMAR's pinna surface geometry</a></li>
<li><a href="#p537">A simple pinna model for generating head-related transfer functions in the median plane</a></li>
</ul>
<li>6401ss Hearing Rehabilitation</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p327">Sound therapy restores hearing- Fact or fiction? A personal experience of an acoustician</a></li>
<li><a href="#p980">Simulation of increased masking in sensorineural hearing loss for a preliminary evaluation of speech processing schemes</a></li>
<li><a href="#p953">Human auditory steady-state responses and cochlear 'dead regions'
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p881">Ability of cochlear implant users to segregate a melodic line</a></li>
<li><a href="#p684">The modulation of tactile stimulation on Mandarin tone production in children with cochlear implant</a></li>
<li><a href="#p685">Music perception and musical sound vocal production in cochlear implant children</a></li>
</ul>
<li>66 Psychological acoustics</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p995">Effects of frequency, loudness, and ringing cycle of warning sound on urgent impression</a></li>
<li><a href="#p637">A study on the characteristics of evacuation inducing sound and psychological assessment using the voice information</a></li>
<li><a href="#p483">Estimating individual listeners' auditory-filter bandwidth in simultaneous and non-simultaneous masking </a></li>
<li><a href="#p609">Simulation and verification of nonparametric psychoacoustical experiment methods</a></li>
<li><a href="#p89">Detection of spectrally complex signals: Effect of difference in levels within components
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p124">Remote psychoacoustic experiments on audio-visual interactions </a></li>
<li><a href="#p261">A study on the precedence effect in various background sound</a></li>
<li><a href="#p829">Individual differences of sound localization ability on median plane</a></li>
<li><a href="#p717">The use of parametric arrays for transaural applications</a></li>
<li><a href="#p236">Effect of attention to preceding stimuli on the simultaneity perception between an auditory and visual stimulus</a></li>
<li><a href="#p974">Observations on auditory learning in amplitude- and frequency-modulation rate discrimination</a></li>
<li><a href="#p490">Factor analysis of the sense of presence in daily scenes</a></li>
<li><a href="#p407">Sound localization in median plane using an avatar robot "TeleHead" with synchronization of a listener's horizontal head rotation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p863">F0-based segregation in a three-talker sequential listening task</a></li>
<li><a href="#p205">Psychophysical tuning curves for very low centre frequencies</a></li>
<li><a href="#p520">Spatial acoustic cues for the auditory perception of speaker's facing direction</a></li>
<li><a href="#p494">Effects of the presence of cue tone in signal detection varies with relationships between cue tone and signal frequencies</a></li>
<li><a href="#p214">Detection of dynamically varying ITDs</a></li>
<li><a href="#p467">Equal reverberance matching of running musical stimuli having various reverberation times and SPLs </a></li>
<li><a href="#p241">On the study of noise annoyance modifiers for city dwellers</a></li>
<li><a href="#p361">The ability to transiently store acoustic details is associated with speech recognition
against informational masking in reverberant environments</a></li>
<li><a href="#p645">Impressions of sounds in rural nature area: Comparison between university students in urban area and in rural area</a></li>
<li><a href="#p175">Colour-influences on loudness judgements</a></li>
<li><a href="#p291">Adaptive adjustment of the "sweet spot" for head rotation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p554">Global loudness of ramped and damped sounds</a></li>
<li><a href="#p129">Effects of pitch of sounds on vertical localization of the sounds with frequencies changing over three octaves</a></li>
<li><a href="#p455">Interdependence between temporal and ambient spatial variations of a successive sound sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="#p477">Signal bandwidth necessary for horizontal sound localization</a></li>
<li><a href="#p908">Correlation between groovy singing and words in popular music</a></li>
<li><a href="#p266">HRTF selection for binaural synthesis from a database using morphological parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#p623">Spatial separation and timbral difference affect identification of pitch modulation in one of two sources</a></li>
<li><a href="#p889">What cochlear implants can tell us about pitch perception in normal hearing</a></li>
<li><a href="#p148">A study on physiopsychological evaluation of noise during mental memory tasks</a></li>
<li><a href="#p178">Acoustic characterization of sacred music rendered by a human whistle at the Divine Providence Church in Goa, India</a></li>
<li><a href="#p945">Assessment of audio sound quality based on psychoacoustics</a></li>
<li><a href="#p263">Advantages of binaural room synthesis for research and fitting of hearing aids, cochlear implants, electro-acoustical stimulation, and combined systems</a></li>
<li><a href="#p264">Influence of the ventriloquism effect on minimum audible angles assessed with wave field synthesis and intensity panning</a></li>
<li><a href="#p176">Psychoacoustical experiments on loudness perception in wave field synthesis</a></li>
<li><a href="#p618">Influence of band-limited flattening of HRTFs on sound localization performance</a></li>
<li><a href="#p634">Can the wave-vibration and touch sense system help blind people? - results of questionnaire</a></li>
<li><a href="#p586">Characterization of sound quality of impulsive sounds using a loudness based metric</a></li>
<li><a href="#p897">Cognition improvement of warning system by complex stimuli in vehicle interior</a></li>
<li><a href="#p243">Effect of change in sound pressure level on the equivalent perception between a visual stimulus and its associated sound</a></li>
<li><a href="#p269">Fluctuation strength on the mandolin tremolo with the 1st and 2nd fluctuations</a></li>
<li><a href="#p72">Simultaneity perception characteristics in contralateral ear considering attention</a></li>
</ul>
<li>6601ss Psychoacoustics from ecological viewpoints</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p501">Ecological loudness: Binaural loudness constancy</a></li>
<li><a href="#p487">Psychoacoustics for the creation of acoustically green city areas</a></li>
<li><a href="#p154">Desirable road traffic noise for human hearing</a></li>
<li><a href="#p396">An individual fitting algorithm for digital hearing aids by the modified critical bands and loudness scaling</a></li>
<li><a href="#p100">Measurement and generation of footsteps sound on Japanese traditional dance</a></li>
<li><a href="#p246">Effects of transportation noise exposure time on the subjective response
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p39">Examination of the deteriorating factors of sound quality of home electric appliances</a></li>
<li><a href="#p497">The relationships between music, speech and other environmental sounds</a></li>
<li><a href="#p152">Comparisons of auditory impressions and auditory imagery associated with onomatopoeic representation for environmental sounds</a></li>
<li><a href="#p393">Perceptual space of multiple complex tones</a></li>
<li><a href="#p469">ANN models for sound preference evaluations</a></li>
</ul>
<li>6603ss Soundscapes</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p576">Comparison between multiple linear regressions and artificial neural networks to predict urban sound quality</a></li>
<li><a href="#p560">A model of saliency-based auditory attention to environmental sound</a></li>
<li><a href="#p29">Objective parameters for acoustic comfort in enclosed spaces</a></li>
<li><a href="#p809">Education in soundscape - A seminar with young scientists in short term scientific mission "Soundscape - Measurement, Analysis, Evaluation"</a></li>
<li><a href="#p907">Evaluation of urban soundscape using soundwalking</a></li>
<li><a href="#p977">Reflections on recent methodological developments in soundscape research</a></li>
<li><a href="#p627">Analysis of sound environment in coastwise area of Haihe river and preliminary study on its soundscape design and soundscape expression method</a></li>
<li><a href="#p952">Influence of the semantic content of urban sounds in the identity of outer spaces</a></li>
<li><a href="#p525">Urban design with Soundscaping: Experiences of a Korean - German team
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p277">ASTUCE Research Project: one way to evaluate urban soundscapes</a></li>
<li><a href="#p803">Implications of Thao tribe culture and soundscape</a></li>
<li><a href="#p588">Tranquil spaces in a metropolitan area</a></li>
<li><a href="#p906">Assessment of railway soundscape in rural areas</a></li>
<li><a href="#p592">Effects of cultural factors on the evaluation of acoustic quality in residential areas </a></li>
</ul>
<li>6605ss Virtual Sound/Displays</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p989">Virtusound - a system for room acoustics simulation and auralization in real time</a></li>
<li><a href="#p717">The use of parametric arrays for transaural applications</a></li>
<li><a href="#p100">Measurement and generation of footsteps sound on Japanese traditional dance</a></li>
<li><a href="#p922">Effects of individualised headphone response equalization on front/back hemifield discrimination for virtual sources displayed on the horizontal plane</a></li>
<li><a href="#p484">Effects of headphone calibration functions on subjective impressions of spatial sound</a></li>
<li><a href="#p591">Frequency- and time-dependent geometry for real-time auralizations</a></li>
<li><a href="#p426">Spatial data structures for dynamic acoustic virtual reality</a></li>
<li><a href="#p623">Spatial separation and timbral difference affect identification of pitch modulation in one of two sources</a></li>
<li><a href="#p76">Performance of computer simulations for architectural acoustics</a></li>
<li><a href="#p678">Fast head-related transfer function measurement in complex environments</a></li>
</ul>
<li>70 Speech production</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p794">Evaluation and optimization of F0-adaptive spectral envelope estimation based on spectral smoothing with peak emphasis</a></li>
<li><a href="#p973">Effects of the emotional tone of voice on the acoustic characteristics of the Mandarin Chinese tones</a></li>
<li><a href="#p117">Approach of instantaneous frequencies determination of speech signal by continuous wavelet transform: Application to formants calculation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p547">Contribution to the improvement of the quality of a synthesis speech</a></li>
<li><a href="#p641">Visualisation of moderate Reynolds number flow through a tooth-shaped nozzle</a></li>
<li><a href="#p347">MRI-based contrastive study of nasal and oral labial consonants' articulations in Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="#p164">A study of vibrato features to control singing voices</a></li>
<li><a href="#p757">Observation of voiced consonants using MRI movie</a></li>
<li><a href="#p332">Proposal of a new vocoder for real-time synthesis of speech signal with high quality</a></li>
<li><a href="#p405">Development of speech synthesis simulation system and study of timing between articulation and vocal fold vibration for consonants /p/, /t/ and /k/</a></li>
<li><a href="#p951">Theoretical and experimental study of some aeroelastic phenomena during phonation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p600">Optimizing laryngeal pathology detection by using combined cepstral features</a></li>
</ul>
<li>71 Speech perception</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p42">Acoustic studies of tremor in pathological voices</a></li>
<li><a href="#p622">Tonotopic variation in the correlation between the shimmer of a natural vowel and that of the evoked response</a></li>
<li><a href="#p475">Can visual information on lip gesture influence lexical processing in speech perception? A phonological priming study </a></li>
<li><a href="#p947">A study on brain activities elicited by emotional voices with various F0 contours</a></li>
<li><a href="#p663">Intelligibility of speech spoken in noise and reverberation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p476">The relation between speech intelligibility and audibility by voice emphasis in the subway</a></li>
<li><a href="#p972">An evaluation of bone-conducted ultrasonic hearing-aid regarding transmission of Japanese prosodic phonemes
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p85">A unified approach of compensation and soft masking incorporating a statistical model into the Wiener filter</a></li>
<li><a href="#p556">Study of perceptual balance for designing
comb filters for binaural dichotic presentation
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p161">A study of the influence of the reverberation time in speech synthesis</a></li>
<li><a href="#p786">Noisy speech recognition using wavelet transform and weighting coefficients for a specific level</a></li>
<li><a href="#p929">Polish sentence test for speech intelligibility measurement in children</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1010">Processing of endpoint pitch in Mandarin tone perception: An eye movement study</a></li>
<li><a href="#p543">Deviations of vowel quality perception as a result of separated F3 manipulations</a></li>
<li><a href="#p355">Time to judge sex of speaker: effect of glottal-pulse rate and vocal-tract length</a></li>
<li><a href="#p842">Acoustic features affecting speaker identification by imitated voice analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="#p683">Steady state vowel duration as an acoustic cue for Garhwali Hindi database</a></li>
<li><a href="#p825">A robust method to detect dialectal differences in the perception of lexical pitch accent</a></li>
</ul>
<li>7101ss Acquisition of Speech Perception Skills</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p733">Co-option of ancillary articulatory parameters in the prevention of near-neutralisation of multiple coronals</a></li>
<li><a href="#p521">Modification of prosodic cues when an interlocutor cannot be seen: The effect of visual feedback on acoustic prosody production</a></li>
<li><a href="#p765">Transfer of talker-familiarity effects</a></li>
<li><a href="#p577">The development of auditory-visual speech perception across languages and ages</a></li>
<li><a href="#p551">Audio-visual speech integration in noise by first and second language listeners</a></li>
<li><a href="#p181">Ability to segment words from speech as a precursor of later language development: insights from electrophysiological responses in the infant brain</a></li>
<li><a href="#p745">Vocabulary size predicts the development of phonological constancy: An eyetracking study of word identification in a non-native dialect by 15- and 19-month-olds</a></li>
<li><a href="#p398">The visual perception of lexical tone</a></li>
<li><a href="#p689">Toward a hierarchical representation model of Lexical tones: Effects of acoustic, segmental and semantic characteristics on tone perception in Cantonese-speaking children </a></li>
</ul>
<li>72 Speech processing and communication systems</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p794">Evaluation and optimization of F0-adaptive spectral envelope estimation based on spectral smoothing with peak emphasis</a></li>
<li><a href="#p861">Long-term modelling of parameters trajectories of the harmonic plus noise model for speech signals</a></li>
<li><a href="#p19">Downstream speech enhancement in a low directivity binaural hearing aid</a></li>
<li><a href="#p688">Properties analysis for a Bucky Ball microphone array based on soundfield decomposition using spherical harmonic
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p756">Speech referenced limiting of noise</a></li>
<li><a href="#p166">Performance estimation of speech recognition based on acoustic parameters under reverberation environments with CENSREC-4</a></li>
<li><a href="#p940">Reconstructing missing speech spectral components using both temporal and statistical correlations</a></li>
<li><a href="#p171">The acoustic sound field dictation with Hidden Markov Model based on an onomatopoeia
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p468">Evaluation of speech balloon captions for auditory information support on small meetings</a></li>
<li><a href="#p976">Mandarin tones recognition by segments of fundamental frequency contours</a></li>
<li><a href="#p942">Rapid Acoustic Model Adaptation Using Inverse MLLR-based Feature Generation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p614">Integrating plural results of Spoken Term Detection using plural language models for subword-based speech recognition</a></li>
<li><a href="#p202">Do we need dereverberation for hand-held telephony?</a></li>
<li><a href="#p85">A unified approach of compensation and soft masking incorporating a statistical model into the Wiener filter</a></li>
<li><a href="#p933">Analysis and synthesis of singing with hoarse vocal expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="#p341">Speech recognition in noise by using word graph combinations
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p257">Performance improvement in automatic evaluation system of English pronunciation by using various normalization methods</a></li>
<li><a href="#p506">Low-complexity GSC-RLS beamformer with self-tuning algorithm</a></li>
<li><a href="#p975">Fast subword-based approach for open vocabulary spoken term detection</a></li>
<li><a href="#p667">Unification of speech and audio coding technology for mobile devices</a></li>
<li><a href="#p353">Tolerance and sensitivity of various parameters in the prediction of temporally localized distortions in degraded speech.</a></li>
<li><a href="#p533">Noise injection for feedback cancellation with linear prediction</a></li>
<li><a href="#p466">Fast calculation of translation model score for simultaneous automatic speech recognition of multilingual audio contents</a></li>
<li><a href="#p115">Four-tone modeling for natural singing synthesis in Chinese and comparing synthesized singings with speaking voices</a></li>
<li><a href="#p670">Enhancement of electrolaryngeal speech by spectral subtraction, spectral compensation, and introduction of jitter and shimmer</a></li>
<li><a href="#p664">Improving the accuracy of estimation of place of articulation during stop closures of vowel-consonant-vowel utterances by detecting the closure release bursts</a></li>
<li><a href="#p374">A data reduction method to estimate vowel distributions and its use in comparing two formant estimation methods</a></li>
<li><a href="#p811">Forensic speaker identification: an experience in Indonesians court</a></li>
<li><a href="#p256">Reverberation-based post-processing for improving speech intelligibility</a></li>
<li><a href="#p901">XML based notation for rule-based text-to-speech systems</a></li>
<li><a href="#p778">Spontaneous speech recognition taking account of characteristics of speaker-dependent occurrence of filled-pauses
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p543">Deviations of vowel quality perception as a result of separated F3 manipulations</a></li>
<li><a href="#p783">An HMM-based segment quantizer and its application to low bit rate speech coding</a></li>
<li><a href="#p546">Sound source location for reproduction of speech signal at local spot based on its decomposition into random signals</a></li>
<li><a href="#p167">The Lombard speech recognition based on the voice conversion towards neutral speech</a></li>
<li><a href="#p549">Overview and comparative results of speech-based excitation signals for virtual localization and real-life applications </a></li>
<li><a href="#p579">Speech enhancement based on estimating expected values of speech cepstra</a></li>
</ul>
<li>75 Music and musical instruments</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p315">Feature extraction of bass guitar using principal component analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="#p978">Attack transients in a loudspeaker / resonator coupled system</a></li>
<li><a href="#p590">Modeling and numerical simulation of a nonlinear system of piano strings coupled to a soundboard.</a></li>
<li><a href="#p48">Linear string-soundboard coupling in pianos</a></li>
<li><a href="#p446">Bamboos as the material for saxophone reed</a></li>
<li><a href="#p427">Vibrational and acoustical characteristics of the piano soundboard</a></li>
<li><a href="#p151">Inverse problems in musical acoustics</a></li>
<li><a href="#p619">Study on effect of room acoustics on timbral brightness of clarinet tones. Part II: an acoustic interpretation and synthesis of analytical results</a></li>
<li><a href="#p933">Analysis and synthesis of singing with hoarse vocal expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="#p762">Enhancing headphone reproduction of an electronic piano: Control of dynamic interaural level differences coupled with a player's active head movement</a></li>
<li><a href="#p201">Estimating musical score and proficiency at playing the drums</a></li>
<li><a href="#p320">Nonlinear assessment of Korean Temple Bell using reccurence quantification analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="#p881">Ability of cochlear implant users to segregate a melodic line</a></li>
<li><a href="#p330">Relation between motion and emotion for the snare drum performance. </a></li>
<li><a href="#p62">Estimating a musical note of solo performance
on the electric bass guitar by using wavelet analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="#p387">A functional approach to amplified music</a></li>
<li><a href="#p936">Brain waves' measurements on the "aha experience" in the cognition of a melody</a></li>
<li><a href="#p830">Measurement of overtone frequencies of a toy piano and perception of its pitch</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1020">An experimental study of acoustical properties of tubular tower bells</a></li>
<li><a href="#p507">Automatic music transcription using non-negative matrix factorization</a></li>
<li><a href="#p804">Hybrid coding/indexing strategy for informed source separation of linear instantaneous under-determined audio mixtures</a></li>
<li><a href="#p805">A high-capacity watermarking technique for audio signals based on MDCT-domain quantization</a></li>
<li><a href="#p225">Making violins with Tasmanian tonewood: expect the unexpected</a></li>
<li><a href="#p302">Parametrical 3D structural co-modelling of stringed instruments</a></li>
<li><a href="#p300">Restoration of ancient pipes organs aided by experimental vibration and acoustic modal analyses </a></li>
<li><a href="#p364">Method for estimating proficiency in playing acoustic piano</a></li>
<li><a href="#p550">Slideshow system that automatically switches photographs based on a musical acoustic signal</a></li>
<li><a href="#p30">Effect of bracing pattern of guitar's front plate on modal behaviour
</a></li>
<li><a href="#p884">Musical onset detection using MPEG-7 audio descriptors</a></li>
<li><a href="#p621">Numerical analysis on 2D and 3D edge tones in terms of aerodynamic sound theory</a></li>
<li><a href="#p710">Acoustic and mechanical modified wood characterization for woodwind use</a></li>
<li><a href="#p178">Acoustic characterization of sacred music rendered by a human whistle at the Divine Providence Church in Goa, India</a></li>
<li><a href="#p818">Features for musical pitch estimation from simplified auditory model</a></li>
<li><a href="#p785">Quantitative estimation for the effects of tempo, sound level and articulation on the perceptual tension of music</a></li>
<li><a href="#p918">A dimensional study on the emotion of musical pieces composed for video games</a></li>
<li><a href="#p544">The semi-virtual violin - A perception tool</a></li>
<li><a href="#p542">Novel impulse response measurement method for stringed instruments</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1036">The acoustics of wind instruments - and of the musicians who play them.</a></li>
<li><a href="#p932">Effect of music on the performance and impression of simple repetitive calculations</a></li>
<li><a href="#p731">Acoustical characteristics of old bell chimes </a></li>
<li><a href="#p991">A real tide organ: A new concept for powering pipe organs coastal locations</a></li>
</ul>
<li>80 Bioacoustics</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p990">Ultrasonic sperm enrichment and In Vitro fertilization</a></li>
<li><a href="#p413">A deterministic filterbank compressive sensing model for Bat biosonar</a></li>
<li><a href="#p367">Numerical investigation of ultrasound wave propagation in cancellous bone with oblique trabecular orientation</a></li>
<li><a href="#p817">Cepstrum method enables accurate assessment of thickness of cortical bone layers - Potential improvement for analysis of ultrasound backscatter from underlying trabecular matrix</a></li>
<li><a href="#p311">The concurrent effects of low intensity pulsed ultrasound and heat on bone cell culture mineralization</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1012">Song consistency reflects age in banded wrens</a></li>
</ul>
<li>8001 Animal Bioacoustics</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p206">Territorial songs in birds: a multi-level coding process.</a></li>
<li><a href="#p956">Can passive acoustics identify the driving factors behind changes in marine mammal abundance and distribution?</a></li>
<li><a href="#p220">Does the elephant trumpet like a trumpet?</a></li>
<li><a href="#p130">Design considerations in an automatic classification system for bird vocalisations using the Two-dimensional Geometric Distance and cluster analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="#p433">Feature extraction for fish species classification with the dolphin mimetic sonar</a></li>
</ul>
<li>8002 Medical Bioacoustics</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p812">Molecular imaging for the detection of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque </a></li>
<li><a href="#p712">Modal analysis on arteries and tubes using ultrasound vibrometry</a></li>
<li><a href="#p539">Ultrasound tomography calibration using structured matrix completion</a></li>
<li><a href="#p40">Combined vibro-acoustography (VA) imaging and shearwave dispersion ultrasonic vibrometry (SDUV) for measuring prostate viscoelastic material properties - An in vitro feasibility study </a></li>
<li><a href="#p866">Quantifying viscoelasticity of urethane rubber materials using shearwave dispersion ultrasound vibrometry (SDUV) </a></li>
<li><a href="#p538">Numerical analysis of HRTF spectral characteristics
based on sound pressures on a pinna surface</a></li>
<li><a href="#p740">Acoustic transmissions for wireless communications and power supply in biomedical devices</a></li>
<li><a href="#p671">Classification between normal and abnormal respiratory sounds based on stochastic approach </a></li>
<li><a href="#p930">Assessment of chest impedance in relation to phonocardiography</a></li>
</ul>
<li>Plenary Dist Special</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#p296">Strength G, Reverberation Time RT, Listener Envelopment LEV, and Measurements Needed in Concert Halls </a></li>
<li><a href="#p380">The effects of noise on marine animals in the context of their natural acoustic environment</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1032">Aircraft Noise: Research Challenges and European Approach</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1035">The Multi-channel Cochlear Implant: Psychoacoustics and Speech Perception</a></li>
<li><a href="#p883">Energy based contribution analysis </a></li>
<li><a href="#p278">Sonochemistry - a proven tool for process intensification</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1034">Learning the sound system of Japanese: What does it tell us about language acquisition?</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1037">Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Remote Sensing (OAWRS) of Marine Ecosystems</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1033">Nonlinear behavior of ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles and why shell buckling matters</a></li>
<li><a href="#p1036">The acoustics of wind instruments - and of the musicians who play them.</a></li>
<li><a href="#p564">Noise and Health from different perspectives </a></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<hr>
<h4 style="text-align: center;">All rights reserved. Permission is granted for any person to reproduce a part of any abstract provided that the permission is obtained from the author(s) and credit is given to the author(s) and these conference proceedings.</h4>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p376" class="affilation"></a>Support Mathematics Summer Schools for acoustics researcher training</h2>
<h3>Attenborough, Keith</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Design, Development, Environment and Materials, The Open University, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Mathematical methods are important for research in many aspects of acoustics. Currently, fundamental mathematical methodologies taught at undergraduate level are often advanced through independent learning by individual researchers. They develop their mathematical skills as appropriate rather than being made aware of the potential of advanced mathematical tools at the onset of their research career. Furthermore, most researchers in acoustics do not have access to master level courses to broaden their postgraduate study. Attempts to remedy this in the UK were made through summer schools held in 2003, 2005 and 2007 at Southampton and Salford Universities in the UK. The content and timetable planning, recruitment and student feedback from these Schools are reported together with general conclusions about their performance.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p376.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p919" class="affilation"></a>The delivery of noise and vibration study material and real life practice</h2>
<h3>Groothoff, Beno</h3>
<p class="affilation">Environmental Directions, Brisbane, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Presenting workshops, lectures and seminars on noise and vibration over the last 20 years has given the author an insight into the effectiveness of the ‘taking on board and putting into practice' of the material studied by the participants. It has also demonstrated the need for constantly updating the study material to keep the presented material relevant and meaningful for the changing audiences. The inclusion of case studies enhances students' involvement and problem solving skills. The advancement of computer technology has made it possible to make the presentations more realistic by incorporating case studies by using audio and video of noise and its effects into power point presentations to which students and other participants can relate. Despite these advancements in study material delivery, in real life basic mistakes, which should not happen, are being observed regularly when it comes to noise assessment. This is particularly true with the use of noise dose meters and, to a lesser extent, the use of sound level meters. Basic mistakes include for noise dose meters the setting-up, attachment and removal of the instrument and for sound level meters not recording where the measurement was made and not obtaining additional information e.g. about the activities and exposure duration.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p919.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p964" class="affilation"></a>Problem based learning in acoustics at Aalborg University</h2>
<h3>Hammershøi, Dorte
, Ordoñez, Rodrigo
, Christensen, Flemming
, Nielsen, Sofus Birkedal</h3>
<p class="affilation">Acoustics, Aalborg University, Denmark</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The master program in Acoustics (M. Sc.) from Aalborg University is taught at the Department of Electronic system. The M. Sc. program consists of three semesters with course units and problem based project work organized in groups, and a final semester for a master thesis. During the first three semesters, the learning objectives are distributed between courses with independent examination, and a semester project. Each semester has a theme the projects must comply with. Either supervisors, students or industry propose the problem that become the basis for the project work. Under supervision, the students narrow down the problem, address possible solutions, and typically implement one or more of the options for further evaluation. The courses supplement the project work by adding specific and general knowledge of the subject areas of each semester. The courses either have direct application in the project work, or are defining for the candidate’s professional profile. This presentation gives an overview of Problem Based Learning organized in groups in the M. Sc. in Acoustics program of Aalborg University. Examples of projects and course activities are presented to illustrate the relation and interaction between course and project work.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p964.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p695" class="affilation"></a>A viscoelastic figure model of tongue for understanding speech articulation</h2>
<h3>Hirayama, Makoto J.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Ishikawa, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Speech is a physiological signal which is generated by muscular motions of lung, vocal cords, larynx, jaw, tongue, and lips. Coordinated articulatory movements of these organs are so complex that they are difficult to be understood by either students or professionals. Especially for tongue, anatomical structures and functions are well studied but speech articulatory movements can be said that they are still under investigations.<br>
<br>
To help understanding tongue shape and motions, I made a figure model of tongue using viscoelastic material of urethane rubber gel in the following procedure. At first, a cast of tongue is formed by baking clay which is hardened by heating. The shape of tongue is decided with multiple references of anatomy books, MRI images, educational models, and our real tongues. Next, I made a mold with silicon. Then, I molded and duplicated the figure model with urethane rubber gel. The model includes internal and external tongue muscles, although the current version is made as a whole shape model of tongue body consisting of combined muscles.<br>
<br>
Compared to the current materials used in speech science education, such as drawings, pictures, videos, or human body models, the proposed tongue figure model is useful for understanding three dimensional tongue shape and internal and external tongue muscles' positions and motions, too. Because students can hold and touch the realistic tongue model and make it move and deform by pushing and pulling this viscoelastic tongue body. Pictures and explanatory texts do not make sense but the proposed model can help for students to understand anatomical structures and functions of speech articulation intuitively. From questionnaires from students in a speech science seminar, it is founded that the proposed model is an effective tool for understanding speech articulation. It can be applied not only to teach speech science, but also to elucidate speech articulation by scientists and engineers, and also to develop a tongue actuator for speaking robots.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p695.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p399" class="affilation"></a>Case study of curriculum development for technical listening training for employees of an acoustic related company</h2>
<h3>Kawahara, Kazuhiko (1)
, Ito, Toshihiro (2)
, Kobayashi, Tetsu (3)
, Iwamiya, Shin-ichiro (1)
, Takada, Masayuki (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Japan
(2) Yamaha Corporation, Japan
(3) Yamaha Business Support Corporation, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This is a case study of curriculum development for technical listening training. Technical listening training is a systematic education program designed to allow prospective acoustic engineers and sound designers to enhance their auditory sensitivity. Authors established a training strategy in an acoustics related company; Yamaha Corporation. We re-organized existing, and developed new, curricula for a training suite for company employees. Discrimination, level difference identification and frequency identification training were classified as 'beginners training'. Identification of reverberation time and some application specific training were classified for 'expert training'. The company successfully conducted 9 days of training for freshman engineers. Trainee learning curves showed auditory sensitivity was improved.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p399.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p75" class="affilation"></a>EAA Summer Schools</h2>
<h3>Maffei, L. (1)
, Vorländer, Michael (2)
, Svensson, P. (3)
, Jambrosic, K. (4)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) 2nd University of Naples, Italy
(2) RWTH Aachen University, Germany
(3) NTNU Trondheim, Norway
(4) University of Zagreb, Croatia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
EAA Summer Schools are an integral part of the Young Acousticians Programme in the European Acoustics Association. They consist of various courses on advanced level, taught by internationally recognized and distinguished experts in Acoustics, and they are integrated into a European regional conference. Furthermore, structured sessions of the conference are related to the summer school courses, thus connecting basic lectures to keynotes and other invited papers on advanced topics. Those sessions are co-chaired one experienced expert and one young acoustician, typically a doctoral student. The first EAA Summer School will be held in Ljubljana, Slovenia, with short courses on Soundscapes, Voice and Musical Acoustics, Building Acoustics, Hydroacoustics, Numerical Methods, Psychoacoustics and Ultrasound. In the presentation we will illustrate the background and the motivation of this initiative. Content, organization and future plans of integration in the European higher education in acoustics will be discussed.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p75.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p705" class="affilation"></a>Integral curriculum on noise control in Spain: a cooperative task</h2>
<h3>Romeu, J.
, Genesca, M.
, Pamies, T.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Acoustical and Mechanical Engineering Laboratory (LEAM), Technical University of Catalonia, Spain</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Since the European Directive on Environmental Noise 2002/49 came into effect requiring strategic agglomeration and infrastructure noise maps to be made, the demand on environmental acoustics knowledge has been boosted in Spain. Currently several groups and companies are available to carry out noise surveys and pointing out the noise causes in different streets or areas of a city. However, a second stage is starting now: once the noise causes are identified, control noise techniques needs to be applied. This fact is supported in the Spanish adaptation of this regulation known as Ley del Ruido (2003) that states that noise control techniques should be applied to minimize the acoustic emission of municipal work activities, municipal devices, infrastructures, road workThis means that a demand on noise control knowledge is arising. This knowledge is scarcely provided in the bachelor degrees currently available in Spain, but there are some master degrees focussed in acoustics. However, it is difficult to find an institution that can cover all the topics needed for a complete Acoustics curriculum. This work analyses the feasibility of creating an integral curriculum in noise control involving different Spanish research groups in order to take benefit of the expertise of each one to cover the legal and industrial needs of Acoustics knowledge. In that way, the teaching effort would be optimized and the appropriate facilities would be available, however funds would be necessary for the mobility of teachers and students.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p705.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p1000" class="affilation"></a>Distance learning program for professional career in acoustics</h2>
<h3>Stead, Matthew (1)
, Burgess, Marion (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) AECOM, Adelaide, SA, Australia
(2) Acoustics and Vibration Unit, UNSW@ADFA, Canberra, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Acoustical consulting companies frequently face the need to employ staff but find that, while there may be very good applicants with engineering and science backgrounds there are few that have any experience in acoustics. Larger consultancies can provide 'in-house' training but this is a strain on resources and smaller consultancies do not have this capacity. Any course available via the formal university system may not be available at a suitable time or location. A flexible distance learning program of study, based on the UK Institute of Acoustics Diploma, has been developed as a short course and managed via the university. A key feature of this program is that there is no need for the registrants to attend any central location at any time during the program. The early experiences with implementing the program have been influenced by the continued interest and support from the senior, experienced acoustical consultants. In this paper we will discuss the structure and experiences in the implementation of this fully flexible distance learning program.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p1000.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p253" class="affilation"></a>Identification, classification and acquisition of sounds for spatial orientation and mobility training of blind and visually impaired persons</h2>
<h3>Tomaszewski, Franciszek (1)
, Czechyra, Bartosz (1)
, Skrodzka, Ewa (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Institute of Combustion Engines and Transportation, Division of Rail Vehicles, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
(2) Institute of Acoustics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Teaching and training of spatial orientation and mobility (SOM) is an important element of their education. Despite progress in supporting equipment technology and study on spatial orientation, blind people use still old, not always effective methods. Therefore, a method of SOM training based on environmental sounds may be a huge step in "opening" a surrounding world for them. The method will be a supplement, not a substitution, of a popular orientation method based on a white cane. A basic tool for the method is ‘a library of sound events and vibrations'. In the library both vibration and acoustic signals, which may be helpful or disturbing for SOM are collected as well as specific sounds of places and objects, which are often visited by persons with disabilities of sight. In the first step an identification of necessary signals was done, i.e. a questionnaire about various aspects of signals helping/disturbing spatial orientation was administered to blind and visually impaired. In the next step potential signals for recording were classified according to estimated level of teaching. Next, signals were recorded using artificial head or in-the-ear microphones at the attitude of 1.6 m and 0.9 m. A survey of collected signals and their classification will be presented.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p253.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p711" class="affilation"></a>Workshop on advanced room acoustic prediction modelling
</h2>
<h3>Wenmaekers, R. H. C. (1)
, van Hout, N. H. A. M. (1)
, van Luxemburg, L. C. J. (1)
, Rindel, J. H. (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Level Acoustics, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
(2) Odeon, Lyngby, Denmark</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The use of acoustic 3D modelling software has become increasingly popular among acousticians. Some software developers offer introduction courses for starting users. However, there is a need for more advanced courses for experienced modellers. Such a course should not only consist of lectures with the scientific background of the model, but should also give room for sharing practical experience so one can learn from one another. In this context a master class on room acoustic prediction modelling has taken place in January 2010. A significant part of this master class consisted of a modelling workshop. By working on an assignment in small groups participants were stimulated to discuss ideas and exchange knowledge. <br>
<br>
The workshop was divided into four different parts, each part carefully tuned to the theoretical lectures in between. The workshop assignment was to compare predicted room acoustical parameters with measurement results concerning reverberation and speech intelligibility in an open plan office. Also an auralisation had to be made using multiple sound sources. The open plan office of the Laboratorium voor Akoestiek of Eindhoven University of Technology where the workshop took place served as an interesting modelling object. This room was interesting for educational reasons, since the participants were inside the room, as well as for acoustical reasons, because it consists of two coupled volumes, many details like furniture and a wide range of different materials. <br>
<br>
In this paper the assignment will be elucidated and the results will be presented. The response of the participants and the experience of the master showed that a workshop is an indispensible part of master classes in the field of room acoustics.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p711.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p739" class="affilation"></a>Acoustic education: Experiments for off-campus teaching and learning</h2>
<h3>Wild, Graham
, Swan, Geoff</h3>
<p class="affilation">School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In undergraduate Physics and Engineering courses on acoustics, experiments typically involve the use of a Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO) and a Function Generator (FG). These relatively expensive and bulky pieces of bench top equipment make it prohibitive for external, distance, or off-campus students to be involved in experimental work, without attending a residential school. However, there is a growing demand, particularly from the Engineering sector, for courses to be more available remotely. To that end, Edith Cowan University is investigating the possibility of remote laboratory programs, which can be completed by off-campus students to ensure their Applied Physics or Engineering knowledge, is balanced by experimental experience. In this work, we show the implementation of a computer based DSO and FG, using the computers sound card. Here the PCs microphone jack is used as the DSO input, and the speaker jack is used as the FG output. In an effort to reduce the cost of implementing the experiment, we examine software available for free online. A small number of applications were compared in terms of their interface and func-tionality, for both the DSO and FG. The software system was then used to conduct a number of acoustics experiments relevant to undergraduate Physics and Engineering. These experiments include, the Physics of Music, Standing Waves in Pipes, and the Properties of Sound Waves. There are two primary benefits to the computer based system developed. The first is in terms of the enhancement to learning by students at the undergraduate level, where the knowledge learnt by off-campus students can be significantly improved with the use of practical experimental work. Secondly, remote experiments could provide additional components of laboratory work for students in on-campus subjects where resource issues are making traditional and comprehensive supervised laboratory programs hard to maintain.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p739.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p633" class="affilation"></a>Left-handed elastic shear and longitudinal elastic waves in 2D phononic crystals made of a solid matrix</h2>
<h3>Croënne, Charles (1,3)
, Hladky-Hennion, Anne-Christine (1,3)
, Vasseur, Jérôme (1,3)
, Bavencoffe, Maxime (1,2,3)
, Tinel, Alain (2,3)
, Morvan, Bruno (2,3)
, Dubus, Bertrand (1,3)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) IEMN dpt ISEN, UMR CNRS 8520, Lille, France
(2) LOMC, FRE CNRS 3102, Le Havre, France
(3) FANO, FR CNRS 3110, France
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Waves propagating in left-handed materials have unusual properties such as phase and group velocities of opposite signs and negative refraction index. Periodic lattices have been shown to exhibit such properties both for electromagnetic (photonic crystals) and in-fluid acoustic (phononic crystals) waves. This work addresses the question of the existence of left handed elastic waves in phononic crystals. Two-dimensional phononic crystals made of square lattices of cylindrical cavities or inclusions in a solid matrix are considered. Dispersion curves are computed using plane wave expansion method for real wave vectors in the Brillouin zone and finite element method for complex wavenumbers along a specific propagation direction. From these results, the existence and symmetry of the left-handed propagation mode in the phononic crystal is discussed and its relationship with lattice geometry and constitutive materials is analyzed.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p633.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p522" class="affilation"></a>Diffraction of bulk waves on phononic crystals</h2>
<h3>Herbison, Sarah W. (1)
, Declercq, Nico F. (1)
, Moiseyenko, Rayisa (1,2)
, Laude, Vincent (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) UMI Georgia Tech, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Metz-Technopole, France
(2) Institut FEMTO-ST, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Phononic crystals have attracted much research interest in the last decade due to their unique properties (band gaps, etc.) and potential applications in acoustic filtering and novel transducer design, among others. Many studies have examined the acoustic wave propagation that occurs inside (infinite) phononic crystals. However, in order for phononic crystals to find application in actual devices, they must be of finite size and the diffraction that may occur on the surface of the crystal becomes important. This work presents the results of experiments performed on a 2D phononic crystal consisting of steel cylinders in a water matrix. The diffraction of bulk waves that occurs on the exterior surface of the crystal will be examined, and the surface of the crystal will be shown to function as an acoustic diffraction grating. In addition, angular scans of the diffracted fields will examine the possibility of surface wave generation along the exterior surface of the crystal. It is expected that these results will contribute to a better understanding of finite-size phononic crystals and aid in the development of devices employing such crystals.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p522.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p721" class="affilation"></a>Composite square and monomial power sweeps for SNR customization in acoustic measurements</h2>
<h3>Huszty, Csaba (1)
, Sakamoto, Shinichi (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Graduate School, The University of Tokyo, Japan
(2) Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Swept signals for acoustic measurements are widely used nowadays to obtain impulse responses of the system under test. The overall spectrum and the inverse filter that compresses the sweep into an impulse together with the background noise conditions prescribe the result's signal-noise ratio as a function of frequency. This paper proposes a time-domain sweep synthesis method using composite square and monomial power function modulated sine sweeps that can customize the resulting SNR-frequency function. Theoretical and practical aspects as well as measurement results are presented.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p721.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p702" class="affilation"></a>Research on acoustic source positioning method for boiler tube leakage</h2>
<h3>Jiang, Genshan (1)
, Wang, Lin (1)
, Tian, Jing (2)
, Pan, Jie (3)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) North China Electric Power University, P.R.China
(2) State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Academia Sinica,
(3) University of Western Australia, WA, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In this paper, by considering the shortcomings of the current boiler pipeline leak monitoring system, a method to perfect the features of location function in the system by using multi-microphones array passive source localization techniques is presented. A model of 660MW boiler is taken for example to simulate the location results for different positions of the leak source location in the furnace of the boiler's body. Additionally, there have been given out the analysis of the effect factors, which included the effect of sound wave propagation through a combustion temperature-field inside a boiler and the reverberation factors caused by the close feature of the boiler, and then the location results of leakages source have been amended from the original results accordingly. And the conclusion is that the combustion temperature gradient field would impact more apparently on the location results of the leakage. Works in this paper may provide some reference for ideas to scolars who studied aspect to this topic.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p702.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p923" class="affilation"></a>Wave propagation interaction in anisotropic piezoelectric porous layer loaded with fluid</h2>
<h3>Khurana, Poonam
, Lauriks, Walter</h3>
<p class="affilation">Laboratorium voor Akoestiek en Thermische Fysica,
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Piezoelectric materials have been acting as very important functional components in sonar projectors, fluid monitors, pulse generators and surface acoustic wave devices. Moreover, piezoelectric materials have been integrated with the structural systems to form a class of smart structures and embedded as layers or fibers into multifunctional composites. Much of the interest in the subject of electro-acoustic waves is directed towards the applications in the areas of signal processing, transduction and frequency control, where transmission and reflection of acoustic energy at surfaces play an important role. In this article, the wave propagation in porous piezoelectric materials is studied. First, Christoffel equation for plane harmonic waves propagating in porous piezoelectric materials is derived. Solutions for the Christoffel equation are obtained and then those are used to study the reflection-transmission phenomenon in anisotropic piezoelectric layer which is loaded with fluid on both sides. The study finds its applications in various fields such as medical ultrasonic imaging devices, underwater sonar detectors, oil reservoir monitoring.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p79" class="affilation"></a>Cylindrical harmonic expansion of the sound field due to a rotating line source</h2>
<h3>Poletti, Mark A.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Industrial Research Limited, Wellington, New Zealand
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The motion of an acoustic source relative to some fixed frame produces a Doppler shifting of the source frequency at a fixed point relative to that frame. For linear motion of the source greater than the speed of sound, the radiated sound forms a shock wave whose angle relative to the direction of motion varies with source speed. Some applications in acoustics involve a sound source rotating around a fixed point in space. For example, in surround sound systems, it may be desirable to generate the sound due to a sound source which moves around the listener. As another example, the Leslie speaker is a rotating loudspeaker system designed to produce amplitude and frequency modulation effects. In aeroacoustics, the noise produced by rotating propellers or rotors is of interest and the linear wave equation solution for a rotating source has some relevance. The description of rotating sources also has applicability in other disciplines such as electromagnetism and astronomy.<br>
<br>
This paper develops a cylindrical harmonic expansion for the sound field produced by a rotating line source. The expansion has a simple form and reverts to the standard expression for a fixed line source when the rotation speed is zero. For rotational speeds where the source is supersonic, the sound field produced by the expansion produces features similar to those demonstrated for rotating supersonic point sources, such as a Mach cone emanating from the source position, a spiral cylinder within which the field produces a spiralling pattern, and an inner cusp where the circular wavefronts converge. The expansion is implemented in matlab using a truncated form of the expansion, and examples of sound fields are given for both subsonic and supersonic cases.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p79.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p270" class="affilation"></a>The physics of wedge diffraction: high-frequency approximate solution in the vicinity of shadow boundary</h2>
<h3>Ueda, Mitsuhiro</h3>
<p class="affilation">Predio Meguro Science Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
We have proposed a new physical principle that is called virtual discontinuity principle of diffraction for analyzing waves diffracted by perfectly reflecting objects and formulated a model for calculating diffracted waves by a sum of two elementary diffracted waves. The model is applied to waves diffracted by a wedge and high-frequency approximate solution for diffracted waves is deducted from the model that is exactly the same as the one that has been already derived from the rigorous solution of waves diffracted by the wedge. It is rare to find the relation derived from the rigorous solution in the relations deducted from the model formulated by a top-down physical principle. Thus the principle is validated fairly by this result. The above approximate solution, however, does not work in the vicinity of shadow boundary. The role of diffracted waves lies in the compensation of discontinuity caused by the geometrical optics solution, that is, discontinuity at shadow boundary. Thus the above agreement may not be enough to validate the principle firmly.<br>
<br>
In this presentation high-frequency approximate solution that works in the vicinity of shadow boundary is deducted from the model, whereas it is not succeeded in deriving this relation from the rigorous solution since shadow boundary in diffracted waves occurs at two angles and the angle for shadow boundary changes complicatedly as a function of wedge and source angles. On the other hand shadow boundary in elementary diffracted waves occurs at one angle and its angle equals to the source angle. This outstanding simplification enabled by the new principle makes it possible to deduct the high-frequency approximate solution near shadow boundary from the model and it is combined with the conventional one so that the high-frequency solution can be applied at any angle of observation. The accuracy of the approximate solution is examined by comparing it with the rigorous solution and that of the new approximate solution in the vicinity of shadow boundary is almost the same as that of the conventional one at far outside of shadow boundary. This would validate the new principle further since it should make the analysis remarkably simple. Lastly the implication of the new principle is discussed shortly.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p270.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p545" class="affilation"></a>Acoustic versus ultrasonic breast imaging</h2>
<h3>Alizad, Azra
, Whaley, Dana H.
, Urban, Matthew W.
, Kinnick, Randall R.
, Greenleaf, James F.
, Fatemi, Mostafa</h3>
<p class="affilation">Mayo clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Vibro-acoustography (VA) is an emerging imaging technology. In this method, radiation force of ultrasound is used to vibrate tissue at low (kHz) frequencies. The resulting vibration produces an acoustic field that is detected by a sensitive hydrophone. VA can provide detail information at high resolution that is not available from conventional B-mode ultrasound (US) imaging. Here, we compare VA and US in breast imaging. An experimental VA system was used to image breasts of patients with known lesions of various kinds. Results were compared to US. Image quality was assessed based on contrast, resolution, lesion boundaries, and artifacts. VA images displayed breast cysts with well-defined borders. Fibroadenomas were seen with identifiable texture, and in some cases, with enhanced boundaries. Post-lumpectomy scars were displayed with characteristic structure. Some malignant masses were seen with identifiable spiculations. Compared to US, VA images were speckle free, had high contrast and high signal to noise ratio. Microcalcifications were particularly visible with VA. The combination of features offered by VA, such as lack of image speckle, enhanced lesion boundaries, and sensitivity to microcalcifications, are important advantages of VA over US for breast imaging. It is concluded that VA may become a choice modality for breast imaging.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p545.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p385" class="affilation"></a>Droplet motion and deformation induced by acoustic streaming and radiation pressure</h2>
<h3>Brunet, Philippe
, Baudoin, Michael
, Bou-Matar, Olivier
, Zoueshtiagh, Farzam</h3>
<p class="affilation">Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologies (IEMN), Université Lille 1 and UMR CNRS 8520, Avenue Poincaré, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Acoustic waves generated at the surface of a solid substrate can induce deformation, motion and even atomization of partially wetting droplets. The characteristic time scales associated with the droplets response strongly differ from the acoustic period, suggesting the existence of nonlinear coupling between acoustic waves and droplets dynamics. If different behaviors have been observed in different experimental conditions (droplet size, acoustic wave frequency, wetting properties of the liquid), the underlying physics remains unclear. To understand it, a parametric experimental study [P. Brunet et al., Phys. Rev. E, 81, 036315 (2010)] has been performed at a ï¬xed frequency of 20 MHz, by varying the droplet size, the liquid viscosity and the acoustic wave intensity. In these experiments, the free surface of the droplet is modiï¬ed in three different way: ï¬rst a breaking of its symmetry, second global oscillations of the droplet and ï¬nally small amplitude and higher frequency "trembling modes". To explain all these deformations, two classical nonlinear acoustic driving can ve invoked: ï¬rst the radiation pressure and second the acoustic streaming. The relative importance of these nonlinear phenomena strongly depends on the frequency considered. At 20 MHz, the acoustic wave is multiply reflected into the droplet and therefore the acoustic radiation pressure plays an important role. At higher frequencies, the acoustic wave hardly reaches the surface and the radiation pressure plays no role. With our experiments, we show that while both acoustic streaming and radiation pressure can induce the asymmetry of the droplet, global oscillations only appear when acoustic radiation is significant. We therefore exhibit for the ï¬rst time the role played by the acoustic radiation pressure on droplets dynamics in a certain frequency range. The comprehension of these phenomena is of fundamental to minimize the energy required to handle droplet in view of harmless manipulation of biofluids.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p385.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p294" class="affilation"></a>Beyond the geometrical focus in focused acoustic beams</h2>
<h3>Camarena, Francisco (1)
, Makov, Yuri N. (2)
, Sánchez-Morcillo, Victor (1)
, Adrián, Silvia (1)
, Jiménez, Noé (1)
, Redondo, Javier (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Institut per a la Gestió Integrada de les Zones Costaneres, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
(2) Department of Acoustics, Faculty of Physics, Moscow State University, Russia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The study of the acoustic field characteristics generated by focusing sources, both in linear and nonlinear regime, is an active field of research as they are relevant in most of the ultrasonic applications in medicine and industry. Particularly, the linear shift phenomenon (the distance between the geometrical focus of the focused source and the on-axis maximum pressure position in linear regime, real focus) was explained by Lucas and Muir in 1982 and corrected by Makov et al. in 2006 based on the parabolic approximation to the ordinary wave equation. Also, the nonlinear shift phenomenon (the movement of the pressure and intensity maxima position along the axis of focused acoustic beams under increasing driving voltages) has been related and interpreted in previous works. But, although the nonlinear shift has been observed and explained in previous studies, till the moment it has not been published a specific experiment with the objective to study, experimentally and numerically, the focal region of medium and high Fresnel number transducers, and the magnitude of the this shift. It is important to cover this region of focusing as the majority of the medical devices are there. In this work we evaluate the nonlinear shift of an ultrasonic beam with medium Fresnel number (NF = 6), both in pressure and intensity, as well as we demonstrate that the nonlinear shift is able to move the on axis maximum pressure location beyond the geometrical focus.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p294.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p937" class="affilation"></a>Nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy and acoustic slow dynamics for micro-damage characterization, correlation to acoustic emission : new trends for heterogeneous materials Non Destructive Testing (NDT) and Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)</h2>
<h3>El Guerjouma, Rachid
, Bentahar, Mourad</h3>
<p class="affilation">LAUM (Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Maine), Université du Maineand CNRS, Le Mans, France</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The characterization of damage in structural heterogeneous materials as concrete, rocks, or composites by classical linear acoustical methods, based on the measurement of ultrasonic wave velocities and/or attenuation, does not generally give the expected sensitivity to early damage detection. As such, acoustical Nonlinear methods appear like an interesting alternative. Nonlinear effects can be observed through the distortion of an ultrasonic sine wave when propagating in a medium. In that case, higher harmonics are created and classical nonlinearity predicts that the resonance frequency of the fundamental resonance mode (Young's mode) changes. In this contribution we present a NonLinear Resonance Spectroscopy (NLRS) approach and use some NLRS features as Resonance frequency shift and Q-factor change as a function of the peak amplitude to characterize damage in concrete and polymer-based composite. Materials are characterized at intact and gradually damaged states. Besides, damage was monitored using the Acoustic Emission (AE) generated by the material during the damage process. A classification of the AE signals is proposed to identify the different damage mechanisms and to understand their contribution to the evolution of the NonLinear behaviour of the materials under investigation. Furthermore, another NonLinear phenomenon we investigated in relation with damage is Acoustical Slow Dynamics (ASD) which correspond to the response of the material when an external high drive harmonic acoustic stressing applied to the material is removed. In the case of hysteretic materials the initial properties are not recovered instantaneously but take a given time, which depends on the perturbation level as well as the materials integrity. In this contribution we report observations of ASD behaviour corresponding to a polymer-based composite sample taken at the intact as well as progressively damaged states. ASD measurements are correlated to Acoustic Emission data recorded during the different damage steps. With the help of a proposed classification procedure of AE hits, damage mechanisms are identified and then correlated to the global material ASD relaxation. Original relaxation features are then identified for every damage mechanism. More particularly, relaxation time and frequency shift have been found to be very sensitive to damage creation and development for polymer-based composite and concrete. This work shows the relevance of this approach in developing new highly sensitive methods for Non Destructive Testing (NDT) and Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) purpose.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p242" class="affilation"></a>Diagnostics of elastic properties of polymerizing polyacrylamide</h2>
<h3>Korobov, A. I.
, Filippova, O. E.
, Kokshaisky, A. I.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Faculty Of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Experimental results for the behavior of both linear and nonlinear elastic properties of polyacrylamide polymerization process are shown. Polymerization process has several stages: initiation - first appearance of active polymerization spots, chain growth - consequent joining of monomer molecules to active spots, chain joining - attachment of double monomers to chains. During the 80 minute polymerization process the initial liquid solution is transformed into gel with the different internal structure. For the diagnostics of elastic properties of initial solution during the polymerization process the automated ultrasound device employing impulse method of measurement has been used. Amplitudes of longitudinal acoustical wave at f=5MHZ and its second harmonic at f=10MHz has been measured simultaneously as well as the change of wave velocity dependence on time passed since the start of polymerization. Measurements of the amplitude at excitation frequency as a function of time allowed to calculate the change of absorption. The measurements of wave amplitudes at excitation frequency and at its second harmonic provided the change in nonlinear acoustical parameter which characterizes the non harmonic nature of molecular interaction in polymers. Density of the material and longitudinal velocity of acoustical wave closely resemble that of water and respectively equals to 1003 kg/m3 and 1500 m/sec. The increase in velocity at the beginning of polymerization due to the presence of air bubbles in the initial solution has been observed. That was followed by slow monotonous decrease of velocity as a function of time by approximately 1% of initial value. Changes in absorption and nonlinear acoustical parameter are in fact irregular and have features similar in both parameters at a given time which is believed to be due to ongoing change in the internal structure of the initial material during the polymerization process. That anomalous behavior is observed at 15-60 minute window after the start of polymerization. It is important to note that nonlinear acoustical parameter appeared to be the most sensitive to the processes occurring during polymerization as its value has changed for over 15%. The experimental results are being discussed.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p239" class="affilation"></a>Nonlinear elastic properties of solids with defects</h2>
<h3>Korobov, A. I.
, Rudenko, O. V.
, Izossimova, M. Y.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department Of Acoustics, Faculty Of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
One of the interesting and perspective trends if modern acoustics is research of nonlinear processes caused with presence of mesoscale inhomogenuities and material defect structure. Presence of mesoscale inhomogenuities in solids leads to appearance of some new physical properties not presented in homogeneous solids. The example for that are such quantum phenomena as negative magnetoresistance, quantum galvanomagnetic effect, etc. The experiments conducted by number of authors have shown the defects of supramolecular structure of solids give rise to the so-called structure nonlinearity, which has local behavior and may exceed the physical nonlinearities due two lattice anharmonicity by two or three orders of magnitude. However, there still is no universally accepted definition of the quantitative characteristics of structure nonlinearity, such as, e.g., the nonlinear acoustic parameter is for traveling waves. Numerous experiments only reveal the tendency and allow no quantitative comparison of the results. We have analyzed elastic nonlinearity of solids with micro- and nanosacale defects and characteristics features of its manifestations. The meaning of the experimentally measured nonlinear parameters of a medium is discussed. The difference in meaning between the local nonlinearity, which is measured in the vicinity of a single defect and depends on the size of the region of averaging, and the effective volume nonlinearity of the medium containing numerous defects is emphasized. The local nonlinearity arising at the tip of a crack is calculated; this nonlinearity decreases with an increase in the region of second harmonic generation. The volume nonlinearity is calculated for a solid containing spherical cavities. The volume nonlinearity is also calculated for a medium containing infinitely thin cracks in the form of circular disks, which assume the shape of ellipsoids in the course of the crack opening. It has been shown that in the presence of an ensemble of disk shaped cracks (the disks are parallel to each other), contrary to the case with cavities, the amplification of nonlinearity does not depend on Poisson's ratio and linear elastic moduli of the medium. Hence, the estimations have shown the increase in nonlinearity in the presence of cracks can be greater than the nonlinearity increase in the presence of spherical cavities.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p239.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p1007" class="affilation"></a>Longitudinal magnetoelastic Riemann wave in a rod</h2>
<h3>Malkhanov, Alexey
, Erofeyev, Vladimir I.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Nizhny Novgorod Branch of Mechanical Engineering Research Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The propagation of longitudinal magnetoelastic waves in a rod is under our consideration.<br>
<br>
Magnetoelasticity is a scientific branch which arose on the junction of mechanics of deformable bodies, electrodynamics and acoustics. It studies dynamic processes arising during interaction between electromagnetic and deformational fields.<br>
<br>
The nonlinear Bernoulli's model of a rod has been used for describing longitudinal oscillations. The rod assumed an ideal conductor. For the research we've got the evolutionary equation from the system of equations of magneto-elasticity. For that we entered a small parameter into the system. The obtained evolutionary equation represents Riemann equation with regard to axial deformation. <br>
<br>
Profile of the Riemann wave is corrupting along with propagation because different wave's pieces have different velocity. That is why at a certain moment of time the wave turns over. Under this model the time when the wave turns over depends on the value of the external magnetic field.<br>
<br>
The profile of the wave has been taken as a sine at initial moment of time. The moment of the wave's inversion grows with increasing of the value of the external magnetic field. Thereby external magnetic field stabilizes the Riemann wave increasing the time of its inversion.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p1007.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p80" class="affilation"></a>3D numerical modeling of nonlinear continuous wave ultrasound beam propagation in homogeneous dissipative media</h2>
<h3>Mashouf, Shahram
, Tavakkoli, Jahan</h3>
<p class="affilation">Dept. of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In this work, a new 3D numerical model to simulate nonlinear propagation of continuous wave ultrasound beams in homogeneous dissipative media is presented. The model implements a second-order operator splitting method in which the effects of diffraction, nonlinearity and attenuation are propagated in sequence over incremental steps. It makes use of an arbitrary 3D source geometry definition and a non axi-symmetric propagation scheme, which leads to a full 3D solution to the resulting nonlinear field. The diffraction sub-step is accomplished by making use of an angular spectrum approach coupled with an enhanced formula to calculate the acoustic pressure in non-planar fields without using the standard linear relationship between pressure and particle velocity. Comparisons with other numerical models (both linear and nonlinear) as well as experimental data show good agreements. The proposed model is a particularly useful tool in carrying out accurate and efficient simulations of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) beams in tissue where the effects of nonlinearity, diffraction, and attenuation are significant.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p80.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p992" class="affilation"></a>Time-resolved Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) of the flow in an acoustic standing wave tube</h2>
<h3>Mongeau, Luc
, Rafat, Yasser</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Quebec, Canada</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The flow field in an acoustic standing wave tube was measured using time-resolved particle image velocimetry (PIV). Verifications were made through comparisons between measured and predicted acoustic particle velocities in the spa-tial domain and the time domain. The accuracy of the time-resolved PIV system was satisfactory, at least for the peri-odic flow velocity component. The steady streaming flow field was then obtained through synchronous data acquisi-tion. The streaming flow featured recirculation patterns which were different from classical Rayleigh or Schilchting streaming patterns. One possible reason is that the streaming Reynolds number was too low for classical streaming to occur.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p992.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p473" class="affilation"></a>Evaluation of stress corrosion cracks in metals by linear and nonlinear ultrasound
</h2>
<h3>Shintaku, Yohei
, Ohara, Yoshikazu
, Hashimoto, Makoto
, Horinouchi, Satoshi
, Yamanaka, Kazushi</h3>
<p class="affilation">Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In atomic power plant, stress corrosion cracks (SCCs) have been observed in even metals with high corrosion resistance. Although it is needed to evaluate crack depths with high accuracy, there is a concern that cracks were overlooked or underestimated by Non-Destructive Testing. One of the reasons is that SCCs formed in the water at high temperature and high pressure were closed by oxide films. To solve this problem, we focused on subharmonic waves1) generated by the interaction of large-amplitude ultrasound with closed cracks and developed a novel imaging method SPACE (Subharmonic Phased Array for Crack Evaluation). SPACE can image open and closed parts of cracks as a fundamental image (FA) and subharmonic image (SA), respectively. In early studies, we demonstrated the performance such as in SCC in SUS304 base material, but the comparison between different SCCs had not been made yet. <br>
<br>
In this study, we evaluated the open-close behavior and crack depths of SCCs formed in different conditions by coherent measurement using SPACE and linear phased array (PA). the objects were (A): SCC introduced from a notch in Inconel600 weld metal in Tetrathionate (B): SCC obliquely extended from a fatigue crack tip in SUS304 base metal in MgCl2. As a result, in (A) we could image similar crack tips in PA and FA, but we could not image cracks in SA. Therefore, the crack tips of (A) were estimated to be open and then it is confirmed by destructive testing. On the other hand, in (B) we could imaged crack tips of equal depth in PA and FA, in addition, we sometimes imaged deeper cracks in SA than in FA. Therefore, some crack tips of (B) were estimated to be closed. It is interesting to note that SCC (A) and (B) were both introduced by accelerated test in chemical solutions, though one was opened and another was partly closed. The specimens are base material and weld meal, thus each metallographic structures differed greatly. However, there have been no report on the difference of closure state between SCC(A) and (B) caused by the difference between metallographic structures. Therefore, it would necessary to consider the difference of stress state at the points of introduction of SCCs. For this purpose it is useful to evaluate various SCCs in the same material by SPACE and to compare and discuss the crack closure behavior in detail.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p473.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p13" class="affilation"></a>Classical and non-classical nonlinear acoustic effects discerned by airborne ultrasound</h2>
<h3>Solodov, Igor
, Döring, Daniel
, Busse, Gerd</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department for Non-Destructive Testing, Institute for Polymer Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Nonlinear effects in air, which are regarded as fundamentals of classical nonlinear acoustics, were experimentally investigated solely in a sonic frequency range. The present study extends the results into the ultrasonic frequency range of hundreds kHz. An acousto-optic technique of air-coupled vibrometry (ACV) has been adapted for imaging and non-invasive quantitative probing of nonlinear airborne ultrasound. At fundamental frequency of 200 kHz, the Mach number is shown to rise up to M>0.001 even for ultrasonic beams used in commercial equipment that makes the high frequency airborne ultrasound strongly nonlinear. The experiments confirm that such beams are affected by nonlinear attenuation and intense second harmonic generation. The experimental results comply well with theoretical estimations which account for interplay between acoustic dissipation and nonlinearity.<br>
<br>
In non-perfect solid materials, the acoustic nonlinearity develops quite differently from classical lattice nonlinearity due to strongly nonlinear vibrations in the flaw areas. In this study, such non-classical local nonlinearity is shown to be accompanied by the radiation of high-frequency airborne ultrasound (Nonlinear Air-Coupled Emission (NACE). A direct visualization of the NACE in the form of higher-order harmonics and sub-harmonics from damaged areas in solid materials and components by using the ACV is reported. The ACV also quantifies the nonlinear airborne radiation produced by non-classical nonlinearity of planar defects. The imaging technique is effective in defect characterization by identifying their far-field NACE patterns since the directivity of the radiated field is a spatial Fourier transform of the vibration velocity distribution in the source (defect) area. An efficient radiation of airborne higher harmonics enables to apply conventional air-coupled transducers for detecting NACE which is used as a nonlinear "tag" to locate and image the defects.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p13.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p102" class="affilation"></a>Resonant amplification of evanescent acoustic waves by a slab of 2D magnetic acoustic metamaterials
</h2>
<h3>Sukhorukova, O. S. (1)
, Tarasenko, S. V. (1)
, Laptyeva, T. V. (1)
, Shavrov, V. G. (2)
, Yurchenko, V. M. (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Donetsk A.A. Galkin Institute of Physics & Engineering of NASU, Ukraine
(2) V.A. Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering & Electronics of RAS, Moscow, Russia
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
At the present time the search of acoustic analogies of extraordinary electromagnetic properties of metamaterials (such as superlenses, cloaking, negative refraction, double negative medium etc.) is the main direction of the composite medium of modern physical acoustics. However, despite the constantly growing number of publications devoted to this theme, all theoretical and experimental works known until now were associated exclusively with non magnetic acoustic metamaterials. <br>
<br>
The aim of this report is the theoretical studying of the possibility of resonance amplification of SH evanescent acoustic wave by means of 2D magnetic acoustic metamaterials slab. As an example of 2D magnetic acoustic material we consider the two-component acoustically continuous structure representing an elastically isotropic nonmagnetic solid matrix in which there is a set of inï¬nite ferro- or antiferrromagnetic rods of circular cross section with a metal covering. In the frame of effective medium approximation the necessary conditions, under which for acoustically continuous structure from2D magnetic acoustic material slab and elastically isotropic nonmagnetic layer the incident shear elastic wave (volume or evanescent) reflection coefficient is equal to zero, is determined. The anomalies found in this work in the propagation of the shear elastic wave through a layered acoustically continuous structure containing a layer of a composite magnetic material represent an acoustic analogue of the effect of ampliï¬cation of photon tunneling by a layer of the uniaxial anisotropic left medium.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p699" class="affilation"></a>Vibro-acoustic behavior of micro-perforated plate to sound absorption performance </h2>
<h3>Tanaka, Toshimitsu (1)
, Kusakari, Tatsuhiro (1)
, Tsugihashi, Kazuki (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Seikei University, Tokyo, Japan
(2) Kobe Steel Ltd., Kobe, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
As a new sound absorption material, micro-perforated aluminum thin plate has been developed, which is strong for water, oil, or heat. But thin plate is easily vibrated by sound pressure. And the vibration affects the performance of sound absorption. We experimented to make clear the relation between the coefficient of sound absorption and the vibration of micro-perforated plate. Natural frequencies and vibration modes of micro-perforated thin aluminum plate were observed by using the scanning laser Dopper vibrometer, and the sound absorption coefficient of that plate was measured by two microphone method. We found that the sound absorption performance was affected by natural vibration modes and that there was the special mode to decrease sound absorption performance remarkably when the phase of particle velocity of air and vibration velocity of the plate became same. We also found that damping is effective to improve the local depression of the sound absorption coefficient.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p699.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p348" class="affilation"></a>The acoustic source strength of high-energy blast waves: combining measurements and a non-linear model</h2>
<h3>van der Eerden, Frits, van den Berg, Frank</h3>
<p class="affilation">Acoustics Department, TNO Science and Industry, Delft, The Netherlands</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In the densely populated area of the Netherlands, the objective of the Netherlands Ministry of Defence is to find an optimal balance between military training and the impact on the surrounding civilian community. A special case concerns large weapons, such as armor, artillery or demolitions, which create high-energy blast waves. These waves have a low frequency content, typically between 15 and 125 Hz, and can propagate over large distances. As a result it is a relative important cause for annoyance. By using a dedicated model for military training facilities, rating sound levels around the facility can be calculated for different training situations and the effect of measures can be determined. This model uses a linear sound propagation and an equivalent linear source strength. The source is measured at a sufficiently large distance, between 100 and 200m, where the sound propagation has become linear. As a consequence the effect of the ground and the meteorology is also measured and one has to correct for these effects. A more efficient approach has been tested, where the measurements are done close to the source, at typically less than 10 meters distance. The linear source strength is then calculated by applying a non-linear propagation model. The result are compared to the conventional measurement method. Another advantage of applying the non-linear model, and the nonlinear source strength, is that the effect of mitigation measures close to the source can be determined.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p348.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p235" class="affilation"></a>Aeolian tones generated by a square cylinder with a splitter plate</h2>
<h3>Ali, Mohamed Sukri Mat (1)
, Doolan, Con J. (1)
, Wheatley, Vincent (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Australia
(2) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Australia </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The generation of aeolian tones by the interaction of a low Reynolds number, low Mach numbers flow with a rigid square cylinder attached with a rigid thin flat plate is numerically investigated. When the length of the plate is varied from L = 0.5D to 6D, where D is the side length of the square cylinder, the results can be grouped into three distinct regimes. For the first flow regime (L lesssim D), the aoelian tone levels decreases with increasing of the plate length. For the second regime (2D lesssim L lesssim 4D), the aeolian tone levels are always higher than the single square cylinder case and they increase with increasing of the plate length. For the third regime (5D lesssim L lesssim 6D), the levels of the aeolian tone decrease as the length of the plate is increases but the levels are higher than other regimes. These acoustic results can be explained in terms of fluid mechanics occurring in the near wake of the cylinder.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p235.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p453" class="affilation"></a>Design and calibration of a small aeroacoustic beamformer</h2>
<h3>Arcondoulis, Elias J. G.
, Doolan, Con J.
, Zander, Anthony C.
, Brooks, Laura A.</h3>
<p class="affilation">School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The use of aeroacoustic beamforming has increased dramatically in the past decade. The primary driving force behind this has been the need to improve the noise characteristics of aircraft and automotive vehicles, coupled with ever increasing computer processing power. Aeroacoustic beamforming is an experimental technique that uses an array of microphones located in the far field of acoustic noise sources generated by a body in air flow. Each microphone measures an acoustic magnitude and relative phase based on its unique position with respect to the acoustic source(s). Beamforming algorithms process this data, typically to generate spatial noise source plots over a two dimensional grid at each frequency of interest. Much of the available aeroacoustic beamforming literature presents results at relatively high frequencies corresponding to large facilities, scale models, and available budgets, which can potentially set unrealistic goals for the development of a small-scale university research facility. This paper details the design and calibration of a small aeroacoustic beamformer, designed to investigate airfoil trailing edge noise for low to moderate Reynolds number flows. The optimisation of the microphone array, based on spatial, air flow and financial constraints, is presented. The algorithms which were used to calculate the beamformer outputs are described, as well as the array calibration process, including beamforming of various noise sources in an anechoic environment. The array is shown to successfully detect and accurately locate both tonal and broadband noise sources.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p453.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p404" class="affilation"></a>Time-domain simulations for outdoor sound propagation : surface waves and ground effects</h2>
<h3>Blanc-Benon, Philippe (1)
, Dragna, Didier (1)
, Poisson, F. (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides et d'Acoustique, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ecully, France
(2) Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer, Paris, France</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Outdoor sound propagation involves many complex phenomena such as interactions between the acoustic waves with local wind and temperature fluctuations in the atmospheric boundary layer or terrain effects due to impedance ground and topography. Moreover, in the context of transportation noise, acoustic sources are usually broadband and in motion. Time-domain numerical solutions of the linearized Euler equations (LEE) are well suited to study broadband noise propagation outdoors, since they can take into account the interactions of the acoustic waves with local wind and temperature fluctuations in the atmospheric boundary layer. The motion of the acoustic sources can also be considered with this type of simulations, which can be useful in the context of transportation noise. Finite-difference time-domain methods are thus becoming increasingly popular in the outdoor sound propagation community. One of the main difficulties is to account for the reflection of acoustic waves over an impedance ground. A time-domain boundary condition has been recently proposed and has been implemented in a finite-difference time-domain solver using methods developed for computational aeroacoustics. We will first considered the propagation of an initial pulse over a distance of 100 m in a three-dimensional geometry in a frequency band up to 600 Hz. Surface waves which propagate close to and parallel to impedance grounds are exhibited. The numerical results are compared in time-domain with an analytical solution. The tails of the pressure signals are well predicted by the surface wave. Then a long range configuration in 2D geometry is also investigated in homogeneous conditions and in downward-refracting conditions with an impedance of a grassy ground and of a snow ground. Numerical results are compared in time domain to an analytical solution for homogeneous conditions and to a ray-tracing code for downward-refracting conditions. Near the ground, surfaces waves are the dominant arrivals in the two cases.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p404.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p890" class="affilation"></a>Hybrid CFD/BEM approach to predicting flow induced noise</h2>
<h3>Croaker, Paul (1)
, Kinns, Roger (1)
, Kessissoglou, Nicole (1)
, Norrison, Daniel (2)
, Widjaja, Ronny (2)
, Marburg, Steffen (3)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
(2) Maritime Platforms Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Melbourne, Australia
(3) Institute of Mechanics, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A computational approach is proposed to extract the acoustic sources generated by low Mach number flow past a circular cylinder and to predict the associated far-field acoustic pressure. The transient hydrodynamic flow field is calculated using an incompressible computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver. The acoustic sources are extracted from the hydrodynamic flow field based on the linearised perturbed compressible equations (LPCE). These acoustic sources are combined with a boundary element method (BEM) model of a rigid circular cylinder and the far field sound pressure level is predicted. The results from this hybrid CFD/BEM approach are presented for flow past a circular cylinder with Reynolds number, ReD=100 and Mach number, M=0.15. The directivity of the radiated sound pressure field at the vortex shedding frequency agrees well with results of alternate methods available in the literature.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p890.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p223" class="affilation"></a>Statistical estimation of turbulent trailing edge noise</h2>
<h3>Doolan, Con J.
, Gonzalez, C. Albarracin
, Hansen, Colin H.</h3>
<p class="affilation">School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The efficient computation of turbulent airfoil trailing edge noise is important for the cost-effective design of fixed and rotary-wing aircraft, wind turbines, fans and submarines. Recently, the computation of trailing edge noise has mainly been attempted using either direct or hybrid methods of computational aeroacoustics (CAA). However, many of these approaches rely on expensive transient flow solution methods for acoustic source term calculation, such as direct numerical simulation (DNS) or large eddy simulation (LES), which aren't appropriate for engineering design purposes. This paper will present a new approach for calculating turbulent trailing edge noise. Instead of using DNS or LES for a flow solution, the method uses mean flow solutions (Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes or RANS) and a statistical model to calculate acoustic source terms and radiated far-field noise. After the method is presented, results showing the noise generated by the passage of turbulent flow past a sharp edged flat plate will be shown. For the purposes of validation, the model will use mean flow data from both DNS and RANS solutions to calculate the acoustic source terms. Simulated noise will then be compared with an empirical model of flat-plate trailing edge noise. The paper will conclude with remarks on the accuracy of the method and a discussion of future test cases required to test its validity in more challenging flow conditions.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p223.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p718" class="affilation"></a>Development of low-noise centrifugal fans in a refrigerator</h2>
<h3>Heo, Seung
, Cheong, Cheolung</h3>
<p class="affilation">Pusan National University, Korea</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In this paper, low-noise centrifugal fans are developed by applying a new design concept which can reduce the airfoil-self noise by inducing phase differences of potential sources on trailing edge lines of fan blades in the span-wise direction. These design concepts are realized by modifying existing linear trailing edge lines of fan blades into the inclined S-shaped trailing edge lines. First, the validity of low-design concepts are confirmed by the experiments carried out with four prototype fans. These results show that noise reductions of approximately 2 to 3.5 dB are achieved for the new fans in comparison with the original fan. These reductions are retained over the range of rotation speed of fans from 1800 rpm to 2400 rpm. The detailed comparison of sound pressure spectrums between the new fans and original fan reveals that these reductions are mainly due to broadband noise reduction but not BPF components. To analyze the detailed mechanisms of noise reduction of newly developed inclined S-shaped fans, further analysis is made by using hybrid computational aeroacoustic techniques where the computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the acoustic analogy, and the boundary method (BEM) are sequentially used. The validity of numerical results is confirmed by comparing the predicted BPF noise components with the measurement. It is found that the turbulence kinetic energy of the fluid, predicted for the inclined S-shaped fans, is less than those for the existing fan. This implies that the main mechanism for the nose reduction of newly developed fans is due to the decreased turbulence energy considered as a qualitative index for the source magnitude of broadband self-noise.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p718.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p284" class="affilation"></a>The effect of grazing-bias flow on the self sustained oscillations in a side branch </h2>
<h3>Holmberg, Andreas
, Karlsson, Mikael</h3>
<p class="affilation">The Marcus Wallenberg Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Junctions and cavities are common elements in flow ducts such as automotive intake and exhaust systems, ventilation systems or pipelines. The aeroacoustic response of such elements is strongly influenced by the mean flow configuration in the system. The fluid-acoustic interaction is in low Mach number applications often described as the continuous interaction of hydrodynamic instabilities with the acoustic field as they are convected across the aperture. The interaction can be constructive or deconstructive, that is, both attenuation and amplification of incident sound is possible. At low amplification rates the system is still linear; however if the amplification rate is too high, the interaction becomes nonlinear leading to a self-sustained oscillation. This can lead to intense noise and even mechanical failure. The frequencies where a system potentially can sustain an oscillation can be predicted from analysis of the linear system since the frequency at which it occurs is given by the convection of the hydrodynamic instabilities across the aperture (which is not influenced by the vorticity strength). Hence, the interaction between the hydrodynamic and acoustic field collapse well with a Strouhal number based on the frequency of the incident sound and the convection velocity of the hydrodynamic disturbance. A well defined case is grazing flow past an orifice, here the characteristic length is easily defined (simply the effective length of the aperture) and the convection velocity is around half the mean flow velocity. Other flow configurations are not as obvious to define. An example is studied here; a T-junction is subjected simultaneously to grazing and bias flow, and hence, both the effective length the vorticity travels across the aperture as well as the convection velocity will change. The purpose of this work is to understand and quantify the influence on the collapse Strouhal number of grazing-bias flow.<br>
<br>
The method is mainly experimental and involves detailed measurement on a T-junction of rectangular cross-section. The T-junction is seen as a linear acoustic three-port from which quantities of interest can be derived. The three-port is determined via the two-microphone wave decomposition method using the source switching technique. Since the whole analysis assumes a linear system the excitation of the system (here by loudspeakers) must not be too high, also any resonant system should be avoided. Hence, each branch of the three-port is terminated with a large resistive silencer.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p284.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p345" class="affilation"></a>Linear stability analysis applied to flow duct acoustics</h2>
<h3>Karlsson, Mikael</h3>
<p class="affilation">Markus Wallenberg Laboratory for Sound and Vibration Research, Stockholm, Sweden</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Modelling of the acoustic properties and especially the influence and interaction with mean flow in ducts is a challenge. Often the problem is reduced assuming that the system under study can be broken down into a network of linear multiports. These multiports are then characterised individually either analytically or by experiments or numerical simulations.<br>
<br>
In control theory methods for assessing the stability of this type of networks of multiports are widely used. Applying the Nyquist stability criteria frequencies where the system can become unstable at a certain gain is identified. In this work the Nyquist stability criteria will be applied to detect frequencies where self sustained oscillation can occur in a flow duct system. The test case is a side branch orifice, realised as a T-Junction, which is subjected to grazing flow. Hydrodynamic instabilities in the shear layer interact with the acoustic field while being convected across the orifice. When the acoustic period match the travel time of the hydrodynamic instabilities incident sound can be amplified. If the amplification rate is sufficiently high, as it would be if a resonant system is present, the response become non linear resulting in a self-sustained oscillation. First the T-junction is characterised experimentally and presented as a linear acoustic three-port. This three-port is then connected to other linear elements to form a simple network. Finally the stability analysis is applied to the complete system matrix. It is shown that providing a resonant system with the appropriate characteristics to match the fluid-acoustic interaction at the orifice the system is unstable. It is also possible to find the amount of damping needed to make the system stable again. The results are of great practical use for anyone involved in designing flow duct systems. Being able to predict a non linear phenomenon such as self sustained oscillations by simple linear models is a most effective engineering tool.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p345.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p850" class="affilation"></a>Simulations of acoustic scattering in duct systems with flow</h2>
<h3>Kierkegaard, A.
, Boij, S.
, Efraimsson, G.</h3>
<p class="affilation">MWL Sound and Vibrations, Linne FLOW Centre, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
We present an efficient methodology to perform calculations of acoustic propagation and scattering by geometrical objects in ducts with flows. In this paper a methodology with a linearized Navier-Stokes equations solver in frequency domain is evaluated on a two-dimensional geometry of an in-duct area expansion. The Navier-Stokes equations are linearized around a time- independent mean flow that is obtained from an incompressible Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes solver which uses a k-e turbulence model. A plane wave decomposition method based on acoustic pressure and velocity is used to extract the up- and downstream propagating waves. The scattering of the acoustic waves by the induct area expansion is calculated and compared to experiments. Frequencies in the plane wave range up to the cut-on frequency of the first higher order propagating acoustical mode are considered. The acoustical properties of the area expansion is presented in a scattering matrix form that can be used in acoustical two-port calculations on complex duct systems such as exhaust system mufflers and ventilation systems.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p850.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p144" class="affilation"></a>Uncertainty assessment for outdoor sound propagation</h2>
<h3>Leroy, Olivia (1)
, Gauvreau, Benoit (1)
, Junker, Fabrice (2)
, de Rocquigny, Etienne (3)
, Bérengier, Michel (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées, France
(2) Électricité de France R&D, France
(3) Laboratoire Mathématiques Appliquées aux Systèmes, Ecole Centrale Paris, France</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Intrinsic variability due to micrometeorological effects and/or ground effects, measurement uncertainty and model uncertainty are the main sources of spreading of the parameters influencing outdoor sound propagation. Thus spreading associated to outdoor SPL is a complex combination of deterministic, stochastic and epistemic uncertainties, and can be quantified thanks to a probabilistic process. This statistical process is presented in this paper and is called Calibration Under Uncertainty (CUU). Quantitative uncertainty assessment involves a pre-existing physical system to be studied, input data which can be measured or derived from measurements, and a sufficient amount of available (experimental and/or numerical) data with an eventual human expertise. CUU couples information from experimental and modelled data taking into account their own uncertainties (measurements errors, lack of knowledge on physical behavior, etc.) under specific assumptions. Quantify the global uncertainty on SPL, rank or apportion the contributions of influent parameters to a given output quantity of interest, compare experimental and effective parameters, and more generally understand the whole input-output structure are the main tasks of such a statistical method. CUU process has been applied to more or less complex cases using a large experimental set of data (Lannemezan 2005 (F)). An application to near ground sound propagation has been first led to understand the relative influence of ground parameters. A more complex case considering large distances and including micrometeorological effects has also been fulfilled with promising results which are presented in this paper.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p144.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p879" class="affilation"></a>Reducing the acoustic signature of a UAV propeller operating at low Reynolds numbers</h2>
<h3>Leslie, Angus
, Wong, K. C.
, Auld, Doug</h3>
<p class="affilation">University of Sydney, NSW, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The acoustic signature of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is one of the limiting factors facing the expanding use of these platforms for both civil and military uses. The overall propeller noise signature can be reduced by firstly reducing the motor noise and the blade passage noise, which is a result of the propellers rotational speed, diameter and shape. However, once these are optimised only modifications to the propeller self noise will help to further reduce the platforms noise signature. This investigation presents one method that will reduce the propeller self noise through tripping the boundary layer on a small propeller (diameter ~250mm) with a short chord length (15~30mm) with blades operating at low Reynolds numbers. Laminar separation bubbles commonly occur on propellers of this size as a result of the low Reynolds number conditions existing on blades. Experiments have shown that boundary layer tripping not only reduces that drag of the blade, but when a laminar separation bubble on the suction surface of the propeller blade is eliminated a noise reduction occurs as well. The reasons for this noise reduction were not initially clear, and so its characteristics were examined experimentally on a rotating propeller in both static and wind tunnel conditions. These experiments have helped to show that a number of aerofoil noise mechanisms are at work simultaneously, and do not necessarily occur as the simple turbulent or laminar boundary layer noise models as traditionally believed. Analyse of the spectral peaks has exhibited characteristics of laminar boundary layer noise, even with the presents of a laminar separation bubble which would promote boundary layer transition to occur on the blade surface. Comparisons with literature models such as the semi-empirical aerofoil self noise model of Brooks, Pope, et al (1989) have also shown agreement with laminar boundary layer noise characteristics.<br>
<br>
The leading edge trip has proved successful in achieving a broadband reduction in simulated operational conditions which resulted in up to a ~6dBA SPL repeatable noise reduction at the sample location, but has not yet been successful in fly over tests. It is hypothesised that the laminar separation bubble is the most likely amplification source for the Tollmien-Schlichting instability waves, which then reach sufficient amplitude to be radiated as noise from the trailing edge. The elimination of the laminar separation bubble removes the strong laminar boundary layer noise source and also reduces the noise generated by the turbulent boundary layer.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p879.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p867" class="affilation"></a>Tomographic reconstruction of the inclining vortex wind field from the acoustic travel time data between a pair of facing line array</h2>
<h3>Li, Haiyue
, Yamada, Akira</h3>
<p class="affilation">Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Tokyo, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A monitoring system for a gust of wind like a tornado is desired such as in railroads or airports. It is not realistic to use an anemometer for this purpose because ordinary anemometers are of fixed observation in situ and large numbers must be needed. In order to encounter the problem, acoustic line array elements were placed along the facing sides of the monitoring region. From the remote observation of the travel time along the multiple propagation path between the facing line elements, two-dimensional vortex air flow profile was reconstructed based on the Fourier central slice theorem valid for the vector vortex air flow fields. The previous method by the present authors was extended to cover the inclining vortex wind field including the vertical axial air flow component. To this end, the target horizontal vortex components were discriminated from the axial flow components using the symmetrical property of the travel time characteristics over the observation line. As a indoor experiment system, 10 pairs of ultrasound transmitter/receiver were arrayed on a facing sides of the measurement region of 36cm x 36cm. Vortex wind fields from the electric fan (with diameter 190 mm) were reconstructed under the various wind source conditions. The results were demonstrated that precisions of the estimated vortex parameters (maximum vortex flow speed, size and position of the vortex wind field) were satisfactory which justifies the feasibility of the present method.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p867.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p606" class="affilation"></a>Acoustic analysis of flat plate trailing edge noise</h2>
<h3>Moreau, Danielle J.
, Tetlow, Matthew R.
, Brooks, Laura A.
, Doolan, Con J.</h3>
<p class="affilation">School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005 Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper presents an acoustic analysis of the noise generated at the trailing edge of a flat plate encountering low turbulence fluid flow. Experimental measurements were taken in an anechoic wind tunnel using four microphones: one mounted above the trailing edge, one below the trailing edge, one adjacent to the trailing edge and one above the leading edge. The noise spectra produced by the flat plate were recorded at the four microphone locations. Information about the strength and directivity of the trailing edge noise is determined by comparing the four signals. Subtracting the out-of-phase signals at the microphones above and below the trailing edge is shown to increase the airfoil self-noise spectra further above that of the ambient noise and is shown to be an effective signal extraction technique.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p606.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p943" class="affilation"></a>Comparative study on finite-difference and finite-volume implementations of the linearized Euler model for outdoor sound propagation simulations</h2>
<h3>Oshima, Takuya</h3>
<p class="affilation">Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, Japan
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Rapidly growing recent demands in accurate simulations in the processes of acoustic designs involving outdoor acoustic environments, such as road traffic noise barriers, have urged developments and applications of more advanced models that can deal with characteristics of such outdoor environments. The linearized Euler model is known to be one of the most accurate models for such advanced simulations in that the model can take into account the effects of nonuniform and even unsteady turbulent background flows and temperature gradients which supposedly have large influences to typical outdoor acoustic propagation situations. The model has traditionally been implemented using finite-difference numerics under structured grids thanks to its compatibility with higher-order schemes. However, for real world urban complex geometries such as urban city blocks it may make sense to apply finite-volume technique which in general is computationally more heavy but can handle full unstructured grids. In the present study, linearized Euler implementations based on the traditional second- and higher-order finite-difference techniques and the new unstructured finite-volume technique are compared in terms of errors from theoretical solutions and computational costs. A modified version of one of the benchmark problems laid down by the NASA/LaRC CAA workshop is used as the testcase. The accuracy of the results by the finite-volume technique turned out to match those by finite-difference techniques with slight lags, however with 20 - 300 times higher processor and memory usages.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p795" class="affilation"></a>Localization of stationary sound sources in flows by using a time-reversal method</h2>
<h3>Padois, Thomas
, Graveline, Valentin
, Prax, Christian
, Valeau, Vincent</h3>
<p class="affilation">Département Fluides, Thermique, Combustion, Institut Pprime CNRS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The time-reversal (TR) technique has been extensively developed over the two last decades, but very few applications<br>
<br>
have concerned the field of aeroacoustics. The possibility of using the TR technique in the context of wind-tunnel<br>
<br>
measurements is then investigated in this study, in order to localize a sound source in a flow. The chosen strategy is<br>
<br>
the following: in a first experimental step, the pressure fluctuations are recorded in the far field over a linear array of<br>
<br>
microphones, located outside the flow; in a second simulation step, the experimental signals are time-reversed and used<br>
<br>
as input data. The time-reversed linearized Euler equations are then solved numerically in order to model the sound<br>
<br>
propagation through the shear layer and the flow. The back-propagated pressure field is then investigated, both in terms<br>
<br>
of energy and phase. Some preliminary simulations show that it is possible to localize a monopolar source located in a<br>
<br>
flow by using this method. The experimental results at Mach number 0.12 show that a monopolar source at 5 kHz can<br>
<br>
be satisfactorily located, with an error of the order of half-the acoustic wavelength. Some measurements concerning<br>
<br>
a dipolar source are also presented: the effects of the flow on the radiation appear clearly on the data, and the source<br>
<br>
position is estimated with an error of the order of the acoustic wavelength.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p795.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p1014" class="affilation"></a>Battlefield target localization using acoustic vector sensor on board UAV</h2>
<h3>Prabhu, C. (1)
, Sadasivan, S. (2)
, Anitha, G. (3)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Madras Institute of Technology, Anna Uuniversity, Chennai, India
(2) Aeronautical Development Establishment, Bangalore, India
(3) Division of Avionics, Madras Institute of Technology, Anna Uuniversity, Chennai, India</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Acoustic surveillance of the battlefield enables the detection, classification, localization and tracking of sound sources of military interest including ground vehicles, air vehicles etc. An application of current interest is the detection and localization of sources on battlefield using acoustic vector sensors (AVS) onboard unmanned aerial vehicle. The acoustic self-noise environment onboard unmanned aerial vehicle which is dominated by propulsion engine noise with air flow noise contributing to a lesser extent. <br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
By applying suitable signal processing and pattern recognition methods, it is shown that an unmanned aerial vehicle can provide an effective platform for locating sources on battlefield. There have been onboard sensors like EO-systems incorporated on UAV. However the performance is limited by Field of View (Fov), Terrain condition, foliage vegetation, Day/Night etc. Hence acoustic modality is increasingly being considered to locate acoustic events like gun shots, movement of tankers, trucks, sniper, armoured vehicle activity on ground, other aircrafts and also cueing onboard EO payloads towards target etc. <br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
The Doppler-shifted frequency time histories derived from spectrogram contours and Lloyd's mirror effect interference pattern in time-frequency distribution of the output of an Acoustic vector sensor positioned above the ground & onboard is used in this approach for estimating parameters. Acoustic intensity measured using an AVS in three orthogonal directions at a point is a powerful quantity that can be used to estimate the source bearing with simple computations. Methods, with examples, for extracting tactical information from acoustic signals emitted by continuous & transient acoustic events are provided for both acoustic vector sensor on ground & onboard. Besides this, the dynamic parameters like (velocity, direction of motion, height and distance to closest point of approach - cpa) can be estimated under certain conditions. The considerations presented in this paper are confined to time-frequency analysis of the radiated noise.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p621" class="affilation"></a>Numerical analysis on 2D and 3D edge tones in terms of aerodynamic sound theory</h2>
<h3>Takahashi, Kin'ya (1)
, Miyamoto, Masataka (1)
, Ito, Yashunori (1)
, Takami, Toshiya (2)
, Kobayashi, Taizo (2)
, Nishida, Akira (2)
, Aoyagi, Mutsumi (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Physics Laboratories, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka, Japan
(2) Research Institute for Information Technology, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Edge tones are acoustic fluctuations generated by the oscillation of a jet emanating from flue and collided with an edge. The study of edge tones has a long history and many authors have contributed to this problem. It is considered that some feedback mechanism, fluid and/or acoustic feedback, sustains the jet oscillation whose frequency mainly determines the frequency of the edge tone emitted by aerodynamic sound sources, so-called Lighthill's source. However, the detail mechanism of the edge tone is still not understood completely. <br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
The aim of our study is to specify positions of the sound sources and to clarify how they are created in turbulence and how the sound is emitted from them, in terms of the aerodynamic sound theory. For the first step, we numerically reproduce the jet oscillation as a sound source and the edge tones as a product simultaneously for 2D and 3D models with compressible Large-eddy Simulations. In previous work we succeeded in reproducing sound vibrations of 2D and 3D air-reed instruments with a numerical scheme provided as a free software, OpenFOAM. <br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
In this paper, we concentrate ourselves on a simple case of a symmetric edge without a resonator and calculate edge tones for 2D and 3D models with changing jet velocity. Lighthill's sound sources are obtained numerically and their behavior is analyzed in statistical methods. Actually mutual correlations among the sound source and the sound field are calculated so as to examine details of interaction among them. With those results, we try to specify the most dominant area of sound sources distributing around the jet and the eddies behind the edge which are generated by collision of the jet with the edge.<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
We also compare Lighthill's sound source with the sound source of the vortex sound theory formulated by Howe. In the vortex sound theory, the sound wave is considered as propagation of fluctuation of the total enthalpy instead of the air pressure or air density. Thus, the formulae are different and so are the source terms. We will clarify the difference of source distribution between Lighthill's and Howe's formulae and will discuss why such a difference occurs.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p621.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p649" class="affilation"></a>Flow-induced pulsations in pipe systems with closed side branches: study of the effectiveness of detuning as remedial measure</h2>
<h3>Tonon, D.
, Willems, J. F. H.
, Hirschberg, A.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Flow-induced pulsations in resonant pipe systems with two closed side branches in cross configuration are considered. These pulsations, commonly observed in many technical applications, are self-sustained aeroacoustic oscillations driven by the instability of the flow along the closed branches. Detuning of the acoustic resonator is often considered as a possible remedial measure. Although this countermeasure appears to be very effective for double side branch systems in cross configuration with anechoic boundary conditions of the main pipe, its effectiveness has not been assessed for different boundary conditions. The significance of the acoustic boundary conditions of the main pipe has been studied by means of experiments conduced on double side branch systems presenting two acoustically reflecting boundaries of the main pipe. While pulsations are often a nuisance, the double side branch system can also be used as a powerful sound source.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p649.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p966" class="affilation"></a>On conditions of equivalence between Curle's and non-uniform Kirchhoff equations of aeroacoustics</h2>
<h3>Zinoviev, Alex</h3>
<p class="affilation">Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO), Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The derivation of Curle's equation for the sound radiated by a flow near a rigid surface is reconsidered. It is shown that this equation and the non-uniform Kirchhoff equation previously derived by the author are equivalent if the sum of two integrals containing Lighthill's stress tensor over the rigid surface is zero. These two integrals are equivalent to the acoustic field radiated by sources determined by Lighthill's stress tensor and its spatial derivatives on the boundary. This leads to an immediate result that the two equations are equivalent if Lighthill's stress tensor vanishes altogether, for instance, for linear acoustical waves in ideal fluid. The obtained criterion is applied to a flow near an infinite rigid plane in a fluid. Two cases are considered: first, a weakly non-linear flow (with low Mach number) in an ideal fluid and, second, a linear flow in a viscous fluid. It is shown that, in a weakly non-linear flow, the equations are equivalent if the plane is stationary, and, if the plane is vibrating, the two integrals are proportional to the value of the plane normal velocity squared and, therefore, the difference between the predictions for the radiated sound by both equations is non-zero in general. It is also shown that, in a viscous linear flow, the difference between the two predictions is also in general non-zero. It is concluded that, although the two equations are different, they lead to equivalent or close predictions in a number of situations. The question of the equivalence of the two equations for flows with large Mach numbers requires further investigation.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p966.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p708" class="affilation"></a>Assessment of the sea surface roughness effects on shallow water inversion of sea bottom properties</h2>
<h3>Bouchage, Géraldine
, Zakharia, Manell E.</h3>
<p class="affilation">NURC, France</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The inversion of sea bottom properties and in particular the knowledge of sound speed in the seabed is essential information for the prediction of sonar performances. In shallow water, the surface roughness (sea-state) can be a factor of error for inversion procedures. The aim of this paper is to assess, in simple cases, the effects of the sea surface scattering phenomena on inversion procedures. The paper presents results of simulation achieved for various sea states. The inversion was achieved ignoring the sea state in order to estimate its robustness to sea-state variations. Simulations were performed using conventional normal-mode model (ORCA). Under small roughness approximation, the sea-state was introduced using modal attenuation coefficients and takes into account sea-state influence on forward scattering. For a given environment and geometry, the acoustic field was computed for a fixed sea-state (reference field) and the inversion was achieved for other states. Sound speed in the sediment was recovered by a conventional inversion method based on Bartlett operator. Numerous simulations were realized for various values of frequency (50-750 Hz), water depth (50-200 m), sea-states (1-6) and sediment types (1570-1970 m/s). The estimation errors vary with all the relative values of the parameters and can reach values as higher than 400 m/s in the worst cases.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p708.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p1027" class="affilation"></a>Active suppression of acoustic radiation from a submarine hull using inertial actuators</h2>
<h3>Caresta, Mauro, Kessissoglou, Nicole</h3>
<p class="affilation">School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This work investigates the use of inertial actuators to actively reduce the sound radiated by a submarine hull under harmonic excitation from the propeller. The axial fluctuating forces from the propeller are tonal at the blade passing frequency. The hull is modelled as a fluid loaded cylindrical shell with ring stiffeners and two equally spaced bulkheads. The cylinder is closed by end plates and conical end caps. The forces from the propeller are transmitted to the hull by a rigid foundation connected to the shaft with a thrust bearing. The actuators are arranged in circumferential arrays and attached to the internal end plates of the hull. Two active control techniques corresponding to active vibration control and active structural acoustic control are implemented to attenuate the structural and acoustic responses of the submarine. An acoustic transfer function is defined to estimate the far field sound pressure from a single point measurement on the hull. The inertial actuators are shown to provide control forces with a magnitude large enough to reduce the structure-borne sound due to hull vibration.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p1027.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p787" class="affilation"></a>Acoustic sensing in snapping shrimp dominated environments</h2>
<h3>Chitre, Mandar</h3>
<p class="affilation">ARL, Tropical Marine Science Institute and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Snapping shrimp dominate the high frequency soundscape in shallow warm waters. The noises produced by these small creatures are a result of the collapse of cavitation bubbles they produce. During the rapid collapse, the temperatures in the bubble can momentarily reach the surface temperature of the sun, and produce impulsive noise with source levels higher than 190 dB re 1 uPa @ 1m. With millions of snapping shrimp in most warm shallow water environments, the resulting cacophony is heard in the form of a background crackle familiar to many tropical divers. The resulting ambient noise has highly non-Gaussian statistics. What implications does this have on acoustic sensing in these environments? Can signal processing techniques developed with Gaussian noise assumptions be used without significant penalty in these environments? Can these shrimp be used as sources of opportunity for sensing? To begin answering some of these questions, we present a review of some of the research on signal processing in impulsive noise. Snapping shrimp noise is modeled accurately by symmetric alpha-stable distributions. Optimal signal processing in alpha-stable noise is often computationally infeasible, but computationally simple near-optimal solutions can be applied with gains up to 5-10 dB. Communicating in environments with snapping shrimp noise has its own challenges. The errors due to the impulsive noise on sub-carriers of a multi-carrier communication system, or the in-phase and quadrature channels of a single carrier system are not independent. If handled inappropriately, forward error correction codes can perform poorly in such systems. However, if the dependence in the errors can be characterized, it can be exploited in the decoding process to get substantial communication performance gains. We show this through an information theoretic analysis of the communication channel with additive symmetric alpha-stable noise. Finally, we turn to some applications where the snapping shrimp sounds can be used as sources of opportunity. They can serve as "illumination" for ambient noise imaging, where underwater objects can be imaged completely passively. They can also be used as sources for geoacoustic inversion of the surface sediment. We present some results from past experiments to show how sediment sound speed can indeed be inferred by simply listening passively to the cacophony of the shrimp.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p787.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p714" class="affilation"></a>Model calculations of wave noise and their application to the open ocean</h2>
<h3>Deane, Grant</h3>
<p class="affilation">Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, La Jolla, USA
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The origin of underwater noise from breaking waves above a few hundred hertz is thought to be due to the pulses of sound radiated by newly-formed bubbles. A simple model based on bubble physics shows that breaking wave noise depends on bubble creation rate, the mechanism(s) of bubble acoustical excitation and sound scattering and absorption by the plume of bubbles entrained by the wave. Model calculations of the noise based on estimates of these factors is compared with measurements made in a laboratory flume of focused, breaking seawater wave packets. The model calculations are in good agreement with experimental results once reverberation in the flume is accounted for. A closed-form, analytical expression for the noise from an individual wave event can be obtained from the mode. The power-law scaling of noise level on frequency predicted by the model depends on three factors: a factor of 3/2 from the bubble creation rate, a factor of -2 from the shape of the bubble pulse and a factor of -4/3 from bubble damping, determined by thermal and radiation losses. The combined scaling of 3/2-2-4/3=-11/6 is in good agreements with the -10/6 dependence observed from the Wenz spectra. Elements of the model and its implications for calculation of noise in the open ocean will be discussed.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p914" class="affilation"></a>Vertical array passive geo-acoustic inversion in range-dependent environments</h2>
<h3>DelBalzo, Donald R.
, Leclere, James H.</h3>
<p class="affilation">QinetiQ North America, VA, USA
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Antisubmarine Warfare (ASW) is often conducted in littoral, shallow-water areas, where hostile subsurface enemies pose a constant threat—and where the seabed geophysical properties are complicated, and to a great extent unknown to us. Accurate estimates of seabed interface roughness and sediment geophysical properties are critical for proper prediction of sensor and weapon system performance. In the absence of good seabed characterization, tactical mission planning is seldom optimal or efficient. Current data collection survey techniques for geo-acoustic bottom characteristics are expensive, time consuming, and they suffer from time latency (months to years) between collection, processing, analysis, and tactical use. In response to this problem, the U.S. Navy has investigated several new inversion techniques to characterize littoral seabed sediments. Most of these techniques use an active sonar approach that is not covert and is usually limited to areas near the receiver. Purely passive techniques offer the potential to remain covert and greatly extend the area of seabed characterization. <br>
<br>
The research described here concerns a new set of algorithms called Passive Geo-Acoustic Inversion Techniques (PGAIT) that act on passive acoustic signals from ships of opportunity and allow non-provocative geo-acoustic characterization. PGAIT uses coherent and incoherent matched-field processing on signals from passing ships received on a vertical aperture in shallow water. There is no need to know the source spectrum. Broadband and temporal averaging techniques are used to reduce ambiguities and to increase the output Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). The algorithms are robust to environmental model mismatch and usually produce an output with at least 10 dB SNR, which is sufficient to identify sediment types. A key element of the process is a method to consider a range-dependent environment as a sequence of range-independent slabs. This nuance contributes strongly to the robust nature of the processor. The performance of PGAIT is demonstrated at frequencies between 30 and 50 Hz in several sediment conditions, ranging from very soft to very hard. The results show that: 1) the vertical aperture should contain at least 3 hydrophones per wavelength to ensure high quality inversions; 2) coherent (phase-only) matched-field processing outperforms standard intensity processing by about 2 dB in good input SNR conditions; 3) incorrect assumptions about the assumed sound-speed profile (e.g., a bias or incorrect mixed-layer-depth) do not significantly affect the inversion results; and 4) the new range-independent slab approach is computationally intensive, but it can resolve discrete sediment boundary discontinuities.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p914.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p68" class="affilation"></a>A comparison of two secure routing protocols in underwater acoustic network</h2>
<h3>Dong, Yangze
, Liu, Pingxiang</h3>
<p class="affilation">Shanghai Marine Electronic Equipment Research Insititute, Shanghai, P.R.China</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
With the rapid progress of the supporting technologies, there is a increasing requirement of the application of Underwater Acoustic Network (UAN) both in commercial and military fields. In the commercial applications, terrorists may carry through destroy activities; while in the military applications, even it is a inevitable activity to degrade the adversary UAN. Thus it can be seen that security measures must be integrated into UAN. In the terrestrial networks, many security measures have been adopted and show increased robustness. But in current studies on UAN, few attempts are pursued during the development. Though there are still some open research issues in this field, mature UANs should own the capability of counterworking against the hostile attacks somehow.<br>
<br>
The proposed paper tries to do some efforts in the security of UAN, presenting two secure routing protocols. The paper is consisted of the following main contents. (1) The state of the art of routing protocols of UAN is investigated. It shows that three kinds of protocols are of the dominant: proactive protocols, reactive protocols and geographical ones. (2) A distinct UAN model is established. The network is a typical two-branch-tree structure. One sink node leads two branch nodes; and each branch is divided into two branches again; and at the lowest level, there are eight leaves. Such a configuration is a concentrated network, and multi-hop information interchanging is needed. (3) Two secure protocols are developed based on the aforementioned network for its continue-to-pursue. The first is called PrePro, which is with a preset mechanism. It would automatically re-find the routes after partial destroy. The second is named CastPro, which would re-establish the necessary routes by broadcasting the new messages. (4) Within a simulation scenario, the performances of the two protocols are compared via computer simulation. Some of the characteristics of the network such as network connectivity, average delay, node connectivity, successful transmission rate are selected. At the last of the paper, prospect of some of the open research issues are listed, which will lead to a robust UAN.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p68.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p67" class="affilation"></a>Security considerations of underwater acoustic network</h2>
<h3>Dong, Yangze
, Liu, Pingxiang</h3>
<p class="affilation">Shanghai Marine Electronic Equipment Research Insititute, Shanghai, P.R.China</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Underwater Acoustic Network (UAN) has been studied for three decades, and now there are a number of experimental implementations developed by many research organizations. It is believed that most of them will bring into various applications in the near future. Recent researches on UAN are mainly focused on the construction and management. Though these studies have covered nearly all the respects within the UAN infrastructure, few efforts have been made for its security, which is surely an important consideration when put into practices.<br>
<br>
The proposed paper will focus to the security considerations of UAN. The main contents are as follows. (1) The characteristics of UAN are analyzed. From underwater acoustic communication and networking, main related respects are described. And comparisons between UAN and WSN (Wireless Sensor Network in territory.) and Ad hoc Network are pursued, which result in a more significant necessity for the security of UAN. (2) The application environments of UAN are analyzed. Both civil and military applications are prone to be destroyed, either by the nature or the intended artificial attackers. For example, the severe current and hostile attacks are the two main causations. (3) The goals and challenges of a secure UAN are analyzed. For different utilities, different requirements and difficulties would be confronted. (4) The security threats are analyzed. The study indicates that security problem might happen at all physical and protocol layers. Since the hardware weakness is a secondary problem, emphasis are put to the protocol attacks, which might arouse a large-scale paralysis of UAN. (5) The countermeasures against the attacks are studied. Based on the threat estimations, security measures are analyzed with respect to the adversary offensives. At last of the paper, conclusions are drawn from the above description. It is pointed out that the security considerations are crucial to UAN, and measures on security must be taken into consideration simultaneously.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p67.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p697" class="affilation"></a>Bayesian matched-field geoacoustic inversion</h2>
<h3>Dosso, Stan E.</h3>
<p class="affilation">School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper describes a general Bayesian approach to estimating seabed geoacoustic parameters from measured ocean acoustic fields, which is also applicable to other inverse problems. Within a Bayesian formulation, the complete solution to an inverse problem is given by the posterior probability density (PPD) over the unknown model parameters, which includes both data and prior information. Interpreting the PPD requires computing its properties which provide parameter estimates (e.g., the maximum a posteriori or MAP model which maximizes the PPD), parameter uncertainties (variances, marginal distributions, and credibility intervals), and parameter inter-relationships (correlations and joint marginal distributions). Computing these properties requires either optimizing or integrating the PPD, which must be carried out numerically for nonlinear problems. Here, PPD optimization is carried out using an adaptive hybrid algorithm which combines the local downhill simplex method within a very fast simulated annealing global search. PPD integration is accomplished using the Markov-chain Monte Carlo method of Metropolis-Hastings sampling, rotated into principal components and applying a proposal distribution based on a linearized PPD approximation for efficiency. <br>
<br>
In many practical inverse problems both an appropriate model parameterization and the data error distribution are unknown and must be estimated as part of the inversion. These problems are linked, since the resolving power of the data is affected by the data uncertainties. Model selection is carried out by evaluating Bayesian evidence (parameterization likelihood given the data), or a point estimate thereof such as the Bayesian information criterion, which indicates the simplest parameterization consistent with the data. The data error covariance matrix (including off-diagonal terms, as needed) is estimated from residual analysis under the assumption of a simple, physically-reasonable distribution form, such as a Gaussian or Laplace distribution. The validity of these assumptions and estimates is examined a posteriori using both qualitative and quantitative statistical tests on data residuals. The above approach is illustrated by inverting multi-frequency acoustic field data, recorded at a shallow-water test site in the Mediterranean Sea, for a layered seabed geoacoustic model.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p26" class="affilation"></a>Measurement and modelling of underwater noise from pile driving</h2>
<h3>Duncan, Alec J.
, McCauley, Robert D.
, Parnum, Iain
, Salgado-Kent, Chandra</h3>
<p class="affilation">Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, WA, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Many coastal and offshore construction activities require the driving of piles into the seabed, either using impact or vibratory pile drivers. Impact pile driving produces an intense impulsive underwater noise that has been associated with fish deaths at very short range, whereas vibratory pile driving produces a lower level continuous noise. Because of the high sound levels involved, noise from pile driving may have an adverse impact on marine animals, and its characteristics are therefore of considerable interest. This paper presents the results of measurements of underwater noise from pile driving that have been made at a variety of locations around Australia, and presents the results of some attempts to use acoustic propagation modelling to extrapolate these results to other locations.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p26.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p625" class="affilation"></a>Sound pressure analysis and experiment of small ultrasonic lens</h2>
<h3>Endoh, Nobuyuki (1)
, Tsuchiya, Takenobu (1)
, Matsumoto, Sayuri (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Kanagawa University, Yokohama, Japan
(2) Port and Airport Research Institute, Yokosuka, Japan
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Acoustic lens has the possibility of improvement of acoustic characteristic of transducer not only in underwater application but also medical probe. In this paper, a small acoustical lens of MHz type transducer is described. A simple 2D-FDTD calculation based on symmetry is proposed in this paper, because the 3D-FDTD of orthogonal coordinates requires large memory and long calculation time to estimate the characteristics of lens. A virtual spherical sound source whose amplitude distribution is equal to the sound propagation field of real sound source is also used for reduction of calculation. Experiments were carried out with plane-concave lens in temperature controlled water bath. Calculated results agree well with experimental results in both cases that the incident surface is plane or concave, respectively.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p625.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p839" class="affilation"></a>The examination of the structure of the upper layers of the seabed by the means of the parametric sonar</h2>
<h3>Grelowska, Grazyna (1)
, Kozaczka, Eugeniusz (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Polish Naval Academy
(2) Gdansk University of Technology, Poland</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The acoustic methods as a non-invasive and teledetective are very good tools to study the stratification of bottom sediments, particularly useful as a research tool is a parametric sonar, which works together with other acoustic devices used for underwater observation, such as multibeam sonars and side sonars. Using the techniques of synthetic apparatus they can provide relatively a lot of information about the shape and the structure of the seabed. The results of the sounding of the bottom of the Gulf of Gdansk and the Southern Baltic Sea will be presented in the paper. Also there will be shown the pictures of both the seabed bathymetry and the profile of the stratification of the upper sphere of the seabed. These results have been precisely located in the geographical coordinates and compared with the results of geological investigations in the same area. Moreover samples from the surface of the sea bottom in selected areas.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p839.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p432" class="affilation"></a>Underwater signals from confined explosions in very shallow water</h2>
<h3>Hall, Marshall V.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Kingsgrove, NSW, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Certain offshore structures require pipelines to the shore, which are generally buried beneath the seafloor in a shallow trench. If the seabed is rock, creating a trench can require blasting, which is done with explosions confined in bore-holes drilled into the rock and covered with stemming. A desalination plant is under construction at Binningup, Western Australia. The seabed contains a sand layer (of variable thickness) over Tamala limestone, and five confined blasts were fired in the limestone to create trenches for an outfall and two inlets. The seafloor depth was 10 m at the blast positions. The underwater acoustic signals were monitored by hydrophones out to sea, and the signals from one of these blasts have been selected for detailed analysis. The data for peak Sound Pressure Level from the confined charges are in good agreement with a synthesis of empirical formulae due to Arons (1954), Gilmanov (1984) and Oriard (2002). The characteristics of the acoustic ground wave were affected by a high-density sub-bottom stone rather than the Tamala limestone layer that lies above it. The interface to the dense stone is around 10 m below the seafloor, and is observed to have a wave speed (presumably shear) of 2620 m/s. The blast contained six explosions, and the Sound Exposure Level (SEL) was observed to decrease from 158 to 149 dB re µPa^2.s as range increased from 840 to 2400 m. The SEL spectra have peaks at around 50 to 60 Hz, which can be attributed to the delay of 16 ms be-tween explosions, and minima at around 200 Hz, which appear to be attributable to a second low-frequency cut-off in the vicinity of 600 Hz.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p432.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p47" class="affilation"></a>The survey result of ship wreckage off the coast of Oman</h2>
<h3>Hu, Changqing
, Wan, Shimin</h3>
<p class="affilation">Shanghai Acoustics Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.R.China</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Between 1405 and 1433 the Chinese Ming Emperor authorized Admiral Zheng He to take great fleets of vessels into the Indian Ocean to conduct trade on equality and mutual benefit. It has been known there were considerable number of ships wrecked, and lives lost, in the course of Zheng He's voyages. Searching for physical evidence of wrecks will be well worthwhile, in view of the impact this would have on our knowledge of early East-West interaction. <br>
<br>
During the Ming period China was an advanced civilization compared with Western Europe. The port the Chinese fleets visited nearest Istanbul on the European trade route was the island of Hormuz in the Arabian Gulf. We hope to find information about these voyages by underwater exploration the approaches to the Straits of Hormuz and to understand the influence the Chinese had on Arabia and Europe in the fifteenth century. <br>
<br>
In this paper, the Chinese-Omani joint project will be introduced. The aim of the project is to search for remains of these ships, using modern sonars. Finding such remains would throw fresh light on cultural and technological exchanges between East and West in the 15th Century. In April 2009, based on preparation for 2 years, Chinese and Omani scientists have conducted the first investigation off the coast of Oman. The equipments, survey plan and investigation result will be also introduced.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p47.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p569" class="affilation"></a>Multistatic detection and tracking using maximal length sequences</h2>
<h3>Jobst, W. (1)
, Smith, D. (2)
, Whited, L. (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Applied Marine Physics, LLC, Slidell, LA, USA
(2) CyberSmiths, Inc., Miami, FL, USA
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A simulation using maximal length sequences demonstrated the potential for detecting and tracking multiple near-surface targets in shallow, near-shore areas. In our simulation a low power, omnidirectional source and four omnidirectional hydrophones were arbitrarily located in water approximately 4 m deep. Using "channel digit response" processing and "block zeroing", the direct arrival, multipaths, clutter and reverberation were rejected, thereby transforming reverberation limited detection conditions into noise limited detection conditions. With the improved signal-to-interference ratio, a simple probability based algorithm demonstrated tracking of -20 dB targets at source-target distances of 250 m, the maximum range investigated.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p569.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p969" class="affilation"></a>Rapid seafloor inversion in shallow oceans using broadband acoustic data</h2>
<h3>Jones, Adrian D.
, Clarke, Paul A.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO), Edinburgh, SA, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A technique is described by which the reflectivity of the seafloor in a shallow ocean may be obtained from inversion of received broadband acoustic signals. The technique is quite general in that the source waveform may be either impulsive or quasi-continuous. The product of the inversion is the slope, F dB/radian, of the bottom loss versus grazing angle function, which is assumed linear for small grazing angles of incidence. The technique is based on a description of the spectral statistics of the multi-path interference field in a shallow ocean, and is believed to provide a rapid, but robust, estimate of reflectivity which is adequate for many uses. Examples of application of the technique to at-sea data are shown, in which comparisons are made between measurements of transmission loss and calculations which are based on the inverted parameter. It is shown how the technique may be applied across a broad frequency range, so that estimates of broadband transmission may be made. Potential limitations of the technique are discussed.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p969.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p770" class="affilation"></a>Bistatic scattering from an array of regularly spaced cylinders</h2>
<h3>Kim, Eunhye (1),
, Na, Jungyul (1),
, Choi, Jee woong (1),
, Kang, Donhyug (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Environmental Marine Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
(2) Marine Living Resources Research Department, Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, Ansan, Korea
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Acoustic scattering by an array regularly spaced cylinders in water tank has been investigated both theoretically and experimentally. A new scattering model for a group of cylinder is proposed based upon the infinite cylinder scattering model which uses scattering directivity and phase difference. It includes interference of scattered field between cylinders. The Target Strength (TS) is calculated by Integral Intensity Method. Our proposed model is capable of describing fluctuations of TS in scattering angles that the usual incoherent summation never produces such fluctuations. Also, the scattering patterns corresponding to various scattering angles and frequencies reflect the Bragg scattering. In particular, the fact that regular patterns appeared in side-scattering is very much correlated with scatterer spacing suggest that an inverse estimation of scatter spacing may be possible by measuring the bistatic scattered field.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p770.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p231" class="affilation"></a>Analysis of the radiation impedance with effect of reflected wave from sonar-dome in a cylindrical array</h2>
<h3>Kim, Jungsoon (1)
, Kim, Moojoon (2)
, Ha, Kanglyeol (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Tongmyong University, Korea
(2) Pukyong National University, Korea</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In designing underwater sonar system, such as Hull-Mounted Sonar, the radiation impedance is very important design factor because it is associated to the radiation power of the system and the mutual interference force among the vibrating elements. In a practical system, the sonar has a dome to protect the arrayed elements from the underwater environment such as flow resistance and shock pressure. However, the acoustic wave from the elements is reflected on the surface of the dome, and its effect on the radiation impedance cannot be ignored. In this study, to analyze the effect of the reflected wave on the radiation impedance, we introduced a model which two vibrating elements are mounted on an infinite planar rigid baffle and a plane reflector exists in front of the baffle. Using this model, the variation of the radiation impedance with the distance between the elements, the separation from the reflector, the driving frequency, and the complex reflection coefficient of the reflector are calculated. In the calculation, the Ring function is introduced to evaluate the acoustic pressure distribution by the reflector. Finally the effect of reflected wave from sonar-dome on the radiation impedance is also investigated experimentally. The equivalent circuit model for theoretical analysis is useful to calculate the radiation impedance change by the reflected wave.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p231.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p838" class="affilation"></a>Nonlinear searching of the buried objects at the sea</h2>
<h3>Kozaczka, Eugeniusz (1)
, Grelowska, Grazyna (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
(2) Polish Naval Academy</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The main goal of this paper is to introduce the methodology of preparing the area for investigations that will be carried out at the sea. As the first step there is recognition of the basic method both in the theory as well as experimental investigation. There were taken into account the nonlinear methods. These ones are very promising methods that have very interesting features, very convenient for examinations of the seabed structure. The acoustic beam that is created by nonlinear interaction of two intense beams has very useful phenomenon that allows to use it in such kind of investigation. The main features are as follow - very narrow beam without of sidelobes and relatively low frequency of the radiated pulse. Also it is worth to mention the relatively small dimensions of the transiver set up. Of course we also should remember about the low efficiency of this kind of conversy of elastic energy that equals a few percents.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p135" class="affilation"></a>Development of the ship-mounted underwater acoustic surveillance system</h2>
<h3>Kuramoto, Kazuoki (1)
, Kurashige, Yoshinori (1)
, Asada, Akira (2)
, Maeda, Fumitaka (2)
, Nanri, Mitsuhiko (3)
, Hantani, Kazuhiro (4)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Japan Coast Guard Academy, Kure, Japan
(2) IIS. Univ. of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
(3) Hitachi Ltd., Yokohama, Japan
(4) Toyo Corp., Chuo, Tokyo, Japan
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Recently, possibility of terrorism from the sea front and crimes using the water space, etc. tends to increase and development of monitoring and visualizing technology in the water would be desired. An underwater visualizing technology, if it is realized, is expected to be useful not only for discovery of doubtful person or doubtful object in the water which cannot be observed until now but also for search of the sinking ship, water security and investigations in the harbor area and so on.<br>
<br>
A 3-years promotion program, begun in 2005, entitled "Development of the underwater security sonar system" has been carried out with the support of the Special Coordination Funds for the Promotion of Science and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in JAPAN. In this program, we developed the ship-mounted underwater acoustic surveillance system that can watch the underwater with mobility on the sea surface. It makes possible to realize the quick transfer to the monitoring station required and the efficient watch and search by mounting the sonar on ship such as the patrol vessel. Moreover, it is also an underwater visualization sonar system with high resolution that efficiently detects and distinguishes the targets in real time by switching over the optimum frequency according to the distance from the sensor to targets or the size of target. In this paper, composition and imaging principle of the underwater acoustic surveillance system developed this time are simply described and the image results of the operational test carried out in the actual sea area by mounting the sonar on the test ship are introduced.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p135.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p752" class="affilation"></a>Time frequency analysis of acoustics of breaking waves of plunging type </h2>
<h3>Rajasekaran, C.
, Sannasiraj, S. A.
, Sundar, V.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Dept. of Ocean Eng., IIT Madras, Chennai, India</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Breaking waves are believed to be the dominant source of sea surface sound in the ocean. This paper presents the results obtained from a laboratory study of investigation made on the acoustics of breaking waves of different intensities. Measurement of the wave breaking noise in the range of 20Hz - 20kHz are presented. These experiments was carried out in a 30m long and 2m wide wave current flume with 0.8m water depth at Department of Ocean engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Madras. Wave breaking has been generated through wave-wave interaction associated with a frequency and amplitude modulated packet. Totally, five types of plunging namely strong plunging, fine plunging, good plunging, moderate plunging and weak plunging have been generated. In case of plunging breaking, the low frequency energy components of the measured sound are more dominant. Time-frequency (Wavelet) analysis has been done to calculate the acoustically dynamic part of the breaking wave event and the contribution of the frequency bands. From the analysis, the low frequency noise components are more dominant. The measurement of the sound generated by the breaking waves could be quantitatively study the dynamics of the breaking process. And the acoustic energy radiated by breaking waves is well correlated with the rate of energy dissipation due to wave breaking.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p742" class="affilation"></a>Effects of correlation property of spread-spectrum signal on BER of M-ary underwater acoustic communication system</h2>
<h3>Wang, Jun
, Wang, Haibin
, Wu, Lixin</h3>
<p class="affilation">State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R.China</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
M-ary mode is widely used to enhance underwater communication data rate. However, in M-ary underwater acoustic communication system, it is infeasible to generate theoretically orthogonal spread-spectrum signals using sequences with finite length, and thus inter-code interference is inevitable. In order to predict the BER and provide theoretical criterion for the design of communication system parameters, theoretical formula was derived to describe the variation of BER versus several variables, such as SNR, parameters of signal and size of spread-spectrum signal set. Both simulations and theoretical analysis indicate that correlation property of spread-spectrum signal has a great effect on the BER. For a given SNR and parameters of signal, the size of spread-spectrum signal set must be limited to obtain expected BER. For a given BER, in order to obtain higher data rate, either SNR must be enhanced or parameters of signal must be adjusted.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p742.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p955" class="affilation"></a>A mesh-less self-adaptive boundary element quadrature scheme for underwater noise prediction</h2>
<h3>Wei, Yingsan
, Wang, Yongsheng</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Mechanical Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan, P.R.China</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
When general boundary element method(BEM) is applied to Helmholtz integral equation(HIE), integration singularity and hyper-singularity occurs. A self-adaptive Gauss quadrature algorithm was proposed to overcome the singularity. In this technique, the initial singular boundary element (father element) was divided into temporary refined small elements(children elements), and the integral on initial element was transformed to Gauss quadrature on children elements. The children elements can further be divided into smaller elements until integral solution converged at an allowable tolerance without increase boundary elements number as the refined children elements were cleared simultaneously when singular integration finished. Taking the advantages of this technique, the radiation surface can be coarsely meshed so as to reduce elements number and computational effort. Then the convergence behavior and application scope of this adaptive scheme was researched, and it is showed that this adaptive scheme can only be applied to singular or weak-singular integration. A numerical case about the sound radiation of a uniformly pulsating sphere was investigated to validate the adaptive algorithm, and numerical solutions agree well with analytical solutions with relative error less than 1.5dB. Then BEM coupled with FEM were applied to predict submarine vibration-noise considering fluid-structure interaction effects. By visualization the near-field sound pressure distribution, high sound pressure area was localized. Finally, the underwater radiated sound power was calculated and the peak frequencies were identified. Reduction of the engine periodic-isolator's stiffness can effectively transfer the sound power of peak frequencies to band-spectrum and the vibration noise of the line spectrum is controlled.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p955.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p734" class="affilation"></a>Computation of drag and flow noise along wavy wall in turbulent flow </h2>
<h3>Zhang, Huaixin
, Meng, Kunyu
, Shi, Yonglin</h3>
<p class="affilation">School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, P.R.China
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Flows along both spanwise and streamwise wavy walls display peculiar characteristics that are not observed in the flows over a flat plate surface. In the case of wavy wall flows, the periodic changes of pressure gradient and of streamline curvature generate turbulence structure different from the counterpart of flat plate flows, but the effects to reduce drag and flow noise are not same on spanwise and streamwise wavy walls. Many studies show that the spanwase wavy wall vertical to the stream flow direction is effective. On the basis of the coherent structure theory, It was proposed that the drag reducing grooved surface can not only control the spaces between two low-speed streaks to further reduce turbulent burst frequency, but also make a part or the whole quiet fluid in grooves avoid encountering the high-speed fluid from the upper layer downwash and a higher shear stress induced by it. Thus, turbulent drag reduction can be achieved. But the research about streamwise wavy wall is very few. In this paper, which kind of spanwise wavy wall or streamwise wavy wall with various wall wave amplitude could get the effect on reducing the skin drag and the flow noise are discussed. <br>
<br>
In this paper, a numerical simulation of flow-induced noise by the low Mach numbers, the turbulent flow with a sinusoidal wavy wall is presented based on the unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and Lighthill's acoustic analogy. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) was used to investigate space-time flow field and the Smagorinsky sub-grid scale (SGS) model was introduced for turbulence model. Using Lighthill's acoustics analogy, the flow field simulated by LES was taken as near-field sound sources and radiated sound from turbulent flow was computed by Curle's integral formulation under the low-mach-number approximation. The relationship between flow noise and drag on the wavy wall is studied. Which kind of spanwise wavy wall or streamwise wavy wall with various wall wave amplitude could get the effect on reducing drag and flow noise are discussed.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p734.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p985" class="affilation"></a>Underwater ultrasonic field characterisation using laser doppler vibrometry of transducer motion</h2>
<h3>Cooling, Martin (1)
, Humphrey, Victor (1)
, Theobald, Pete (2)
, Robinson, Stephen (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, UK
(2) National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, UK
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The full far-field characteristics of an underwater ultrasonic transducer can be predicted from either a 2-D planar scan of the complex pressure in the near-field of the source or a transducer surface velocity scan. A Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) can provide such a scan of the radiating surface and hence has the potential to be a fast, non-invasive method for source characterisation and, in turn, field prediction. Such measurements are, however, significantly complicated by the acousto-optic interaction – that is, the effect on the measurements of the acoustic field through which the laser beam passes. Initial examples of surface velocity measurements and field predictions are presented to show the possibilities of the approach. The results of a theoretical study of the effect of the acousto-optic artefact on LDV measurements for a circular, plane-piston transducer are also presented. The use of a transient pressure field is important both for simulation and experiment, such that measurements are made over a time window which ends before any acoustic signal reaches the water tank boundaries. The simulation results show a significant acousto-optic artefact in the surface velocity data, but also that in spite of this useful field predictions may be made for some applications.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p985.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p915" class="affilation"></a>Potential impact of long-life environmental sonobuoys on littoral ASW
</h2>
<h3>DelBalzo, Donald R.
, Leclere, James H.</h3>
<p class="affilation">QinetiQ North America, VA, USA
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The focus of military activity has recently shifted from large area engagements to regional conflicts. Consequently, supportive Naval maritime operations have continued to evolve toward littoral warfare in complicated shallow-water, near-shore environments. This evolution requires new sensors, advanced Concept of Operations (CONOPS), and improved data-analysis capabilities, among others. Planning operations in these harsh-environment areas is difficult because accurate predictions of tactical sensor performance depend on detailed knowledge of the local environmental conditions. Tactical mission planning is thus seldom optimal or efficient - often resulting in coverage gaps, increased risk, and reduced mission success. The U.S. Navy has recently been exploring extended-life environmental sonobuoy concepts to better characterize the littoral environment. Most designs contain a thermistor string to measure ocean temperatures and also hydrophones to measure ambient noise. This type of complex sonobuoy would be far more expensive than a traditional single-measurement AXBT but it could provide a more thorough littoral environment assessment. This paper examines the trade-off between increased sensor cost and improved ASW performance, in terms of area coverage and probability of detection.<br>
<br>
Six advantages of an extended-life combined thermistor string/hydrophone approach, compared to AXBTs and tactical hydrophones, are: 1) higher accuracy of the raw data; 2) temporal averaging to smooth out fluctuations; 3) extended area coverage during drift; 4) less chance for surface temperature anomalies (e.g., mixed-layer-depth errors) caused by various electronic and mechanical variability upon impact; 5) opportunities to discover thermal and acoustic feature boundaries during drift; and 6) less need to re-seed thus allowing longer tactical mission times. These advantages are evaluated relative to the following disadvantages: 1) increased cost; 2) potential drift outside the mission area; and 3) need for increased battery life for longer durations. The analysis is tempered by considering how a potential new system might be used. For this trade-off analysis, temperature data from the Sea of Japan were used to initialize a dynamic ocean model. A realistic dynamic ambient noise field was then created from archival data and a noise statistical model was used to add variability caused by passing ships. Then optimal initial positions for several notional buoys were determined followed by a simulation of drifting positions and collected data over several days. The analysis shows that a drifting extended-life environmental sonobuoy can provide significant improvement in environmental characterization, tactical planning, and ASW detection performance.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p915.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p482" class="affilation"></a>On the study of longitudinal wave traveling through an elastic plate immersed in water</h2>
<h3>Mabuza, B. R.
, Netshidavhini, N.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, Republic of South Africa
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In this paper, an attempt is made for a problem of a longitudinal wave travelling through an elastic plate in water. The problem is reduced to that of an experimental and theoretical investigation of the reflected and transmitted waves. To solve the problem, a test sample of lateral dimension 202mm x 100mm x 10mm (Carbon steel) immersed in water was considered. An incident pulse was generated by a transducer on one side of the plate and received by an identical transducer on the other side of it. The generated pulse was also simulated using the 1D model in the time domain. Simulated and experimental ultrasonic traces have been used to analyze signals from the plate.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p482.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p368" class="affilation"></a>On the influence of transducer heating in underwater ultrasonic thruster</h2>
<h3>Tan, Alfred C. H.
, Hover, Franz S.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, USA</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Ultrasonic thruster (UST) is defined as a piezoelectric actuator excited by ultrasonic frequency, and generates high-power acoustic waves so as to produce bulk fluid movement for propulsion underwater. Thrust force is associated with the decrease in mean momentum flux as a result of acoustic energy loss in the medium, and can be intensified through finite-amplitude ultrasound. Most piezoelectric transducers will not completely convert all its electrical power into acoustical energy; rather, spurious heat is dissipated through the transducer surface. Indeed, heating from intense ultrasound - on the order of 100Wcm-2 - is observable even through the naked eyes as the water next to the transducer heats up. From our past research studies, we found that the UST has an inherently low acoustic efficiency and, in this study, we are interested to understand how heat loss through the transducer surface will affect its efficiency and corresponding thrust force. The water column within the insonified beamwidth is also investigated to gain new insights toward farfield heat transfer.<br>
<br>
An experimental setup is constructed to systematically measure, using thermocouples, the temperature rate on a transmitting UST and some premeditated points along the axis of the transducer in the farfield. We investigate the summation of heat energy generated on the transducer surface and in the insonified water, and compare that to the difference between the electrical and acoustical energy. The experimental results allow us to have an accurate understanding toward whether heating in the insonified farfield is:- a result of the acoustic waves impinging on the thermocouple (false measurement), or an actual overall increase in the insonified water temperature as thought to be the case. Knowledge of the exact phenomena will help engineers to employ the right measures to minimize spurious heat loss or even exploit it through specialized nozzle appendages so as to enhance the UST efficiency.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p368.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p967" class="affilation"></a>HANKEL: A tool for exploring the complex pressure field in range-independent underwater acoustic environments</h2>
<h3>Bartel, David W.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO), Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper describes a computer model, HANKEL, that was written by the author to explore the physics of acoustic propagation in a horizontally-stratified ocean-acoustic environment, a useful first approximation for shallow-water regions. Like other wavenumber-integral models, HANKEL computes the complex pressure field and transmission loss due to a point source at one or more field points. In addition, though, HANKEL has a 'debug' mode that enables the user to create a PDF document that illustrates the integrands involved in the calculation of the field at a given receiver point. This 'auto-documentation' feature makes HANKEL useful for the student and experienced acoustician alike, providing visual representations of the underlying mathematics. We illustrate this pedagogical use of HANKEL through examples. In particular we draw out the analogy between the classical rays of geometrical acoustics and the so-called generalized rays that are explicitly evaluated by HANKEL. No shortcuts are taken by HANKEL in computing the exact solution to the underlying wave equation, apart from the practical necessity of truncating infinite series of generalized-ray definite integrals and of obtaining approximate values for each of those integrals via numerical integration.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p967.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p234" class="affilation"></a>Hydrophone self-localisation using travel times estimated from ocean noise cross-correlations</h2>
<h3>Brooks, Laura A. (1)
, Gerstoft, Peter (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Australia
(2) Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, USA</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Approximation of acoustic Green's functions through cross-correlation of acoustic signals in the ocean is a relatively young field that has become an area of interest over the past few years. Although the amplitudes of these estimates generally differ from those of the true Green's Function, the estimated arrival structure can be highly accurate. Inter-hydrophone travel times extracted from these Green's Function estimates can therefore be relied upon for practical applications.<br>
<br>
Acoustic data were collected for two weeks during late 2006 on an L-shaped array (combination of vertical hydrophone line array and horizontal bottom-mounted hydrophone line array) that was deployed in shallow water (~70-75m depth) on the New Jersey Shelf. The data were cross-correlated and acoustic Green's Functions were subsequently estimated. This paper describes how the inter-hydrophone travel times extracted from these Green's Function estimates were used to self-localise the array.<br>
<br>
Successful implementation of this cross-correlation derived travel-time application provided the array geometry information necessary for both ambient and active source acoustic data recorded on the array to be useful for other analyses.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p234.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p675" class="affilation"></a>Acoustic propagation fluctuation caused by internal waves in the Yellow Sea</h2>
<h3>Hu, Tao
, Ma, Li
, Guo, Zhongyuan
, Jia, Ning
, Guo, Shengming</h3>
<p class="affilation">Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R.China</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
An acoustic propagation experiment in the Yellow Sea was fielded at summer 2009, a suit of acoustic and oceanographic sensors were deployed to collect high quality environmental and acoustic data. One goal was to investigate ocean variability effects on low frequency sound propagation. In experiment, nonlinear internal was not observed, and internal tide and high frequency internal waves were very strong. This study continues an investigation of monochromatic signal from the two south and east propagation tracks. This paper only gives one track's result. On this track, internal waves led to acoustic modes coupling. As water depth of experiment site is only 36.5 m and acoustic signal frequency is 260 Hz, only one or several acoustic modes were observed when distance of source and vertical receiving array was about 11 km. It is easy to find acoustic modes coupling appeared. During acoustic experiment, receiving sound field often had only one mode. Alternate of mode 2 and mode 1 was observed. It led to acoustic field energy appeared strong fluctuation at almost every receiving depth. The peak to peak value of energy fluctuations exceeded 20 dB. Acoustic fluctuations between upper receiving depths and lower receiving depths were opposite. Fluctuation phasic difference of upper and lower depths was about 180 degree. The transition point depth was about 24 m. This depth lied in zero value position of mode 2 and closed to maximum value depth of mode 1.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p675.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p459" class="affilation"></a>Aspects of practical models of acoustic reflection loss at the ocean surface</h2>
<h3>Jones, Adrian D. (1)
, Duncan, Alec J. (2)
, Maggi, Amos (2)
, Clarke, Paul A. (1)
, Sendt, Janice (3)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh, SA, Australia
(2) Centre for Marine Science & Technology, Curtin University of Technology, Perth WA, Australia
(3) Thales Australia, Rydalmere, NSW, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Modelling the reflection of acoustic signals at a realistic ocean surface, particularly at small angles of incidence, is an area of underwater acoustics for which no known solution exists. For mid-frequencies and above (over about 1 kHz), there exist a number of complex phenomena, each of which imposes considerable complexity. These include: the two-dimensional sea surface shape formed from local wind and distant swell; acoustic shadowing of parts of the surface to sound incident at small angles; diffraction of sound into the shadow zones; bubble formation from white-caps. Models used to describe sound transmission to ranges of tens of kilometres must incorporate practical sub-models of surface loss to describe the reduction in received signal due to scattering at non-specular angles. The literature of the last several decades includes many descriptions of mathematically-based studies of surface loss phenomena, however very little of this work has resulted in models for routine use. This paper reviews the situation and shows comparisons between surface loss values obtained from practical sub-models employed by the authors with, firstly, the small-slope model made available by the University of Washington and, secondly, surface loss values inferred from use of a transmission model which includes a deterministic description of the rough sea surface. In this work, particular attention has been paid to the degree of modelling complexity which is required to capture the loss phenomena evidenced by the deterministic modelling. In this extension of an earlier study by the authors, an attempt is made to include the effects of bubbles appropriate to the sea state, via adjustment of the sound speed in the bubbly region.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p459.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p767" class="affilation"></a>Frequency dependence of low frequency horizontal correlation in shallow water</h2>
<h3>Li, Fenghua
, Zhang, Yanjun
, Zhang, Renhe</h3>
<p class="affilation">National Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R.China</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Horizontal correlation is one of most important parameters in ocean acoustics, which has been paid much attention in many years. However, both theories and experiments on horizontal correlations are still open topics. A theory based on both multi-path interference and ocean fluctuation to calculate the horizontal correlation is proposed. The theoretical analyses indicate that both longitudinal and transverse correlation in low frequency may oscillate with frequency. Bottom parameters has strong effects on the frequency dependence of the longitudinal correlation, and the property of the ocean fluctuation has strong effects on the frequency dependence of the transverse correlation, which can be used to estimate ocean fluctuations. A shallow water acoustic experiment was performed in 2007 to testify the theoretical predictions. In the experiment, a 500 meter length horizontal line array was used to measure the sound signal up to 2500 Hz emitted from different direction. The measured frequency dependences of the horizontal correlation agree with the theoretical predictions well, which can provide information on the bottom properties and ocean fluctuation.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p1011" class="affilation"></a>Development of a small and long-life ultrasonic biotelemetry system strong against sea ambient noise</h2>
<h3>Miyamoto, Yoshinori (1)
, Takao, Yoshimi (2)
, Sasakura, Toyoki (3)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan
(2) National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering, Japan
(3) Fusion Incorporation, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A highly efficient ultrasonic biotelemetry system would be desired to the ocean having a high underwater ambient noise that is especially from the temperate zone to the tropics. The four parameters are defined as the estimated factors for this system, long distance transmitting, battery life, pinger size and ability of recognition. The four parameters of the pinger are analyzed and investigated to design the optimum ultrasonic biotelemetry system. The first parameter, long distance, must be considered the transmitting frequency. The second, battery life, must be designed the effective transducer and the low power dissipation circuit. The third, smallest pinger size, must be adopted the microelectronics components. The last, high recognition, depend on the signal processing method of the transmitting system under the water.<br>
<br>
As a result, the first need is achieved over 1,000 meters transmission, the second is realized 240 days battery life when 30 seconds repetition using the small battery SR626SW 32mAh. The third, the pinger size is designed theφ10mm and 40mm long. The last, the M sequence signal is used the pinger and the correlation processing of receiving system is adopted for the high recognition against the noise and to avoid the collision of the pingers. <br>
<br>
The system consists of the tiny pinger and high performance receiving equipment including the transducer. The pinger can transmit the IDs and the depth information each repetition interval. The receiver process to correlate the received the M sequence signal from the pinger using the FPGA chip and calculate the direction of the pinger. The row data can be stored to the PC through the data conversion from analog to digital, 16 bits 192 kHz sampling.<br>
<br>
The actual experimental data will be presented to obtain in the Tokyo Bay using the developed system. This research program is supported by The Japan Science and Technology Agency.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p1011.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p510" class="affilation"></a>Relation between BMD, ultrasonic properties and piezoelectricity in bovine cortical bone </h2>
<h3>Toussaint, Pierre-Louis (1)
, Yamamoto, Kazufumi (2)
, Nakatsuji, Tomohiro (1)
, Kubo, Tomohiro (1)
, Matsukawa, Mami (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
(2) Hamamatsu Medical University, Sizuoka, Japan </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Osteoporosis is a disease of the skeleton characterized by bone tissue deterioration, leading to an increase in bone fragility. The cortical bone is the stiff part of the osseous tissues that form bones. Its mains functions are to support the body, and to protect the organs. It contributes to 80% of the weight of human skeleton. Cortical bone is quite influenced by osteoporosis. The current gold standard for bone assessment is the evaluation of the bone mineral density (BMD) obtained by x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). However, the harm of X-ray radiation and the difficulty encountered for massive osteoporosis detection using this complex and expensive machine have motivated some investigation using non-invasive quantitative ultrasound techniques. The interaction between ultrasound and cortical bone is not well understood, due to its complex microstructure, and can depend on the position in the bone and its orientation. Another phenomenon concerning the cortical bone is not well understood: its piezoelectric characteristics.<br>
<br>
The aim of this study is to improve the understanding of the basic characteristics of cortical bone, and its deterioration due to osteoporosis. In the first step, the relationship between BMD, obtained by X-rays, acoustic attenuation and speed in bone, obtained by quantitative ultrasound techniques, is investigated. In the second step, bone piezoelectric characteristics are investigated by imposing mechanical stress on bone samples and checking the electric response. 8 cubic cortical bone samples of 6mm radius were cut from a 27-month-old bovine left femur, at the anterior and posterior parts, and different distances from the middle of the femur. The interaction between ultrasound and cortical bone are investigated in the following experiment: A cubic 6mm radius tube is filled up with normal saline solution (NSS), and acoustic transducers are placed at the extremities. By placing the bone sample in the middle of the tube filled up with NSS, it is possible to observe the wave transmitted through the bone sample and obtain the wave speed and attenuation in bone. A moderate correlation was found between BMD and ultrasonic speed and attenuation. The piezoelectric characteristics of the bone sample are obtained by placing electrodes in opposite sides of the bone, and by checking the electric response after imposing a mechanical impulse stress. These results confirmed the relation between the bone piezoelectricity and the BMD. These experiments confirmed the link between BMD, bone piezoelectricity and ultrasonic values.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p871" class="affilation"></a>Estimation of propagated pulse waveform in Lűtzow-Holm Bay of Antarctic Ocean calculated by parabolic equation method</h2>
<h3>Tsuchiya, Takenobu
, Endoh, Nobuyuki</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Frontier Electronics and Information, Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Recently, the climate research of Ocean using Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) is being planned in Antarctic Ocean. In this paper, in order to know the characteristics of sound propagation in Lűtzow-Holm bay of Antarctic Ocean for acoustical communication of AUV, we calculate pulse waveform using parabolic equation method with inverse Fast Fourier Transform algorithm. Sound velocity profile of Lűtzow-Holm bay was obtained from Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE-31) which carried out from 1991 to 1992. We have investigated about the influence of amplitude of pulse wave by bathymetry in transverse line ‘OW' and ‘L' of the bay in Antarctic Ocean. We assumed that the one transmitter was placed three different depths at 50, 100, 200, 300 m and propagation range was constant at 39 km and 36 km in OW and L traverse lines. We calculate propagation pulse in Antarctic Ocean with three bottom models to know the influence of amplitude of pulse wave by bathymetry, clearly. By confirming the fluctuation of amplitude of pulse to influence by depth of source and receivers, we estimate about the amplitude of pulse by parabolic equation method to change the depth of source and receivers. As a result, the variation of amplitude of pulse wave is about -3 dB when source depth is 100 m in OW traverse line. In addition, the variation of amplitude of pulse wave is about -3 dB when source depth is 100 m in OW. In L averse line, the variation of amplitude of pulse wave is about -4 dB when source depth is 100 m. the amplitude of pulse varies from 5dB to -10dB when source depth change from 50 m to 300 m .</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p871.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p939" class="affilation"></a>Analysis of attenuation of high-frequency
acoustic waves in piezoelectric crystals
</h2>
<h3>Akhmedzhanov, F. R. (1)
, Saidvaliev, U. A. (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Navoi State Mining Institute, Uzbekistan
(2) Tashkent University of Information Technology (Samarkand branch), Uzbekistan
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Anisotropy of the attenuation of high-frequency acoustic waves in LiNbO3 LiTaO3 (point group symmetry 3m), Bi12SiO20 and Bi12GeO20 (point group symmetry 23) crystals has been investigated on the basis of experimental data on the attenuation of acoustic waves propagating along the main crystallographic directions in these crystals. The measurements were carried out using the Bragg light diffraction on longitudinal and transverse acoustic waves at room temperature in a frequency range from 0.4 to 1.8 GHz.<br>
<br>
According to the known perturbation theory, the attenuation coefficient can be defined in terms of the effective viscosity. Since the viscosity tensor has the same symmetry as the elastic stiffness tensor, three independent constants must be determined for the crystal class 23 and six independent constants must be determined for the crystal class 3m, to which belong the investigated crystals. The crystal cuts chosen for examination ([100], [001], [110] and [111]) gave a total of 7 different modes. The values of the viscosity components were determined by substituting effective viscosity values obtained from measured attenuation data into the mode viscosity equations. Using the calculated components of the viscosity tensor, the propagation velocity and the mode displacements it is possible to determine the attenuation coefficient of an acoustic mode along arbitrary direction in the crystal. At the same time the contribution of dielectric loss in the total attenuation coefficient was assessed for piezoactive waves in these crystals. It is shown that the dielectric loss can produce a significant influence on the magnitude and anisotropy of the damping factor for piezoactive longitudinal and transverse waves in the plane (100) in LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 crystals and in the plane (110) in Bi12SiO20 and Bi12GeO20 crystals. The obtained viscosity components were used for calculation of the anisotropy of attenuation of three wave modes propagating along any selected direction in the (110) and (001) crystallographic planes. The results can be used for the analysis and optimization of parameters of acoustic delay lines and acoustic-optical modulators.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p939.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p448" class="affilation"></a>Characteristics of longitudinal and torsional vibration for hole machining by ultrasonic vibration</h2>
<h3>Asami, Takuya
, Miura, Hikaru</h3>
<p class="affilation">College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Currently, laser, water jet and wire electric discharge machining are used for hole machining of brittle material such as ceramics materials. The advantages of these methods are higher removal rate and machining accuracy. However, the disadvantages of these methods are that these conventional equipment is large and their structure is complex. To solve these issues, a method using ultrasonic vibration and abrasive is proposed. We are developing a new method using ultrasonic vibration of a hollow-type stepped horn for hole machining. We foresee that the equipment can be simplified and miniaturized. <br>
<br>
The longitudinal vibration characteristics of the ultrasonic vibration source of a hollow-type stepped horn for hole machining have been studied in previous research. As a result, first resonance frequency of the ultrasonic vibration source of the hollow-type stepped horn was the same value in the case of the hollow part of depth of 1/4 wavelength in all cases of cross-sectional ratio. The amplification factor was decided by cross-sectional ratio in the case of the hollow part of depth of 1/4 wavelength. The hollow-typed stepped horn in the case of the hollow part of depth of 1/4 wavelength has the best shape in all cases of the cross-sectional ratio. Second, the amplification factors are proportional to the cross-sectional ratio, but if the amplification factor exceeds 4.6, it was not proportional to the cross-sectional ratio. Third, the longitudinal vibration added the static pressing force has a resonance of 1/2 wavelength at this hollow-type stepped horn length in all cases. In this study, ultrasonic vibration sources of a hollow-type stepped horn with a vibration converter of diagonal slits are used. The longitudinal and torsional vibration characteristics of the horn are clarified and the shape of the horn is examined. The relationship between cross-sectional ratio and the longitudinal and torsional vibration amplitude are discussed in the case of horns with a vibration converter of diagonal slits in solid part. As a result, the longitudinal vibration amplitude is proportional to the cross-sectional ratio, but the torsional vibration amplitude is the same value in all cases of cross-sectional ratio. And, the relationship between diagonal slits position and the torsional vibration amplitude are discussed. As a result, the torsional vibration amplitude of the tip side becomes large in the cases of diagonal slits in hollow part.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p448.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p891" class="affilation"></a>Behaviour of ultrasonic attenuation in cemented carbides</h2>
<h3>Awasthi, Priyanka
, Yadav, R. R.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Physics Department, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Ultrasonic attenuation in Cemented Carbides which includes NbC, TaC, ZrC and TiC along <110> direction which occurs due to phonon-phonon interaction and thermo-elastic relaxation is studied at higher temperatures. The second and third order elastic constants (SOEC and TOEC) are calculated for the determination of the attenuation. It is found that the attenuation increases with temperature along <110> direction. Thermo-elastic loss is found very small in comparison to phonon-viscosity loss. Also it is found that general trend of the temperature variation of the attenuation is same as in the pure metals and NaCl type crystals. These results may be used for the characterization of the material during the processing.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p938" class="affilation"></a>Measurement of liquid characteristics using ultrasound resonator</h2>
<h3>Blahova, Ilona Ali</h3>
<p class="affilation">Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University In Prague, Czech Republic </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Physical characteristics of liquids and their accuracies were determined using an ultrasound resonator. For the beginning the influence of different experimental settings (different liquids, different cells, kind and area of used transducers, its position and different ways of their sticking in the cells walls) to obtained frequency spectra were studied. On the base of these experiments the proposal of an optimal experimental setting was prepared. The fluid physical property characterisation was obtained on the base of swept frequency acoustical interferometry. The positions of local frequency maxima and its widths were assessed and analysed. Sound speed, attenuation and liquid density were calculated. The accuracies of them were established. Additionally, the prepared experimental set-up was used for stu-dent's laboratory education.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p938.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p900" class="affilation"></a>Modelling coherent elastic wave propagation through creep damaged material</h2>
<h3>Caleap, Mihai
, Drinkwater, Bruce W.
, Wilcox, Paul D.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In this paper, a creep-damaged material is modelled as a two-phase composite material comprising a matrix and a distribution of clustered spherical voids. The voids are dispersed uniformly within oblate ellipsoidal regions that represent preferred regions of voiding close to grain boundaries. In turn, the ellipsoidal regions are distributed randomly in the matrix. A double composite model based on coherent elastic wave propagation is used to determine the effective stiffness and the overall density of the two-phase material. As the creep progresses, the ellipsoid elements are sparsely scattered in the matrix, but they continue to grow in volume, containing more and more voids within them. This evolution results in an anisotropy increase due to the preferential void formation within the ellipsoid elements. Velocity estimates can be used to predict the elastic softening and the development of anisotropy, providing bulk-average in-formation pertinent to the assessment of creep damage.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p900.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p233" class="affilation"></a>Influence of defective elements on acoustic fields and imaging for a linear array transducer
</h2>
<h3>Choi, Kwang-Yoon (1)
, Ha, Kanglyeol (1)
, Kim, Moojoon (1)
, Kim, Jungsoon (2)
, Lee, Chae-Bong (3)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Physics, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
(2) Department of Multimedia Engineering, Tongmyong University, Korea
(3) Department of Electronic Engineering, Dongseo University, Korea</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The transient ultrasonic fields and the B-mode images of a linear array medical transducer which has a few defective elements were obtained by simulation and the results were compared with those of a normal transducer. The center frequency of the transducer was 7.5 MHz and the acoustic beam was formed by 64 active elements including the de-fective ones among the total number of 192. It was shown that the fields by the transducer with defective elements spread widely on the lateral direction due to enhancement of sidelobe level. The spurious images beside that of a point target were appeared and the lateral spatial resolution was degraded significantly with increment of the number of defective elements.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p233.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p535" class="affilation"></a>Rough surface reconstruction using far-field acoustic measurements</h2>
<h3>Declercq, Nico F.
, Lamkanfi, Ebrahim</h3>
<p class="affilation">George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, UMI Georgia Tech, Metz-Technopole, France</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The technique of back-propagating plane waves to reconstruct the acoustic field before it reaches the spatial area where it is measured, is used to image the field in the region consisting of the corrugated interface between an solid and a liquid. Numerical experiments are performed applying the finite element technique to establish realistic situations. It is verified to what extent this method enables a correct reconstruction of the interface as a function of width and height, taking into account the possibility of internal reflections. The results are important to determine in what regime the plane wave expansion technique, first developed by Lord Rayleigh and nowadays often used in phononic crystals, in diffraction simulations etc., is applicable.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p535.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p659" class="affilation"></a>Acoustoelectric transport in magnetoresistive manganite films in high magnetic fields</h2>
<h3>Dyakonov, K. (1)
, Goltsev, A. (1)
, Popov, V. (1)
, Dyakonov, V. P. (2)
, Szymczak, H. (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, St.Petersburg, Russia
(2) Institute of Physics, Warszawa, Poland</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
We have already reported that an acoustoelectric (AE) effect (drag of charge carriers in conducting media by travelling acoustic wave) produced by a surface acoustic wave (SAW) in magnetoresistive manganite films contains, along with the ordinary odd component, an anomalous one which is even in the SAW wave vector. The anomalous effect dominates near the metal-insulator transition in manganites, while the ordinary effect prevails at high and low temperatures. The anomalous AE effect appears to be caused by strong modulation of the film conductivity produced by elastic deformations carried by the SAW. In the present contribution we report on investigations of the influence of high magnetic fields H up to 14 T on the acoustoelectric effect in La_{0.67}Ca_{0.33}MnO_{3} films grown by laser ablation technique on piezoelectric LiNbO_{3} substrates. The SAW was launched along the surface of the LiNbO_{3} substrate and detected by two interdigital transducers. The AE effect has been measured at the SAW frequency of 90 MHz by the lock-in technique in the temperature range 4.2-300 K using the superconducting solenoid. <br>
<br>
Our studies have shown that the total AE voltage substantially changes in the magnetic field applied parallel to the SAW wave vector. These changes are most noticeable in the behavior of the anomalous even component of AE effect, while the odd AE voltage demonstrates smooth monotonic drop in the magnetic field. Anomalous AE voltage initially grows in low fields (up to 1 T). Further increase of H results in sharp decrease and disappearance of anomalous AE effect in the field of about 8 T. The field dependence of the odd AE component can be explained in the frame of the classical theory of the acoustoelectron interaction, by the opposing effects of increased film conductivity in H (magnetoresistance) and proportionally reduced SAW attenuation in the film. The behavior of the anomalous even component of AE effect in low fields remains unclear and takes further investigations. With regard to the behavior of the even AE component in high magnetic fields, we speculate that its sharp decrease is determined by the magnetic field induced changes in the piezoresistance (change of the conductivity under the deformation) of manganites.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p390" class="affilation"></a>A comprehensive study of thermodynamical parameters and solvation number of some organic acid salts in non-aqueous medium</h2>
<h3>Ernest, Suhashini (1)
, Ebenezer, Jasmine Vasantha Rani (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Dept. of Physics, Urumu Dhanalakshmi College, Tiruchirappalli, India
(2) Dept. of Physics, Seethalakshmi Ramaswamy College, Tiruchirappalli, India</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Acoustic signals couple to liquids via fundamental parameters such as density and viscosity. Variations in the relevant liquid parameters may result in the variations of thermodynamic parameters such as Internal pressure and Free volume. The variation in the sample properties are investigated to understand the structural influence of the solute on the solvent. In the present study, measurements of ultrasound velocities, densities and viscosities over a concentration range 0.001m to 0.15m of non-aqueous formamide solutions of calcium salts of some organic acids in the temperature range 50C to 550C have been made to compute thermodynamical parameters to reveal the nature of interactions between the components of the solutions. Further, the compressibility behaviour in a solution throws light on the solute-solvent interactions. The solvation number has been calculated to determine the interactions taking place in the solutions. The result obtained from compressibility method is seen to agree well with the results from different theoretical and experimental methods.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p390.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p275" class="affilation"></a>Interaction of ultrasonic wave with the laser radiation in optical fiber</h2>
<h3>Gudra, Tadeusz
, Muc, Sylwia</h3>
<p class="affilation">Institute of Telecommunications, Teleinformatics and Acoustics, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
There exists some possibilities for simultaneous delivery of laser radiation and ultrasounds of low frequency and high intensity: introducing ultrasound oscillations in the optical fiber by the stiff fixing of the fiber to the vibrating element and non-contact influence of the ultrasonic wave on the laser beam. The paper presents the results of experimental studies of transmission of ultrasonic wave in optical fibres using sandwich type ultrasonic transducer. It also presents amplitude characteristics of an ultrasonic signal propagated in an optical fibre. The effect the length of the fibre on the achieved output signal amplitudes was studied. The relation of the output signal of a capacitive sensor to the power applied to the sandwich transducer was presented. The reflected power during ultrasonic wave propagation in an optical fibre was also measured. The measurements of the ultrasonic wave transmission were performed for single-mode and multi-mode step-index optical fibres.<br>
<br>
The article presents also the results of Matlab simulations and experimental studies of non-contact influence of the ultrasonic wave on the laser beam. A role of the air gap and its influence on laser-ultrasonic transmission in optical fiber was examined. Two optical fibers were applied with the use of the air gap between them. One fiber was attached to the laser diode and crosses through the hole in the sandwich transducer and in the velocity transformer. In the velocity transformer, after leaving small air gap, to the end of the transformer the other optical fiber was attached. Ultrasounds cause the changes of the length of the air gap. The amplitude of the modulated signal gets smaller with increasing of the distance between optical fibers. Moreover the acoustic wave causes the change of the refractive index of light and the equivalent of the Bragg grating occurs. Differences of the length of the air gap and the occurrence the equivalent of the Bragg grating enable the phase and the amplitude modulation of the laser radiation. Advantages and disadvantages of both mentioned above solutions were discussed.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p275.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p656" class="affilation"></a>Density dependence of acoustic and acousto-optic characteristics of silica nanofoam</h2>
<h3>Iino, Takeshi
, Nakamura, Kentaro</h3>
<p class="affilation">Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Silica nanofoam is a porous material with a nanometer-scale structure produced through a sol-gel process, and is used as a heat insulator. It is expected that the nanofoam may work as a good acoustic matching layer of an airborne ultrasonic transducer for highly sensitive and wideband ultrasound transmission/detection since the nanofoam has an extremely low acoustic impedance. The nanofoam may also have a possibility as an acousto-optic device because of its very low sound speed and optical transparency. <br>
<br>
In this study, we experimentally estimated the fundamental acoustic and acousto-optic characteristics of the nanofoam as functions of the density through acousto-optic measurements. A piezoelectric transducer is attached to a sample silicon nanofoam of 10x10x5 mm3 , and radiates a longitudinal sound wave into the sample. A He-Ne laser light at the wavelength of 632.8 nm was emitted through the sample in the direction perpendicular to the propagation of the ultrasound. Diffraction of the light wave by the ultrasonic waves was observed. The Raman-Nath diffraction occurs at a relatively low frequency since the sound speed is low, and the experiments was carried out at 510 kHz. The diffraction pattern agreed well with the Raman-Nath diffraction theory, and the sound speed was estimated from the diffraction angle. The sound speed varied 55~178 m/s for the sample density of 100~300 kg/m3. The measured sound speed almost agreed with the sound speed calculated from the averaged density and bulk Young's modulus. Intensity ratio of the first order diffracted light to the fundamental light was 1 to 4 when the input ultrasonic intensity was 9 W/m2 using a 200-kg/m3 sample. This shows that the nanofoam has high acousto-optic efficiency than other conventional material.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p656.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p735" class="affilation"></a>Removal of liquid in a long pore opened at both ends using high-intensity aerial ultrasonic wave
</h2>
<h3>Ito, Youichi
, Takamura, Eri</h3>
<p class="affilation">Nihon University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
We experimentally verified the method by which the liquid that had entered in a long pore with open ends could be removed out of the pore by using the acoustic radiation force. If a liquid enters in a long pore, it is generally kept staying there by the retaining force produced by the capillary phenomenon. Any of the conventional methods such as applying acceleration to a pore itself, blowing a compressed gas into a pore, or absorbing a liquid out of a pore is now used to remove the liquid out of the pore. If the first method is used, complicated works are required. If the second or third method is used, a strong air flow is produced so that the method cannot be used if a delicate object is present in the air flow. To solve these problems, we considered the method using the acoustic radiation force of an aerial ultrasonic wave. By using this method, the liquid that has entered in a long pore with open ends could be pushed out of the pore by irradiating a high-intensity ultrasonic wave. Because any strong air flow was not produced, this method had a very small influence on the areas around the pore. We made the experiment in which the point-convergence type source of aerial ultrasonic waves at the frequency of 20 kHz was used to emit the ultrasonic wave onto the liquid having entered in a long pore with open ends, and removed it out of the pore. The intensity of the ultrasonic wave was about 6 to 10kPa. By using this method, it was confirmed that the liquid which had entered in pores of 1.5mm to 5.0mm in diameter and 3mm to 20mm in length could be instantaneously removed out of the pore. Thus, we revealed that the liquid having entered in the pore could be instantaneously removed out of the pore by irradiating the opening of the pore with a high-intensity ultrasonic wave.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p735.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p172" class="affilation"></a>Ultrasonic attenuation in divalent FCC crystal CaO due to phonon-phonon interaction in temperature range 100-1500K</h2>
<h3>Kailash (1)
, Kumar, Jitendra (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Physics, BN PG College, Rath, Hamirpur, Bharat, India
(2) Department of Physics, Govt. Girls P. G. College, Banda, Bharat, India</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation parameters are well connected to the micro- structural and mechanical properties of the materials. Ultrasonic absorption coefficients can be used for non-destructive techniques to characterize the materials. The most important causes of ultrasonic attenuation in solids are electron-phonon, phonon-phonon interaction and that due to thermo elastic relaxation. At room temperature, electron mean free path is not comparable to phonon mean free path and no coupling will take place. Thus the attenuation due to electron-phonon interaction will be absent. The two dominant processes that will give rise to appreciable ultrasonic attenuation at higher temperature are the phonon-phonon interaction and that due to thermo elastic relaxation. Both type of attenuation are observed in calcium oxide crystal. It has been established that at frequencies of ultrasonic range and at higher temperatures in solids, phonon-phonon interaction mechanism is dominating cause for attenuation. The temperature dependent part of ultrasonic attenuation has been explained in terms of model where the acoustic phonon interacts with a number of thermal phonons in the lattice.<br>
<br>
CaO is a key ingredient in the nixtamalization process used to create corn hominy and tortilla dough. Calcium oxide is used for many construction purposes, as in the manufacture of bricks, mortar, plaster, and stucco. Its high melting point makes it attractive as a refractory material, as in the lining of furnaces. The compound is also used in the manufacture of various types of glass. Common soda-lime glass, for example, contains about 12% calcium oxide, while high-melting alumino- silicate glass contains about 20% calcium oxide. One of the new forms of glass used to coat surgical implants contains an even higher ratio of calcium oxide about 24%. The CaO crystal possesses well developed structure of the NaCl-type and is divalent in nature. Oxides and silicates make up the bulk of the Earth's mantle and crust, and thus it is important to predict their behaviour. In this work ultrasonic attenuation due to phonon-phonon interaction (α/f2)p-p and thermo elastic relaxation (α/f2)th are studied in CaO crystal from 100K-1500K along different crystallographic directions. For the evaluation of the ultrasonic coefficients the second and third order coefficients are also calculated using Coulomb and Born Mayer potentials utilizing nearest neighbour distance and hardness parameter data. Several investigators have given different theories; here the one given by Mason has been used. Mason's theory relates the Gruneisen constants with SOECs and TOECs. Temperature dependence of ultrasonic absorption in CaO crystal along different crystallographic direction reveals some typical characteristic features.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p172.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p173" class="affilation"></a>Temperature variation of anharmonic properties of tellurium oxide single crystal</h2>
<h3>Kailash (1)
, Shrivastava, S. K. (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Physics, BN PG College, Rath, Hamirpur, Bharat, India
(2) Department of Physics, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Bharat, India
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The study of higher order elastic constants has gained new horizons with the development of material science as they play primary role for understanding the anharmonic and non linear properties of solids. The information about these constants is valuable in understanding nature of short range forces in crystals. The elastic energy density for a deformed crystal can be expanded as a power series of strains using Taylor's series expansion. One can get this expansion starting from nearest neighbour distance and hardness parameter utilizing Coulomb and Born-Mayer type central force interactions for face centred cubic crystals. The coefficients of the quadratic, cubic and quartic terms are known as the second, third and fourth order elastic constants (SOECs, TOECs and FOECs) respectively. When the values of second and third order elastic constants and density for any material at a particular temperature are known; one may get ultrasonic velocities for longitudinal and shear waves in different crystallographic directions which give important information about its anharmonic properties. While obtaining higher order anharmonicities such as Grüneisen numbers, the first order pressure derivatives of second order elastic constants (FOPDs of SOECs), the first order pressure derivatives of third order elastic constants (FOPDs of TOECs), the second order pressure derivatives of second order elastic constants (SOPDs of SOECs), partial contractions and deformation of crystals under large forces, the third and fourth order elastic constants are considered extensively.<br>
<br>
A proper and systematic evaluation of the elastic constants of isostructural oxides, and their dependence on temperature provides the fundamental data for determining the characteristics of cation-oxygen bonding interactions which are pertinent to the understanding and theoretical modelling of more complicated oxide compounds. The Tellurium Oxide (TeO) is a divalent crystals and possess FCC crystal structure. In this work, an attempt has been made to evaluate higher order elastic constants for TeO at an elevated temperature starting from 50K to near its melting point. The melting point for TeO is 643 K. The data of SOECs, TOECs and FOECs are used to evaluate the FOPDs of SOECs and TOECs, SOPDs of SOECs and partial contractions. While evaluating these properties it is assumed that the crystal structure does not change during temperature variation. The data of these oxides obtained through different techniques also give important and valuable information about internal structure and inherent properties of materials and can be used in future for different industrial purposes and further investigations of divalent FCC structured solids.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p173.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p99" class="affilation"></a>Ultrasonication and kinetic studies in changes of ultrasonic velocities in the mixing of solvents</h2>
<h3>Nayakulu, S. V. Ranga (1)
, Reddy, D. Linga (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Vignan Institute of Technology & Aeronautical Engineering, Deshkuki, India
(2) University College of Science, Hyderabad, India</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Kinetic Studies have been carried out by measuring ultrasonic velocities (v) in the mixing of acids like ortho cresol and bases like aniline with esters like ethyl acetate. The ultrasonic velocities (v) were measured using ultrasonic Pulse Echo System (Model 440 - M) on mixing of different solvents at various concentrations and at different temperatures. The results are interesting because increase in the basic content in the binary mixture increases the ultrsonic velocity (v), Where as increase in acid content decreases the ultrasonic velocities. Kinetically the mixing process is first order in the reactive component , acid or base. Arrhenius parameters were computed for o - cresol - Ethyla acetate and Aniline - Ethyl acetate systems and energy of activation,enthalpy of activation, Free energy of activation and entropy of activation are the right order of magnitude for these kinetic processis.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p824" class="affilation"></a>Characteristics of focused ultrasound by layer structured phononic crystal</h2>
<h3>Nishimiya, Kojiro (1)
, Mizutani, Koichi (1)
, Wakatsuki, Naoto (1)
, Yamamoto, Ken (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Kanto, Japan
(2) Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering Science, Kansai University, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Phononic crystals have various characteristics, like band gap, group delay and negative refraction. Among them, we regard the negative refraction. Focused ultrasounds using negative refraction by phononic crystals are investigated by many researchers. The focused ultrasound is expected in the medical field and so on. However, when the ultrasonic wave propagates in the phononic crystal, the wave attenuates acutely. After once the crystal is composed, the focal length is fixed. It is desired to vary the focal length of phononic crystal for such fields. In our previous research, we proposed the dual structured phononic crystal. This structure has a gap between the two phononic crystals. It was verified that the focal length was varied by changing the thickness of the gap. Additionally, it was confirmed that the attenuation of this proposal structure is lower than that of a single phononic crystal of the same thickness. In this research, we examined the relationship between the characteristics of focused ultrasound by layer structured phononic crystal and the crystal structure of each layer, using finite element method (FEM) and the phononic crystal band structures. As a result, we obtained more efficient crystal structure for focused ultrasound by layer structured phononic crystal. Experimental verification is our future work.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p824.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p644" class="affilation"></a>Method of Determining Effect of Heat on Mortar by Using Aerial Ultrasonic Waves with Finite Amplitude</h2>
<h3>Osumi, Ayumu
, Sato, Yasufumi
, Ito, Youichi</h3>
<p class="affilation">Nihon University, Tokyo Chiyoda, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
We developed a method of determining the effect of heat on mortar samples by analyzing the vibrations of mortar samples that were exposed to high temperatures of about 500℃ to 1,000℃ and excited in a non-contact manner by using a high-intensity aerial ultrasonic wave with finite amplitude (at a fundamental frequency of 20 kHz). If a high-intensity aerial ultrasonic wave is emitted onto the surface of an acryl resin or metallic plate, the plate may be excited by the ultrasonic wave in a non-contact manner and vibrate at the same frequency as the emitted ultrasonic wave. If the ultrasonic wave has finite amplitude, it contains harmonic components specific to the ultrasonic wave. If the plate is irradiated with the ultrasonic wave, therefore, it may produce vibrations at frequencies corresponding to the frequency components of the ultrasonic wave. By using such a high-intensity aerial ultrasonic wave with finite amplitude (at a fundamental frequency of 20 kHz, and a sound pressure of 6 to 10 kPa), we attempted to determine the variation in the properties of an object that was exposed to and affected by the high heat of a fire for example. The target object used for this paper was an object made of mortar, which is a material typically used in construction. Mortar samples irradiated with an ultrasonic wave were vibrated at frequencies corresponding to the fundamental frequency (20 kHz) and plural harmonic components (40 kHz to 100 kHz) of the ultrasonic wave. It was found that the mortar samples influenced by the heat had clearly different vibration velocity rates respectively produced by the ultrasonic emission at each frequency. Thus, we could determine the effects that heat had on the mortar samples exposed to it.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p644.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p1005" class="affilation"></a>Analysis of multilayered piezoelectric cylinders with noncircular cross-section</h2>
<h3>Puzyrev, Vladimir</h3>
<p class="affilation">Donetsk National University, Ukraine</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The problem of ultraacoustic wave propagation in piezoceramic cylinders remain an interesting one since such materials are widely used in acoustoelectronics and ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation. In the current paper we study the wave propagation in piezoceramic multilayered cylindrical waveguides with noncircular cross-section. Infinite transversely isotropic cylinders considered here have circular or hollow cross-sections with sector cut of any angular measure arbitrary boundary conditions on surfaces. The method is based on exact analytical integration of wave equations of linear electroelastic medium by using wave potentials. Dispersion functions are obtained from boundary conditions in an analytical form of functional determinants and numerical analysis is carried out to illustrate the approach. The effect of various mechanical parameters is studied and the potential applications are discussed. Results are compared with those published earlier in order to check up the accuracy of the proposed approach, which is found to be very accurate and efficient.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p1005.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p140" class="affilation"></a>Temperature dependent anharmonic properties of MgO, MgS and MgSe</h2>
<h3>Raju, Krishna Murti</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Physics, B.N.V. Post-Graduate College, Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Data on elastic constants and associated properties at high temperature (100-1000K) for MgO, MgSe and MgS crystals are presented and discussed starting from primary physical parameters viz. nearest neighbour distance and hardness parameter assuming long- and short- range potentials. When the values of the higher order elastic constants are known for a crystal, many of the anharmonic properties of the crystal can be treated within the limit of the continuum approximation in a quantitative manner. If the values of second order elastic constants and density at a particular temperature are known for any substance, one may obtain ultrasonic velocities for longitudinal and shear waves which give an important information about its internal structure, inherent and anharmonic properties. Though compendiums of elastic constant data for numerous compounds exist, they are restricted to temperatures at or near room temperature. Current problems in material science often require values of elastic constants at elevated temperatures. The compounds of magnesium have attracted a lot of interest due to their complex physical and chemical characteristics. In past years, the physical properties of these substances have been studied. However, none of the work reported in the literature so far is centered on the study of temperature variation of anharmonic properties. Therefore, in this study, higher order elastic constants and related properties are computed upto 1000K for MgO, MgS and MgSe. The first order pressure derivatives of second and third order elastic constants, the second order pressure derivatives of second order elastic constants and partial contractions are also evaluated at different temperatures. The results thus obtained are compared with other available data and found in well agreement with present values.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p140.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p931" class="affilation"></a>Ultrasonic investigation of piezoelectric -semiconductor crystals</h2>
<h3>Samulionis, V. (1)
, Banys, J. (1)
, Vysochanskii, Yu (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
(2) Institute of Solid State Physics and Chemistry, Uzhgorod University, Ukraine</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The layered crystals of CuInP2S6 family are the promising materials for the applications in functional electronics, because they exhibit ferroelectric and semiconductor properties as well as high ionic conductivity]. These crystals crystallize in a layered two-dimensional structure of the CuMP2S6 (M=In, Cr,Bi) type. Recently the new crystals and solid solutions were obtained after substitution Cu to Ag, In to Cr ,Bi or S to Se. These compounds also exhibit rich variety of piezoelectric properties, photosensitivity and ionic conductivity. In this contribution we present the experimental investigation results of phase transitions, elastic and piezoelectric properties of these crystals and solid solutions. The ultrasonic pulse-echo method was applied for velocity and attenuation measurements and piezoelectric sensitivity detection. The ultrasonic attenuation and velocity critical behaviour was observed in phase transition region. Piezoelectric sensitivity was measured when receiving ultrasonic transducer in conventional pulse-echo method was replaced by thin plate of crystal under investigation. In this case the piezoelectric sensitivity anomalies corresponding to elastic anomalies were observed. In pure CuInP2S6 crystals piezoelectric sensitivity exists below the first order ferroelectric phase transition at Tc = 312 K. After substitution In to Cr and S to Se phase transition temperature decreased and intermediate phases, possibly incommensurate, appeared above ferroelectric phase transition point. Substitution Cu to Ag leads to the shift down of ferroelectric phase transition and the transition type changes to the second order. In polarised layered ferroelectric crystals the piezoelectric effect was large enough, what promises possible ultrasonic transducer applications. In pure AgInP2S6 and AgInP2Se6 crystals we did not observe phase transitions and ferroelectricity in the temperature range of 100 - 300 K. However, in these crystals piezoelectric sensitivity was observed in bias electric field applied along c-axis.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p295" class="affilation"></a>Welding characteristics and structures of same and different metal specimens using ultrasonic complex vibration welding equipment</h2>
<h3>Tsujino, Jiromaru (1)
, Sugimoto, Eiichi (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Kanagawa University, Yokohama, Japan
(2) Asahi EMS Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Ultrasonic complex vibration welding of same and different metal specimens and structures of the welded area are studied using several complex vibration welding systems, scanning and transmission electron microscopes (SEM and TEM). Ultrasonic welding can weld various metal directly using vibration and static clamping pressure. The welding area is limited very narrow layer and can weld different metal specimens which have different melting temperature and difficult to weld by usual welding methods such as resistance welding. Ultrasonic complex vibration welding of two-dimensional vibration locus could be used for joining different metal specimens at multiple positions continuously and has superior quality compared with conventional ultrasonic welding with linear vibration locus. Welding of aluminum-copper, aluminum nickel plate specimens and aluminum alloy is essential for fuel cell, multi-layer battery or EDLC capacitor electrodes for electric or hybrid automobile and other various industry fields. For large electric current devices, multiple spot or seam welding are required.<br>
<br>
Ultrasonic complex vibration welding systems of 15 to 40 kHz were developed using (1) multiple transducers integrated with a transverse vibration disk, (2) complex vibration converter with diagonal slits and (3) longitudinal-transverse vibration rod driven eccentrically by longitudinal vibration source. Elliptical to circular vibration loci are obtained at the welding tip and they are driven using several 500 W (1), 2 kW (2) to 5 kW (3) power amplifiers. Required vibration velocity and damage by vibration fatigue are small compared with conventional welding. Using the ultrasonic complex vibration welding systems, aluminum, copper, aluminum-copper and aluminum-nickel plate specimens were welded directly successfully at continuous multiple positions. Structure of these welded areas are observed using SEM and TEM. By observations of TEM images of cross sections of welded specimens, it was shown that these specimens were joined directly without any oxide, inter-metallic compound, mutual diffusion and any different structures. Required vibration velocity was one-third to quarter compared with conventional welding and weld strength near to material strength was obtained independent of specimen position and direction, and multiple or continuous welding is possible. Alumina coated aluminum alloy specimens were welded using complex vibration. The coated alumina layer was broken roughly in initial welding process and furthermore, broken into small alumina particles by ultrasonic complex vibration and finally dispersed throughout in welding specimens.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p295.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p112" class="affilation"></a>Ultrasonic behaviour of velocities and higher order elastic constants in Zener alloys</h2>
<h3>Yadawa, P. K.
, Singh, Devraj</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Applied Physics, AMITY School of Engineering and Technology, Bijwasan, New Delhi, India
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The ultrasonic properties of the hexagonal closed packed solid Ag-Zn alloys (Zener alloys) have been studied at room temperature for their characterization. For the investigations of ultrasonic properties, we have also computed second order elastic constants using Lennard-Jones potential. The velocities V1 and V2 have maxima and minima respectively with 450 with unique axis of the crystal, while V3 increases with the angle from unique axis. The inconsistent behaviour of angle dependent velocities is correlated to the action of second order elastic constants. Debye average sound velocities of these alloys are increasing with the angle and has maximum at 550 with unique axis at room temperature. Hence when a sound wave travels at 550 with unique axis of these alloys, then the average sound velocity is maximum. Achieved results have been discussed and compared with available experimental and theoretical results</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p112.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p878" class="affilation"></a>Flow cytometry as a means of observing the effects of ultrasound on bacteria</h2>
<h3>Al-Hashimi, Amna
, Joyce, Eadaoin M.
, Mason, Timothy J.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Sonochemistry Centre, School of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The application of flow cytometry in combination with fluorescent dyes has become an important analytical tool for microbiological assays in many fields such as biotechnology, environmental remediation and water treatment in the food, pharmaceutical and environmental sectors. It has been shown that ultrasound has a great effect on bacterial inactivation due to the effects of the formation and collapse of acoustic cavitation bubbles which result in microbial inactivation and cell disruption. In this current study we report the effect of sonication at two frequencies (20 and 580 kHz) on the viability of gram negative (Escherichia coli,) and gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus).Results were analyzed using both standard plate count to determine colony formation units (CFU/ml) and flow cytometry. Flow cytometry has the advantage that it can enumerate bacterial populations in two different sub-populations (live and dead bacteria) in the bulk liquid whereas CFU analysis records only viable populations capable of reproduction. Results illustrate a good correlation between viable counts and flow cytometry. However, flow cytometry data reported higher bacterial numbers compared with CFU. This can be attributed to CFU recording single and aggregate colony forming units whereas flow cytometry tends to break apart agglomerates in the flow and thereby register mainly single cells. Flow cytometry for E. coli demonstrated a high sensitivity to 20 kHz frequency with a continuous decrease in viable cells and an increase in dead cells during experiments. However for the gram positive species S. aureus no significant effect on bacterial inactivation was observed at this frequency. In contrast to these results, at the higher frequency of 580 kHz and at different power settings only declumping rather than bacterial inactivation was observed for both bacterial species.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p566" class="affilation"></a>Effect of high power ultrasounds on mass-transfer zone in supercritical fluid extraction processes</h2>
<h3>Blasco, M. (1)
, García-Reverter, J. (1)
, Casas, E. (1)
, Riera, E. (2)
, Gallego-Juárez, J. A. (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Centro Tecnológico AINIA, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
(2) Grupo de Ultrasonidos de Potencia, CSIC, Madrid, Spain </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is an industrial technology that is based on the solvent power that some fluids exhibit under pressure and temperature above certain values named as critical point. This process, using supercritical CO2 as solvent, has gained wide acceptance in the last decades, because of its advantages compared to conventional solvent extraction ones (high selectivity, non toxic, inert, suitable to extract thermolabile substances, cheap, recyclable). One of the main difficulties of SFE is to achieve favourable kinetics because of the fact that mechanical stirring is not easy to be applied to an extractor vessel operating at high pressure. In this context, an interesting alternative is the use of power ultrasound. Ultrasonic radiation represents an efficient way to enhance mass transfer processes, because of some mechanisms such as microstirring, compressions and decompressions in the material, heating, and/or cavitation. Previous works of this research group pointed out the feasibility of integrating an ultrasonic field inside a supercritical extractor without losing a significant volume fraction. Moreover, a new self-controlled prototype, robust enough to fulfil industrial requirements to produce it commercially was developed and tested under supercritical conditions, giving rise to a non-antecedent patent. This new ultrasonic device led to notable enhancement both on extraction yields at certain times and on required time to achieve a certain extraction yield when applied on SFE almond oil. Some experiments carried out gave rise to yields 20% greater than those without ultrasounds. <br>
<br>
In order to deepen in the knowledge of this new technology, the aim of this work was to study the effect of High Power Ultrasounds (HPU) on mass transfer zone (MTZ) in the supercritical extraction. For this purpose, different tests have been performed to assess the effect of HPU on SFE of oil from milled almonds (3-4 mm particle size). To examine the effect of the acoustic waves all experiments were performed with and without ultrasound at identical pressure, temperature and flow rate conditions. In this work, the effect of high-intensity waves on mass-transfer zone based on oil concentration profiles at different times and bed heights are discussed.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p566.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p465" class="affilation"></a>Effect of ultrasound on the physical and functional properties of reconstituted whey protein powders</h2>
<h3>Chandrapala, Jayani (1)
, Zisu, Bogdan (2)
, Lee, Judy (1)
, Bhaskaracharya, Raman (1)
, Palmer, Martin (2)
, Kentish, Sandra (1)
, Ashokkumar, Muthupandian (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) School of Chemistry/Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
(2) Dairy Innovation Australia Ltd., Werribee, Victoria, Australia
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The ability to tailor the functionality of dairy systems is one of the key factors in the manufacture of dairy products. Of utmost importance is the ability to withstand high processing temperatures without excessive thickening and coagulation. Reconstituted whey protein concentrate (WPC) and isolate (WPI) solutions were batch treated with high intensity (power = 31 W) ultrasound (20 kHz) for various periods of time ranging from 5 s - 60 min. Sonication of reconstituted WPC solutions reduced the particle size distribution from ~10 - 30 µm to ~1 - 3 µm, whereas sonication of reconstituted WPI solutions led to a reduction from ~10 μm to ~ 1 - 2 μm. Particle size reduction was greatest within the first few minutes of sonication followed by a slower and gradual decrease with increasing sonication time. The change in the particle size of WPC solutions corresponds with a reduction in viscosity by up to 20%. This effect was attributed primarily to the physical forces generated during acoustic cavitation, which led to a decrease in the disperse volume fraction denoted by the significant size reductions. In an alternative and novel approach, ultrasound was used to improve the heat stability of whey proteins. This required pre-heating of WPC solutions reconstituted to 5% solids at 80°C for 1 minute followed by sonication at a frequency of 20 kHz for 5 s - 20 min. In conclusion, ultrasound may become a useful tool in the treatment of dairy products to control functionality and to prevent excessive thickening and/or coagulation of whey proteins.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p1008" class="affilation"></a>Power ultrasound as a new food processing and preservation modality </h2>
<h3>Feng, Hao</h3>
<p class="affilation">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Consumers' need for safe and minimally processed foods continues to drive the food industry to pursue new and mild food processing and preservation technologies. Ultrasound is one such technology that might provide safe, fresh, and tasty and nutritious foods for consumers. Power ultrasound has been found to be effective in microbial and enzyme inactivation, bio-component separation, interface heat and mass transfer enhancement, homogenization, cutting, and extraction of bioactive component(s) in foods and plants. Due to new developments in ultrasound technology, as well as our increased understanding of cavitation phenomena, there has been increased interest in recent years to examine the use of ultrasound as an alternative food processing and preservation tool. Combining sonication with other treatments, such as pH, mild heat, and low pressure, has been found to enhance the efficacy of an ultrasound treatment. Usually the process efficiency is improved, especially for microbial and food enzyme inactivation when ultrasound is combined with heat (thermal sonication) or static pressure (mano-thermo-sonication). Concerns that the food industry has about the application of ultrasound as a food processing method include the quality of the foods treated with ultrasound, as well as the scale-up and economic issues. A summary about ultrasound technology and our understanding of the mechanisms of how ultrasound works, together with information explaining the benefits and pitfalls of power ultrasound as an alternative food preservation and processing method will be presented.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p567" class="affilation"></a>Sonoprocessing of fluids for environmental and industrial applications</h2>
<h3>Gallego-Juárez, J. A.
, Rodríguez, G.
, Acosta, V.
, Riera, E.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Grupo de Ultrasonidos de Potencia, CSIC, Madrid, Spain </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Ultrasonic processing is becoming an increasingly attractive field due to the sustainable character of the use of ultrasonic energy: low energy consumption and no contaminating processes. However the applications of ultrasonic energy in fluids, and more specifically in gases, have been limited for the difficulty to generate efficiently such energy in large scale processes. To overcome this problem a new family of ultrasonic generators with extensive radiators were developed during the last years. Such new generators opened possibilities to study and implement new processes in fluids at industrial level. This paper deals with the characteristics and performance of some new sonoprocesses in gases and multiphase media developed at industrial and semi-industrial level. The application of sonic and ultrasonic energy for environmental and industrial purposes will be presented as well as the performance of the ultrasonic systems in processes such as defoaming, treatment of particle suspensions, etc.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p567.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p565" class="affilation"></a>Kinetic and microstructural changes induced by sonoprocessing on convective drying of eggplant</h2>
<h3>Garcia-Perez, J. V. (1)
, Puig, A. (2)
, Perez-Munuera, I. (2)
, Carcel, J. A. (1)
, Riera, E. (3)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Grupo de Análisis y Simulación de Procesos Agroalimentarios, Departamento Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
(2) Grupo de Microestructura y Química de Alimentos, Departamento Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
(3) Grupo de Ultrasonidos de Potencia, CSIC, Madrid, Spain</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Power ultrasound is a novel technology to be applied in drying processing taking energy saving aims into consideration. Mechanical effects associated to ultrasonic application involve an improvement of mass and heat transfer mechanisms, which may be related to microstructural changes in foodstuffs. Literature reports a high significance of the product's porosity to determine the influence of ultrasound on the drying process. Thereby, the main goal of this work was to address from a kinetic and microstructural point of view the influence of power ultrasound application on convective drying of a high porosity product like eggplant. Convective drying kinetics of eggplant cylinders (height 20 mm and diameter 20.4 mm) were carried out at 40 °C and 1 m/s. Trials were also conducted at the same experimental conditions applying ultrasound at different acoustic power levels ranging from 15 to 90 W. All these samples were analyzed by Cryo Scanning Electron Microscopy (Cryo-SEM). A diffusion model was used to quantify the kinetic effects induced by ultrasound on mass transfer process. <br>
<br>
Experimental results showed a reduction of drying time with the ultrasonic power, the higher the power applied, the faster the drying kinetic. Thus, a maximum drying time reduction (70 %) was reached when an acoustic power of 90 W was applied. The ultrasonic effect was also observed on the effective moisture diffusivity identified from modeling, which showed a significant (p<0.05) linear relationship with the acoustic power. The main cellular tissue in eggplant is endocarp. This tissue is formed by cells interconnected each other with large intercellular spaces occupied by air, similar to a sponge highly porous. In air dried samples, endocarp cells appeared highly degraded and a compacted tissue may be observed without practically intercellular spaces. However, the combined treatments with ultrasound were less drastic in degradation terms than those only with air. In these samples, the microstructure of the tissue appeared less modified if it is compared to the fresh eggplant.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p565.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p643" class="affilation"></a>Enhancement of acoustic heating during nucleation of acoustic cavitation inside an ultrasonic reactor cavity</h2>
<h3>Hauptmann, M. (1,2)
, Brems, S. (1)
, Camerotto, E. (1,3)
, XiuMei, X. (1)
, Kim, T.-G. (1)
, Struyf, H. (1)
, Mertens, P. (1)
, Heyns, M. (1,4)
, De Gendt, S. (1,3)
, Glorieux, C. (2)
, Lauriks, Walter (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Interuniversitair Micro-elektronica Centrum vzw, Kapeldreef, Belgium
(2) Laboratorium voor Akoestiek en Thermische Fysica, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
(3) Afdeling Moleculair Design en Synthese, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
(4) Departement Metaalkunde en Toegepaste Materiaalkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In semiconductor manufacturing, megasonic cleaning may play an important role for nano-particle removal, if the underlying physical processes are thoroughly understood. As shown in recent years, acoustic cavitation is the main contributor to surface cleaning. Crucial parts of the overall cleaning process are therefore the actual nucleation of cavitation bubbles in the bulk of the liquid and related physical processes that might enhance, suppress or simply accompany bubble nucleation. One process is the enhanced buildup of temperature gradients in ultrasonic fields due to nucleation onset and the accompanied collapse of the nucleating bubbles. There, the highly non-linear oscillatory behavior of resonant cavitation bubbles might enhance dissipation of acoustic energy and heat transfer from the vicinity of the collapsing bubble to the surrounding liquid. The resulting convection and its relation to the nonlinear interactions of the cavitation bubbles with the acoustic field are investigated in the present study with the help of qualitative and quantitative methods such as Schlieren-imaging and Sonoluminescence Measurements. These methods provide the advantage, that they do not disturb the nucleation process and are applicable to measurements of both pressure and temperature gradients. In order to identify the contribution of the strongly nonlinear bubble-wall oscillations to the enhanced heating of the bulk liquid, the results are correlated to acoustic noise spectra recorded in parallel with the help of a hydrophone.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p643.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p334" class="affilation"></a>The generation of particulate fluids using power ultrasound</h2>
<h3>Kentish, Sandra (1)
, Leong, Thomas (1)
, Vo, Hung Si (1)
, Wooster, Timothy J. (2)
, Ashokkumar, Muthupandian (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
(2) CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, Victoria, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The shear intensity of power ultrasound makes it a competitive technology for the generation of a range of particulate fluids. In our recent work, we have shown that this approach can be competitive with microfluidization for the production of oil-in-water emulsions with average droplet diameters as low as 40 nm. The small size of these droplets means that the emulsion is transparent to the eye. The minimum droplet size of 40 nm, was only obtained when both droplet deformability (surfactant design) and the applied shear (equipment geometry) were optimal. Results at atmospheric pressure fitted an expected exponential relationship with the total energy density. However, we found that this relationship changed when an overpressure of up to 400 kPa was applied to the sonication vessel, leading to more efficient emulsion production. <br>
<br>
In comparable work, we have shown that ultrasound can also be used to generate dense foams with small cell size. Significant decreases in bubble sizes within the bulk solution were recorded at modest acoustic power inputs and this translated into a reduction in the cell size. The use of higher power inputs was less effective due to gas bubbles collecting at the antinodes of the acoustic field where bubble coalescence was enhanced. Higher power levels were effective at reducing the size of nascent bubbles produced by the sparger, but this did not translate into a reduction in foam cell size. The relative position of the sparger with respect to the transducer was also found to be important. These results have been applied to enhance the efficiency of foam fractionation; that is the removal of surface active species through foam enrichment. The application of 20 kHz ultrasound was shown to enhance the removal of surfactants and a bioactive agent by between 125 and 320%.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p532" class="affilation"></a>Fundamentals of acoustic cavitation and ultrasonic processing: The effect of surfactants</h2>
<h3>Leong, Thomas
, Kentish, Sandra
, Ashokkumar, Muthupandian</h3>
<p class="affilation">The Particulate Fluid Processing Center, Department of Bio-molecular and Chemical Engineering and School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Bubble behaviour in an acoustic field is well understood for simple air-water systems and various models have been developed to predict the bubble motion and rectified diffusion growth. What is less well understood is the cavitation behaviour of bubbles in complex solutions containing surface active materials such as surfactants. To date, models developed for rectified diffusion in the presence of surfactants at various ultrasonic frequencies, significantly underestimate the growth rate measured in experiments. There is also limited available data for rectified diffusion growth rates with surfactants present. Experiments have been conducted to expand the available rectified diffusion growth rates for sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DTAC) surfactant at various concentrations and acoustic driving pressures. Experiments for solutions of SDS containing sodium chloride salt have also been conducted, with results suggesting a further enhancement of the rectified diffusion growth rate for a given surfactant concentration. These results will be compared with existing models and several approaches will be identified to bring experimental data closer to the theoretical predictions.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p16" class="affilation"></a>Ultrasonic processing and synthesis of nanomaterials</h2>
<h3>Sonawane, Shirish. H.
, Bhanavase, B. A.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Chemical Engineering Department, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune, India
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Ultrasound is employed in several areas that include the synthesis and processing of several nanomaterials, polymerization reactions, sonocrystallization and waste water treatment. The following applications of ultrasound are discussed. Ultrasound assisted synthesis of bentonite nanoclay and the combined effect of sonication and adsorption of phenol for water treatment. It is found that exfoliation of clay materials into nanometric platelet occurs due to ultrasonic irradiation. Equilibrium reaches in a short period of time and higher adsorption can be achieved by optimizing catalyst loading and cavitation conditions. The effect of ultrasound on the nucleation and growth periods of crystallization will be discussed. The crystallite size for carbonation reaction consists of multiple phases. The functionalized calcite has commercial value; it is possible to synthesize by hydrodynamic cavitation and acoustic cavitation which will also be discussed. The synthesis of p(methyl methacrylate/butylacrylate) by insitu miniemulsion process in the presence of functionalized inorganic particles using ultrasound will also be discussed. It is found that product has superior property performance in comparison with conventional compounding process.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p1021" class="affilation"></a>Manufacture of graded porosity foams: Simulation of local ultrasonic pressure and comparison with experimental results</h2>
<h3>Torres-Sanchez, Carmen (1)
, Corney, Jonathan (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
(2) Department of Design, Manufacture and Engineering Management, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XJ, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The manufacture of polymeric solid foams with an engineered distribution of mechanical properties has been possible by irradiating ultrasound on a viscoelastic reacting mixture. Structures with a heterogeneous pore size distribution offer great advantages when compared to homogeneous distributions in many applications that require strength with minimal amount of material (e.g. airplane wings). However, manufacturing solutions lag well behind the demand of these components. Sonication has been recently demonstrated as a potential technique that can support these materials fabrication processes. The mechanism involves bubble growth in a polymeric melt undergoing foaming that is influenced by the ultrasonic environment (i.e. sound pressure, frequency and exposure time). Once the foam solidifies, the final porosity distribution within the solid reflects the sonication conditions. In order to obtain sophisticated distributions of porosity and porosity gradients, fine control on the acoustic pressure field has to be achieved. This paper presents an attempt to correlate acoustic pressure to porosity gradation by comparison of simulated acoustic field and engineered porosity analysed on experimental polyurethane foams. COMSOL Multiphysics™ has been used to recreate the process in the irradiation chamber; and the acoustic fields, both in the environment and the reaction vessel, have been simulated and validated. Results from this study will allow the optimisation of the manufacturing process of functionally tailored materials with the sonication method.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p1021.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p184" class="affilation"></a>Sonoprocessing of dairy ingredients at a semi-industrial scale</h2>
<h3>Zisu, Bogdan (1)
, Bhaskaracharya, Raman (2)
, Palmer, Martin (1)
, Kentish, Sandra (2)
, Ashokkumar, Muthupandian (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Dairy Innovation Australia Ltd., Werribee, Victoria, Australia
(2) School of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
High intensity low frequency ultrasound was used to process and improve the functional properties of certain dairy ingredients using industry-scale ultrasonic reactors. A continuous sonication process operating at a frequency of 20 kHz capable of delivering up to 4 kW of power with a flow-through reactor design was used to treat dairy ingredients at flow rates of up to 360 L/hr. Dairy ingredients treated with ultrasound included reconstituted whey protein concentrate and whey protein- and milk protein retentates. The sonication of aqueous solutions for less than 1 minute and up to 2.4 minutes with an applied energy density between 28 and 300 J/ml resulted in a significant reduction in the viscosity of dairy solutions containing high solids (up to 54% (w/w)). The viscosity of aqueous dairy ingredients treated with ultrasound was reduced by between 6% and 50% depending greatly on the composition, processing history, acoustic power and contact time. When sonication was combined with a pre-heat treatment of ≥ 80°C, the heat stability of the dairy ingredients was significantly improved. The effect of sonication was attributed mainly to physical forces generated through acoustic cavitation as supported by particle size reduction in response to sonication. A notable improvement in the gel strength of sonicated and heat coagulated dairy systems was also observed. Overall, the sonication procedure for processing dairy ingredients has potential economical benefits for the dairy industry by improving process efficiency and development of new products and ingredients.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p1017" class="affilation"></a>Investigation of Generated attosecond EM by Recoiling of ionized and bounded electrons in atom with fs laser</h2>
<h3>Zobdeh, P.
, Rafiee-miyandashti, H.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Physics, Qom branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
High intense Laser interaction with matter is described as new phenomena during the last twenty years. Femtosecond time duration is interested to transfer high power in interaction with matter and plasma. Recently, Attosecond technique is a new method that used in the fast atomic scales measurement. In normal condition, Electrons are confined by coulomb potential in atom. By using the high intense femtosecond laser field, a time-dependent force on the bound electron could be exerted. In the large produced force, the electron can tunnel from the atom. This splits the electron and the attraction of the negative electron to the positive ion rapidly decreases so electron escapes the ion. In fact, electrical field of the light pushes the wave packet away from the ion firstly, but by reversing the field direction, the force cause to come back the electron. The times of recollision could be synchronized by laser pulse and it can be of attosecond precision. In this work we have described the energy difference of recoiled electron before and after collision. The EM Attosecond generated pulse has investigated in frequency domain. It is demonstrated major effective parameters for control of shape and intensity in attosecond phenomena.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p1017.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p1018" class="affilation"></a>Effect of ion density variation on THZ generation in laser-dense plasma interaction</h2>
<h3>Zobdeh, P.
, Zareiee-sedehizadeh, H.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Physics, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Terahertz applications such as biological sensing, imaging, surface chemistry and high field condensed matter studies cause to propose the source of this radiation over the last decade. <br>
<br>
Various schemes based on optical rectification, Quantum cascade intersubband, photoconductive antenna, Varactor Frequency Doublers, synchrotron radiation and est. are used to generate terahertz radiation. Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in an Ideal Plasma was demonstrated by Harris. Recently, the terahertz radiation via an electromagnetically induced transparency at ion acoustic frequency region with laser-produced dense plasmas is reported by Nakagawa. In this work, we consider the interaction of a high intensity laser pulse with dense plasma. By using the ion hydrodynamic equations and the Maxwell's equations, ion density variation is obtained that could be demonstrated terahertz power. This new achievement can optimized the power of generated Thz in ion acoustic frequency region.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p1018.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p210" class="affilation"></a>Stabilization of multi-needle-to-plate electrical discharges in a high-intensity sound field</h2>
<h3>Balek, Rudolf
, Cervenka, Milan</h3>
<p class="affilation">Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Environmental applications, such as volatile organic compounds decomposition, destruction of nitrogen oxides, or ozone generation, utilize different chemical reactions. The efficiency of these reactions depends, among other things, on the temperature, on the residence time (mixing of reactant medium) and also on the pressure in the reaction volume. Increase of the residence time and pressure in the reaction volume can be achieved by application of power ultrasound. At the same time, many reactions can be enhanced by ionization of the reactant medium, which is most frequently performed by electrical discharges. The synergy of power ultrasound with electrical discharges therefore opens new and unique perspectives for many applications. The simplest and most reliable way to meet these requirements is through the combination of an acoustic resonator with non-thermal electrical discharges. <br>
<br>
The discharge power and volume are the important factors proportional to the processed (destructed, decomposed) medium quantity. To increase the discharge volume and the discharge current-voltage range, and at the same time, to prevent discharge transition into spark, a stabilized system of multi-needle electrodes situated against the plane electrode is often used. Application of airflow through all of the needles and individual ballast resistors for each needle stabilizes and electrically separates the individual discharges at needle to plane electrodes channels. This arrangement requires a lot of space and good insulation of the feed wiring. We describe a new resonator setup with the negative needle multi-electrode and one flat positive electrode, placed in the node of acoustic pressure of the resonator. The great advantage is that only one common resistor for all needles is used. The discharge is stabilized even without airflow through the needles: it becomes more uniform and the discharge volume is substantially increased. We explain the mechanism of the discharge phenomenon in a high-intensity acoustic field as follows; first, the gas particles are swung on the pressure node plane; and second, according to Meek's criterion, the electric discharge phenomenon is easy to obtain in the lower static pressure. The streamers were followed to trace the lower pressure channels produced by the sound pressure.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p210.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p418" class="affilation"></a>Observations of bubble clusters within different cavitation environments - electrochemistry, acoustics and imaging studies</h2>
<h3>Birkin, Peter R. (1)
, Leighton, Timothy G. (2)
, Offin, Douglas G. (1)
, Vian, Christopher J. B. (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1)School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK
(2)Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A set of experiments designed to characterize an ultrasonic piston like emitter and a cylindrical ultrasonic reactor are presented. These include electrochemical, acoustic and imaging of the systems deployed. An electrochemical technique, that can detect the erosion caused by single inertial cavitation events within these systems, is reported and the comparative results discussed. The technique relies on an opto-isolated measurement of erosion/corrosion of the electrode surface employed. Mapping of the systems is combined with acoustic and luminescent imaging. In addition, high-speed imaging within the different environments studied is used to support the conclusions drawn.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p418.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p342" class="affilation"></a>Ultrasonic synthesis of air-filled microbubbles and PFC-filled microcapsules</h2>
<h3>Cavalieri, Francesca
, Melino, Sonia
, Zhou, Meifang
, Fabber, Francesca
, Tortora, Mariarosaria
, Ashokkumar, Muthupandian</h3>
<p class="affilation">Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Ultrasonic synthesis and characterization of microbubbles and microcapsules using thiolated polymethacrylic acid and lysozyme was carried out. The protein and polymer shells are stabilized by interchains disulfide cross-linking induced by the radicals and superoxides, generated during the sonolysis of water. The remarkable stability of microbubbles is ascribed to the thick (500 nm) and compact cross-linked polymer shell. The mechanism of microbubbles/microcapsules formation is illustrated. Structural and functional properties of microbubbles/microcapsules have been investigated. It was found that the circular dichroism spectrum in the far-ultraviolet region of lysozyme microbubbles changed to that characteristic of a β-structure from the native α-helix rich spectrum. Lysozyme shell is partially arranged in fibrils with β-sheet internal structure as shown by the maltese-cross pattern obtained using cross-polarization microscopy and congo red staining. Studies on the biodegradability of the lysozyme microbubbles/microcapsules using proteolysis with digestive enzyme (trypsin) demonstrated the irreversible protein denaturation and crosslinking on microbubbles shell. In addition, we have developed a new technique where the high frequency (355 kHz) treatment of microbubbles can be used to reduce the size and narrow the size distribution of the microbubbles. Microbubbles loaded with an anti-cancer agent conventionally used for the clinical treatment of malignancies (e.g., doxorubicin) and coated with MRI contrast agent (ferritin) can be potentially used as contrast agents for the double-modality MRI and US.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p581" class="affilation"></a>Transient cavitation in high-quality factor resonators at high static pressures</h2>
<h3>Gaitan, D. Felipe (1)
, Matula, Thomas J. (2)
, Church, Charles C. (3)
, Gutierrez, Joel (1)
, Scott, Corey (1)
, Holt, R. Glynn (4)
, Crum, Lawrence A. (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Impulse Devices, Inc., Grass Valley, CA, USA
(2) Applied Physics Laboratory, U. Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
(3) Nat. Center for Phys. Acoustics, U. Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
(4) Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
It is well known that cavitation collapse can generate intense concentrations of mechanical energy, sufficient to erode even the hardest metals and to generate light emissions visible to the naked eye (sonoluminescence, SL). Considerable attention has been devoted to the phenomenon of "single bubble sonoluminescence" (SBSL) in which a single stable cavitation bubble radiates light flashes each and every acoustic cycle. Most of these studies involve acoustic resonators in which the ambient pressure is near 0.1 MPa (1 bars), and with acoustic driving pressures on the order of 0.1 - 0.4 MPa. We'll describe a high quality factor, spherical resonator capable of achieving acoustic cavitation at ambient pressures in excess of 30 MPa (300 bars). This system generates bursts of violent inertial cavitation events lasting only a few milliseconds (hundreds of acoustic cycles), in contrast with the repetitive cavitation events (lasting for many minutes) observed in SBSL. Cavitation observed in this high pressure resonator is characterized by flashes of light with intensities up to 1000 times brighter than SBSL flashes, as well as with spherical shock waves with amplitudes exceeding 30 MPA (300 bars) at the resonator wall. Computer simulations give estimates of the shock wave amplitude at the time of formation near the collapsing bubble to be around 1-10 TPa (10-100 Mbars). Both SL and shock amplitudes increase with static pressure. The possibilities of reaching these extreme conditions in current experiments will be discussed.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p816" class="affilation"></a>Frequency effects on sonoluminescence of alkali-metal atoms in sulfuric acid</h2>
<h3>Hatanaka, Shin-ichi (1)
, Hayashi, Shigeo (1)
, Choi, Pak Kon (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Applied Physics and Chemistry, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
(2) Department of Physics, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Recently, extremely intense sonoluminescence in sulfuric acid was discovered in both single bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) and multibubble sonoluminescence (MBSL). One of the most important discoveries in sulfuric acid for sonochemistry are the emissions from electronically excited metal atoms, because the emissions have given further insight of how the non-volatile metal cations get heated in a collapsing bubble. In this study, we have examined alkali-metal emissions during MBSL in sulfuric acid with sodium sulfate at 24 kHz and 150 kHz, comparing with those in aqueous solutions. The observation in 1 M sodium sulfate sulfuric acid solution at 28 kHz and 150 kHz under Ar revealed that orange emissions, which were confirmed excited sodium atom emissions at 589 nm, were observed in different spatial locations from blue-white emission only at 28 kHz. By stroboscopic observation, the sodium atom emission seemed to occur when a large bubble ejected tiny bubbles at the positions toward a pressure node after bubble coalescence around a pressure antinode. The intensity of sodium atom emission in sulfuric acid increased at lower frequency, which was the opposite tendency to the water case. Comparing a high resolution spectrum of sodium atom emission in sulfuric acid with that in water, the width of the spectra were almost the same, except for something superimposed in water case. The estimations of the temperature and pressure inside the bubbles with sodium atom emissions at 28 kHz and 150 kHz were 1900 K and 100 atm and 2200 K and 150 atm, respectively.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p816.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p248" class="affilation"></a>Effects of rare-gases on MBSL spectrum of K atom emission</h2>
<h3>Hayashi, Yuichi
, Choi, Pak Kon</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Physics, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Sonoluminescence (SL) from alkali-metal salt solutions has been studied because the emission mechanism from non-volatile alkali-metal ions has been interested. We measured multi-bubble SL spectra from KCl solutions saturated with Ar, Xe and He gases at temperatures in the range of 15 - 40 ℃ at the frequency of 148 kHz. For Ar-saturated solutions, the spectral line width of K atom emission, which broadened asymmetrically to the red side, was independent of temperature whereas the K-atom line intensity decreased with increasing temperature. These results show that an amount of water vapor does not affect on the K-line width but on the line intensity. The line width and intensity depended on the degassing procedure. We also observed in some ultrasound-irradiation condition that each K-atom doublet has two separate peaks: one is unshifted and the other is shifted and broadened. The results for Xe-saturated solutions clearly indicated that the spectrum of K atom emission is composed of two peaks, unshifted narrow line and shifted broadened line. In contrast to the cases of Ar and Xe saturation, we observed in He-saturated solutions the symmetrically-broadened doublet of K-atom emission, which are shifted to blue side by 0.35 nm. These results strongly suggest that the excited K atoms are perturbed by rare gases inside bubbles. The rare-gas effect observed is in good agreement with those of gas-phase spectroscopy. We conclude that K atom emission occurs in gas phase inside bubbles. An origin of unshifted narrow peak should be investigated in future.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p248.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p626" class="affilation"></a>Nebulization of a formaldehyde (FA)-neutralizing agent by an ultrasonic device enhances condensation of vaporized FA</h2>
<h3>Irie, Yutaka (1)
, Tachibana, Katsuro (1)
, Feril, Loreto B. Jr (1)
, Harada, Yoshimi (1)
, Hirakawa, Kazunori (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
(2) Tokiwa Science Corporation, Fukuoka, Japan
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
At room temperature, formaldehyde (FA) evaporates into a colorless gas with irritating odor. Considering the health hazard from FA, Japan implemented in March 2008 a new guideline lowering FA vapor limit to 0.1 ppm. Before this new guideline, 0.5 ppm has been considered the safety limit by most industries. The objective is to design a portable device that can effectively neutralize FA vapor. A bottle of 37% FA was placed inside an enclosed 70 x 50 x 78 cm cardboard box and opened for 2 min. The inner side of the box was sealed with vinyl cellophane to avoid the escape of vapor. A small fan in the box allowed even distribution of vapor inside. Then the FA concentration (in ppm) was monitored for up to 45 min. This data served as the control, then used to compare with other experimental groups. In experiment 1, an Infutrace (IFR of Pharma Corporation), a commercially available FA neutralizer agent, was sprayed inside the box and the other is when Infutrace was nebulized using an ultrasound device. Experiment 2 used pork meat dipped into 15% FA for 24 hrs, then exposed into open space to allow FA evaporation. The nebulized Infutrace was allowed to mix with the FA evaporation before being pumped in for measurement of FA concentration.<br>
<br>
The concentration of vaporized FA in an enclosed box reached 0.35 ppm. Spraying with Infutrace reduced the FA concentration to 0.15 ppm, while nebulized Infutrace reduced the concentration to 0.04 ppm. In the pork meat experiment, the FA vapor reached 20 ppm, which was effectively reduced to 0.100 ppm by ultrasound-nebulized Infutrace. This is equivalent to a 99.5% FA removal rate. The result show that a newly designed portable ultrasound device to deliver Infutrace can effectively neutralize vaporized FA. This method is not expensive compared to an expensive ventilation-filtration system that is usually installed in large facilities and is more likely more cost effective.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p303" class="affilation"></a>Objective parameters for the characterization of cavitation effects</h2>
<h3>Jüschke, Matthias
, Kochm, Christian</h3>
<p class="affilation">Bundesallee 100, Braunschweig, Germany</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
For the design and optimization of technical ultrasound applications, empirical methods are applied which rely on experience rather than measurements or models. This complicates the objective description of important output quantities such as, e. g., the cleaning quality or the conversion of sonochemical reactants as well as quality management in manufacturing processes. No international standards exist that reliably describe measurement and quantification methods for the output of cavitation technologies. <br>
<br>
This paper presents different techniques for obtaining quantitative cavitation parameters based on practical methods and it shows the relations between these parameters. Hydrophone measurements were used to describe the sound field as the driving force of cavitation and different spectral parameters were obtained from a spectral analysis. The erosive effect of cavitation is investigated by an aluminium foil technique, including a newly developed image processing technique which can distinguish between holes, ablation, and dents in the foil. The final result is a quantitative erosion parameter. For the description of sonochemical effects, the reduction of iodine is used as a model reaction and a spatially resolving detection method is presented. Finally, sonoluminescence was detected also with spatial resolution for comparison. Measurements of all these parameters in ultrasonic cleaners are presented that show that different properties and effects of cavitation can be described. The relations between the parameters are investigated by means of a multivariate data analysis and correlation values are discussed. The reproducibility of the measurements is, at least for the sound field parameters, better than 30% and it can be shown that a quantitative description by the parameters presented is favourable for applications in industry.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p66" class="affilation"></a>Modelling of Na D line shape in sonoluminescence spectra based upon density dynamics</h2>
<h3>Kazachek, Mikhail
, Gordeychuk, Tatyana</h3>
<p class="affilation">V.I.Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute of FEBRAS, Vladivostok, Russia
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A new model of the shape of Na D-line in sonoluminescence spectra is presented. The model is based on a hypothesis that a complex structure of the line (the shift, broadening, asymmetry, presence of parent peaks) is formed by the spectra radiated at various densities of the perturbing environment. The interval of the density values during the emission is obtained by fitting model spectra to experimental data. The best fit is found for the case when a rate of density growth is increased to the moment of full collapse. The estimated density interval when emission occurs is 25-400 Amg for the case of NaCl water solution in argon at 22 kHz. Assuming that the intrabubble temperature is 2000 K, the pressure is about 3000 bar at 400 Amg. It is also proposed that the only origin of narrow parent Na D-line peaks observed in the experimental spectra is "low-density" emission. The sonoluminescence spectra of K and Li are studied within the model. It is observed that increasing ultrasound frequency leads to displacing of the boundaries of the density interval to lower values.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p66.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p338" class="affilation"></a>Characterization of nanofluid of copper</h2>
<h3>Kumar, Virendra
, Kailash</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Physics, Brahmanand Post Graduate College, Rath, Hamirpur, Bharat, India</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Nanofluids are stable suspensions of nanoparticles in a liquid. In order to avoid coagulation of the particles, the particles must be coated with a second distance holder phase which in most cases, consist of surfactants that are stable in the liquid. An important application of nanofluid containing nanoparticles is as a coolant, since the addition of only a few volume percent of nanoparticles to a liquid coolant and significantly improves its thermal conductivity. The term nanotechnology has also been used more broadly to refer to techniques that produce or measure features less than 100 nanometers in size; this meaning embraces advanced micro fabrication and metrology. Nanotechnology based on molecular manufacturing requires a combination of familiar chemical and mechanical principles in unfamiliar applications.<br>
<br>
Metal nanoparticles can be used in various application fields, such as optical filters or nanolithography. Metal nanoparticles are also widely applied in catalysis because of the high surface to volume ratio. Copper nanoparticles have been synthesized by the flow-levitation method and coated with carbon-and-hydrogen films through the hollow-cathode glow discharge. The uncoated and coated Cu nanoparticles have been analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and infrared absorption. Their size, dispersion, and coating thickness have been examined. The addition of copper nanoparticles did not change the dependence of heat transfer on acoustic cavitations and fluid sub cooling. Ultrasonic velocity is the speed in which sound propagates in a certain material. It depends on material density and elasticity. It is related in a simple way to the various coefficients of compressibility, isentropic, isenthalpic and isothermal, hence the importance of its measurement and modeling in temperature and pressure ranges are widely used. In this work we have measured the ultrasonic velocity at different temperature and frequencies of 15 nm copper fluid using Interferometer technique.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p338.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p97" class="affilation"></a>Cavitation - a rapid and a novel way of generating the nanoemulsion encapsulated with active pharmaceutical ingredients</h2>
<h3>Manickam, Sivakumar
, Wei, Tan Khang
, Tang, Siah Ying</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Selangor, Malaysia </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The preparation of poorly water soluble drugs in the form of nanoemulsion is of increasing interest in the current drug delivery system, as it appears to be an excellent drug vehicle to facilitate the delivery of hydrophobic pharmaceutical ingredients into gastrointestinal tract, thereby improving the drug oral bioavailability. In the present study, an energy efficient cavitation method has been utilized to prepare a well- optimized formulation of nanoemulsion encapsulated with a variety of pharmaceutical ingredients such as Aspirin, Curcumin, Ganoderic acid and Polysachharide of Ganoderma. From the results, it has been clearly observed that cavitation is a powerful yet promising approach in the efficient production of nanoemulsions encapsulated with different active ingredients with smaller droplet size as well as with narrow distribution. It has also been confirmed that different operating parameters control in order to get an optimum and minimum droplet size. Concerning the stability of each formulation, particle size distribution (PSD) and polydispersity index (PDI) of each sample were remained approximately unchanged under room temperature after two months storage. In addition, Zeta potential measured by Zetasizer was approaching 0mA in all the developed formulation.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p336" class="affilation"></a>Sonochemical reduction method for controlled synthesis of metal nanoparticles in aqueous solutions</h2>
<h3>Okitsu, Kenji
, Nishimura, Rokuro</h3>
<p class="affilation">Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Various types of methods for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles have been actively researched to obtain functional nanomaterials such as catalysts and sensors. In this study, sonochemical reduction methods for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles were investigated in aqueous solutions. It was found that the rates of reduction of metal ions are strongly dependent on the types and concentration of organic additives. In addition, various parameters such as ultrasound intensity, ultrasound frequency, dissolved gas, etc. affected the rate of reduction of metal ions. To control the size and shape of metal nanoparticles, a seed mediated synthesis method for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles was also investigated under ultrasonic irradiation.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p336.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p274" class="affilation"></a>Degradation of water pollutants using ultrasound</h2>
<h3>Paniwnyk, L.
, Larpparosudthi, On Annong
, Mason, Timothy J.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Water can contain many different types of pollutants of a chemical and also of a biological nature and therefore must be treated prior to subsequent use. Textile effluents contain waste dyestuffs which are sometimes difficult to treat by conventional processes which often involve biological and chemical methods. Effluents from many industries, such as pulp bleaching by chlorine, hydrolysis of herbicides and the oil refining industries, contain aromatic chlorophenols. Due to their toxicity, the treatment efficiency of chlorophenols by general biological treatment systems is normally low and fairly inefficient. Other chemicals known as endocrine disruptors have also been found within our water systems. These chemicals target hormones and tissues in the body and are thought to have long term effects. Pollution by various bacterial organisms and algae is also become more common place with large scale problems occurring worldwide. Treatment using conventional methods can be difficult and in some cases ineffective. In order to treat water more efficiently advanced oxidation processes must be employed. Laboratory scale application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) using ultraviolet light and oxidizing chemicals such as ozone, hydrogen peroxide and Fenton's reagent have been found to be extremely effective for chemical treatment and such processes are based on the in situ generation of very reactive free radicals such as the hydroxyl radical (.OH). Ultrasound is considered to be such an advanced oxidation process. Its ability to generate hydroxyl radicals at low temperatures has generated interest in the treatment of dye decolourisation and also in the oxidation of chlorophenols. In this study the decolourisation of several dyes in aqueous solution was investigated in the presence and absence of sonication at varying frequencies with the most effective being 850 kHz. Treatment of aromatic chlorophenols also produced degradation at 850 kHz. However biological systems appear to operate in a different manner with the most effective frequency being 20 kHz which is primary a frequency used for disruption of cells rather than .OH radical generation.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p274.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p304" class="affilation"></a>Sonochemistry and sonoluminescence in aqueous systems</h2>
<h3>Price, Gareth J.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The sonochemistry of water based systems is of interest in a large number of areas including pollution remediation, chemical synthesis and safety implications in medical systems. In principle, sonication of water is quite straightforward, giving H· and OH· radicals which can then react further. Additional reaction pathways occur when volatile compounds evaporate into the bubble as it grows. However, there remain many details of the process that are unclear. We have been studying the effects of cavitation in aqueous solution using a variety of methods including detection and quantification of the radical intermediates as well as monitoring sonoluminescence emission. These methods have been applied to a range of solutions used in industrial processes, including emulsions. We have also applied the methods to a number of medical and dental ultrasound instruments. Some results for each area will be described. <br>
<br>
In particular, in collaboration with colleagues, we have investigated how the experimental conditions affect changes in sonoluminescence and in acoustic emission. We have shown that the rate of radical production, the acoustic emission arising from the collapsing bubble and the results from luminescence quenching experiments show good agreement. In addition, some unexpected effects were noticed when using ultrasound with two different ultrasound set-ups; a 20 kHz horn and a 515 kHz emitting transducer. A possible model to explain some of these results has been proposed suggesting that the type of cavitation is different in the two situations in terms of the proportion of stable and transient bubbles that exist. Some recent experiments aimed at clarifying the situation will be described.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p304.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p280" class="affilation"></a>Sonochemistry with bubbles stabilized in micromachined pits</h2>
<h3>Rivas, D. Fernandez (1)
, Zijlstra, A. G. (2)
, Lohse, D. (2)
, Prosperetti, A. (3)
, Gardeniers, H. (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Research Institute, University of Twente, The Netherlands
(2) Physics of Fluids, University of Twente, The Netherlands
(3) Department of Mechanical Engineering The Johns Hopkins University, USA</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The sonochemical generation of radicals by applying ultrasound in the medium kHz regime (100 - 500 kHz) at pressures up to 500 kPa to gas bubbles embedded in pits with 5-50 μm radius micromachined in silicon substrates was studied. The gas bubbles entrapped in the pits are stable for hours, and their oscillation leads to the ejection of micrometer sized bubbles. By using luminol as a chemiluminescent dye to visualize radical production by cavitation, we could demonstrate that these expelled microbubbles are chemically active. To quantify this activity, the product of the reaction of terephthalic acid with the hydroxyl radicals generated in the sonochemical process was measured by a fluorescence method. The results show an increase in total energy efficiency, expressed in the amount of radicals generated per unit power injected to the system, of more than 50 %, compared to an experiment without the surface bubbles.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p280.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p540" class="affilation"></a>Multibubble sonoluminescence pulse from Na atom in viscous liquid</h2>
<h3>Sawada, Yosuke
, Takeuchi, Yuta
, Choi, Pak Kon</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Physics, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Multibubble sonoluminescence pulses of Na and continuum emissions were observed from NaCl solution in ethylene glycol saturated with argon or xenon using a system of a photomultiplier with 0.78 ns rise time and 4G sampling/s oscilloscope at several ultrasonic frequencies. The continuum emission pulse showed single peaks with the width being 1.4 ns that is nearly equal to an instrumental width. The Na emission pulse showed multiple-peaks with each peak width being 1.4 ns and each peak interval being 2-3 ns at the frequency of 28 kHz. At 68 kHz the Na emission pulses showed single peaks with the width of 1.4 ns, and no multiple-peaked pulse was observed. This result disagrees with that by Arakeri et al. who reported a Gaussian shape pulse with the width ranging from 10 to 165 ns. High-speed photography of bubble dynamics observed in this solution suggests that the multiple-peaks are due to the superposition of single peaks which are resulted from many daughter bubbles fragmented from very large bubbles which phenomenon may be peculiar to a viscous liquid.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p540.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p331" class="affilation"></a>Degradation of perchloroethylene aqueous solutions by sonochemical, electrochemical and sonoelectrochemical methods</h2>
<h3>Sáez, V. (1)
, Esclapez, M. D. (1)
, Tudela, I. (1)
, Bonete, P. (1)
, Louisnard, O. (2,3)
, González-García, J. (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Nuevos Desarrollos Tecnológicos en Electroquímica: Bioelectroquímica y Sonoelectroquímica, Departamento de Química Física e Instituto Universitario de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante. Ap., Spain
(2) Centre RAPSODEE, Ecole des Mines Albi, Albi, France
(3) Université de Toulouse; Mines Albi; CNRS, Albi, France</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Chlorinated compounds have received special attention as pollutants due to their wide dissemination in the environment. Among them, perchloroethylene (PCE) is a widely used solvent in many areas of the industry and has been reported such as major intermediate in the degradation of other chlorinated compounds but, to our knowledge, there is not an extensive study about the sonochemical degradation of this compound. In the same way, we do not find many electrochemical treatment studies of aqueous solutions of this compound and the sonoelectrochemical approach is now emerging. In this work, we present a comparative analysis of the degradation of aqueous solutions of PCE by sonochemical, electrochemical and sonoelectrochemical treatment, pointing out the advantages and drawbacks of the different approaches, and also the synergic effects of the simultaneous applications of both energetic fields: ultrasound and electricity. Previous to these studies, not only specific researches were carried out in order to develop stable components (anodic materials) under high power ultrasound fields, but also the characterization of the experimental devices used during this study. <br>
<br>
The three approaches have been developed at laboratory scale, analyzing the viability of the process from a technical, economical and environmental point of view, in spite of the fact that the sonochemical devices used were non-optimized laboratory systems and the sonoelectrochemical devices were the sonochemical reactors adapted for sonoelectrochemical studies. Figures of merit such fractional conversion, current efficiency, mass balance error, selectivity (or speciation), degradation efficiency, degradation and energetic consumption were defined and determined for the three approaches. In summary, the sonochemical method presents serious deficiencies not only from an environmental point of view but also in the energetic requirements. The electrochemical method presents competitive costs and feasible technically processes (using optimized filter-press reactors) but it does not fit to the environmental requirements. The sonoelectrochemical treatment has provided the best results from the technical and environmental point of view but economical issues must be improved. Further research lines were suggested in the base of the obtained results.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p331.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p170" class="affilation"></a>Multi-bubble sonoluminescence resolved in space, time, and color </h2>
<h3>Thiemann, Andrea
, Nowak, Till
, Mettin, Robert</h3>
<p class="affilation">Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Strong ultrasonic fields in liquids can cause cavitation and sonoluminescence, commonly known as multi-bubble sonoluminescence (MBSL). In addition to the all-up intensity of the light emission from MBSL, there is also information hidden in its temporal and spatial distribution. Ideally the whole optical spectrum could be resolved in time and space. To achieve this aim at least partially we use a set-up with an ICCD camera which is triggered with a fixed phase relative to the acoustic driving. This phase coupling allows us to repeatedly expose only short time windows (down to 100 ns) per cycle. To collect sufficient MBSL light, these 100 ns windows are accumulated over many cycles. A delay line allows to shift the window position over the full acoustic driving period. Furthermore, three color filters are used to achieve a rough spectral resolution. This arrangement is used for various cavitation structures and different ultrasonic field parameters. The results show the regions and time periods of MBSL in the spectral filter ranges. One goal is to draw conclusions on the modalities and temperatures of bubble collapse in different spatial regions of the cavitating liquid.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p170.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p414" class="affilation"></a>Correlation of vibrometry and cleaning effects in ultrasonic dental instruments</h2>
<h3>Tiong, T. Joyce (1)
, King, David C. (1)
, Lea, Simon C. (2)
, Walmsley, A. Damien (2)
, Price, Gareth J. (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) University of Bath, Bath, UK
(2) University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
One application of physical acoustics is the development of ultrasonic dental instruments for cleaning purposes including descalers and endosonic files. The vibration characteristics of these instruments have been measured by scanning laser vibrometry, SLV. One possible contribution to the cleaning processes is cavitation and we have been using sonochemical methods to characterize cavitation around dental instruments. For example, significant amounts of sonoluminescence can be produced at the vibration antinodes of the endosonic files and there is good correspondence between regions of cavitation and large vibration. The cleaning efficacies of the files were studied using an irrigant used in endodontics (sodium hypochlorite) to bleach a dye (Rhodamine B). Results showed that ultrasound accelerates the rate of degrdation of the dye. For a range of different file shapes and sizes, there was a correlation between sonoluminescence and Rhodamine B degradation although the chemical effects of each files depended on their design. A comparison of the chemistry with the SLV results should allow the optimization of cavitation production along the endosonic files by modifying their shape to increase the cleaning efficacy for benefit in treatments.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p414.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p108" class="affilation"></a>On the influence of liquid-surface vibration on sonochemiluminescence</h2>
<h3>Tuziuti, Toru
, Yasui, Kyuichi
, Kozuka, Teruyuki
, Towata, Atsuya</h3>
<p class="affilation">National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The ultrasonic cavitation bubble can provide the extreme conditions at the interior with high temperature and high pressure. Under the condition, water is easily decomposed and oxidants such as hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide and ozone are created. At the interface of the bubbles, these oxidants react with chemicals such as luminol, and light is emitted in a process known as sonochemiluminescence (SCL). Chemical reactions involving acoustic bubbles are referred to as sonochemical reactions. The SCL intensity initially increases as the acoustic amplitude increases. At higher acoustic amplitude, the SCL intensity dramatically reduces. It is frequently observed that at this time a liquid surface vibrates apparently due to an action of acoustic radiation force. A detailed study on an influence of amplitude of liquid-surface vibration on the sonochemical-reaction efficiency that has not been reported so far is awaited to clarify a mechanism of the reduction at high acoustic amplitude.<br>
<br>
In this study, the influence of surface vibration on the SCL intensity by pulsed ultrasound of 151 kHz is investigated mainly through the optical measurement of the vibration amplitude. The pulsing operation inhibits the generation of degassing large bubbles that restrict the efficient spatial region for sonochemical reaction. It is shown that the vibration amplitude of liquid surface becomes marked gradually at pulsed ultrasound as an applied power to a transducer increases. At this time the SCL intensity increases and reduces apparently after showing the peak. It is found that the SCL intensity at pulsing with high amplitude reaches almost zero if an instantaneous position of liquid surface becomes close to or overcomes the fourth of wavelength of an ultrasound. This condition for the liquid surface vibration will give us a limit of establishment of resonant standing wave effective for sonochemical reaction.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p108.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p748" class="affilation"></a>Transient light emission measurement of pulse burst sonochemical luminescence</h2>
<h3>Yanagida, Hirotaka (1)
, Guo, Shuqiang (1)
, Fan, Honghui (1)
, Saitoh, Tadashi (1)
, Masanaga, Ikegami (2)
, Takahashi, Tatsuhisa (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan
(2) Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The light emission measurement of sonochemical luminescence using an aqueous solution of luminol (5-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophthalazine-1,4-dione) is thought to be useful as a method to predict multi-bubble cavitation behavior because the time from the formation of active bubbles to light emission is very short compared to other methods using a chemical reaction. From this light emission phenomenon, we intended to predict the process of growth and dissipation of cavitation bubbles. To ascertain the optimum sample conditions for our system, we first measured luminescence intensity while changing the luminol concentration, sodium carbonate concentration and liquid temperature. The intensity of luminescence was highest when the sodium carbonate concentration was 450 mM. When the sample temperature was varied from 3 to 50 degrees, the intensity of luminescence was highest between 20 and 30°C. These were taken as the optimum conditions for the system and an experiment was conducted using pulse burst waves. In the experiment, the pulse duration time was set in the range from 0.3 to 8.0 milliseconds and the interval duration time was set in the range from 0.01 milliseconds to 10 seconds to measure the intensity of luminescence using pulse burst waves. It was ascertained that, for a pulse duration time of 4.0 milliseconds or less, the intensity of luminescence decreases to about 90 percent even if the pulse train has a duty ratio of 1:0.02, which is very close to a continuous wave. It was found that the interval duration time in such a state is fixed to 0.1 milliseconds regardless of pulse duration time. Based on these results, we identified the time of activation (the time taken by bubbles to become active during ultrasound irradiation) and the time of deactivation (the time taken by the activity to decay when the irradiation was stopped).</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p748.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p107" class="affilation"></a>Origin of the broad-band noise in acoustic cavitation</h2>
<h3>Yasui, Kyuichi
, Tuziuti, Toru
, Kozuka, Teruyuki
, Towata, Atsuya</h3>
<p class="affilation">National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Acoustic cavitation is the creation and collapse of bubbles in liquid irradiated by a strong ultrasound. Created bubbles pulsate and radiate acoustic waves. The radiated acoustic waves are called acoustic cavitation noise. The frequency spectrum of acoustic cavitation noise consists of the driving ultrasonic frequency, its harmonics, subharmonics, ultraharmonics, and broad-band noise. While the broad-band noise has been widely utilized to measure the intensity of acoustic cavitation, its origin is still under debate. In the present study, numerical simulations of acoustic cavitation noise have been performed taking into account the effect of the temporal fluctuation in the number of bubbles. The temporal fluctuation is mainly caused by fragmentation of bubbles. The amplitude of the temporal fluctuation is assumed to be inversely proportional to a lifetime of bubbles which is estimated by the numerical simulations of the shape oscillations of bubbles. It has been shown that the temporal fluctuation in the number of bubbles results in the broad-band noise. Although non-periodic stable pulsation of bubbles also results in the broad-band noise, its contribution is negligible at least under the experimental condition of Ashokkumar et al. in which the ultrasonic frequency was 515 kHz. It is concluded that transient cavitation results in the broad-band noise, while stable cavitation does not when transient and stable cavitation are defined by a lifetime of bubbles.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p107.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p934" class="affilation"></a>Developments in targeted ultrasound contrast agent dynamics</h2>
<h3>Allen, John S.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Targeted ultrasound contrast agents are encapsulated microbubbles with conjugated ligands on their shell which allow them to bind to specific diseased regions. The agents oscillate nonlinearly about their equilibrium radii producing nonlinear scattering signatures that facilitate novel detection and imaging techniques. They provide molecular imaging capabilities to diagnostic ultrasound and a potential means for the treatment for therapeutic ultrasound. These molecular imaging capabilities show promise in a variety of medical applications including the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer, cardiovascular disease and biofilm infections. The latter topic is highlighted as only recently has it been the investigated with respect to targeted ultrasound agent imaging. Currently, there is no established method for in-vivo imaging of biofilm infections which occur when bacteria adhere and form a matrix on an exposed tissue surface. The matrix protects bacteria and is highly resistant to antibiotic treatment in its latter stages of development. Diseases such endocarditis, infection of the heart valve, can be difficult to treat other than with surgical intervention. Targeted ultrasound contrast agents may provide a significant advance in early diagnosis of biofilm infections.<br>
<br>
For drug delivery applications, the synergistic effect of targeted agents and ultrasound has been shown to enhance permeability, though the mechanisms are not well understood. Studies measuring real time changes in endothelial cell permeability with an Electrical Cell Impedance System (ECIS) are outlined. The respect role of binding and ultrasound can be examined in a novel and more rigorous manner with this method. Finally, outstanding theoretical and modeling issues related to the modeling of targeted agents are addressed. The dynamics of bubbles in proximity to a boundary and the role the boundaries' material properties are described. Recent developments in acoustic forcing schemes which can enhance the agents' nonlinear resonance responses are also discussed.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p640" class="affilation"></a>Influence of gas type on ultrasound cleaning efficiency</h2>
<h3>Brems, S. (1)
, Camerotto, E. (1,2)
, Hauptmann, M. (1,2)
, XiuMei, X. (1)
, Kim, T.-G. (1)
, Struyf, H. (1)
, Mertens, P. (1)
, Heyns, M. (1)
, De Gendt, S. (1,2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) IMEC vzw, Leuven, Belgium
(2) Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Acoustic intensity is a very important parameter in high frequency ultrasound cleaning. The intensity variations in a cleaning bath are measured with a raster scanned hydrophone and the results are simulated through the spatial impulse response method. Furthermore, acoustic reflections on the cleaning bath walls are minimized with damping material. The influence of different type of gases (oxygen, argon, nitrogen and carbon dioxide) on the ultrasound cleaning efficiency is investigated. Gas concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide are directly measured. The cleaning results indicate that oxygen, argon and nitrogen give comparable cleaning results whereas particle removal with dissolved carbon dioxide gas is completely absent.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p640.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p24" class="affilation"></a>Mixing and pumping with oscillating bubbles</h2>
<h3>Khoo, B. C. (1)
, Betari, J. (2)
, Klaseboer, E. (3)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) National University of Singapore, Singapore
(2) Ecole Polytechnic, Palaisecau, France
(3) Institute of High Performance Computing, Singapore</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
An oscillating bubble will generate a jet towards a solid surface in its collapse phase. This phenomenon has been known in for example underwater explosions, but it has also been confirmed with much smaller bubble sizes. It has also been shown previously that such a collapsing bubble can pump liquid from one side of a plate with a hole towards another, provided that the bubble and the hole are aligned. The working principle is still the same, i.e. a high speed jet is formed in the collapse phase of the bubble, this jet is directed towards the hole in the plate. <br>
<br>
In the current study we will investigate if it is possible to mix fluids with an oscillating bubble. Bubbles are created experimentally with a spark and a laser and high speed camera images are taken of the ensuing bubble and fluid dynamics. An interface is created of two immiscible fluids first. For this purpose a heavy liquid (HFE) is used and water. It appears that the density difference between the two fluids is responsible for the creation of a jet, which will mix the two fluids. The formation of a crown near the HFE water interface is observed, when the bubble is created very close to the surface. This phenomenon appears to be similar to the crown often observed in splashing drops on a layer of liquid. Experiments are also shown with two miscible fluids in order to see if the fluid-fluid interface plays any role. In order to do so, a layer of honey was used with a layer of water. The bubble dynamics and the mixing of the fluids appear to be very similar to the case with immiscible fluids. Finally, some experiments were performed in a microchannel using a laser generated bubble. The resulting flow phenomena are novel with possible underlying flow physics.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p24.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p159" class="affilation"></a>Measurement of a microcapsule vibration having a hard plastic shell in an acoustic standing wave</h2>
<h3>Koyama, Daisuke (1)
, Kotera, Hironori (2)
, Kitazawa, Natsuko (2)
, Yoshida, Kenji (2)
, Nakamura, Kentaro (1)
, Watanabe, Yoshiaki (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
(2) Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Commercialized contrast agents are encapsulated and have surrounding elastic shells. The vibrational amplitude of microcapsules is smaller than that of a free microbubble due to the shell effects. In this paper, the vibration of a single microcapsule with a hard plastic shell in an acoustic standing wave field was investigated. First, the optical simultaneous observation of a microbubble vibration by a high-speed video camera and a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) was performed. An acrylic cylindrical observational cell attached to a bolt-clamped Langevin transducer was employed to trap tens-micrometers-size bubbles at the antinode of acoustic standing wave generated in the cell. The bubble vibration at 27 kHz could be observed and the experimental results by the two methods showed a good agreement. This result implies that the vibration of the microcapsule with a hard plastic shell can be also observed by using the LDV. <br>
<br>
Microcapsules (microsphere F-80ED, Matsumotoyushi, Osaka, Japan) constructed of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) having a radius distribution approximately 10 to 100 µm and an average radius of 50 µm were employed. The displacement amplitude of the capsule vibration excited with 37 kPa at 115 kHz was measured to be approximately 100 nm. For comparison, the acoustic radiation force acting to the microcapsule in the acoustic standing wave was measured from the trapped position of the standing wave. The vibrational displacement amplitude of the capsule was estimated from the theoretical equation of the acoustic radiation force, and these two results were in good agreement. The vibrational amplitude of the capsule was proportional to the amplitude of the driving sound pressure. The larger expansion ratio was observed as the capsule close to the resonance condition under same driving sound pressure and frequency.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p159.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p369" class="affilation"></a>The effect of a nearby solid boundary on the dynamics of a small group of ultrasound driven microbubbles</h2>
<h3>Li, Michael
, Ooi, Andrew
, Dzaharudin, Fatimah
, Manasseh, Richard</h3>
<p class="affilation">The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This study uses a theoretical model to investigate the effect of a plane solid boundary on the dynamics of a small group of microbubbles, within which each bubble is assumed to have the same dynamical behaviour. The model is derived from an equation of Keller-Miksis-Parlitz form using an image bubble technique, and is validated by comparison with established experimental results. The resulting system of coupled ordinary differential equations are solved numerically in the case where all microbubbles begin with the same initial conditions and are investigated for a given set of ultrasound parameters. It was found that the solid boundary causes the oscillations of the microbubbles to increase as the distance between the bubbles and the boundary is decreased. Although this effect is very small for the scenarios considered in this study, it was observed that the solid boundary is more influential on the bubbles' dynamics for microbubbles of larger equilibrium radius, and for clusters of a larger number of microbubbles. The bifurcation characteristics of the bubble systems are also investigated, and it was found that a bubble system transitions from order to chaos at lower driving pressure amplitudes when the distance between the microbubbles and the solid boundary is decreased.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p369.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p925" class="affilation"></a>Bubble vessel interactions associated with pulsed ultrasound</h2>
<h3>Matula, Tom (1)
, Chen, Hong (1)
, Kreider, Wayne (1)
, Bailey, Michael (1)
, Brayman, Andy (1)
, Hwang, Joo Ha (1)
, Wang, Yak-Nam (1)
, Evan, Andrew (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics Lab, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
(2) Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Microbubbles are currently used in both diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound. The interaction of microbubbles with the surrounding tissue is important for several reasons. Not only do the constraining effects of the tissue influence microbubble dynamics, but also the bubble dynamics affects the surrounding tissue. Understanding the coupled microbubble/vessel interactions is thus important for applications ranging from diagnostic and molecular imaging to therapeutic ultrasound. This talk will discuss our work with microbubbles in actual ex-vivo tissues. Ultra-high speed microphotography was used to directly observe the interactions of single and multiple microbubbles with microvessels in ex vivo rat mesenteries. The mesenteric vessels were perfused with saline, green india ink (to enhance the contrast of the vessels) and microbubbles. The microbubbles were excited by 2-µs long pulses with a center frequency of 1 MHz and peak negative pressures spanning diagnostic and therapeutic levels (1 - 7 MPa). The images were captured with 50-nsec exposures, over the duration of insonation. Image registration was used to identify the specific locations within the vessels that were treated so that these specific regions could be later examined histologically, and under Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The images of microbubbles show a wonderful assortment of behavior, including simple spherical oscillations, bubble-bubble interactions, liquid jetting, translation, and break-up. The tissue response is also very interesting, and includes distension and inward jetting into the lumen. Several important outcomes associated with the interactions have been observed: Tissue jetting into the vessel lumen, which we called invagination, appears to be greater than distension for most cases. Also, liquid jetting through the microbubbles almost always forms away from the nearest tissue boundary, not towards it. Therefore, the strains and stresses associated with localized invagination may be the dominant mechanism for vessel damage, at least early in the rupture process. Although the tissue responds on the same time-scale as the microbubble dynamics (µsec), it relaxes back to its original state on the order of milliseconds. Histological examination of the tissue is also very interesting. In many cases, we do not observe damage, even at high pressures. However, when we do observe damage, the damage shows a tearing of the endothelium away from the surrounding muscle, as might occur if the invagination is pulling the endothelium into the lumen.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p925.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p87" class="affilation"></a>The correlation between acoustic cavitation and sonopration involved in ultrasound-mediated DNA transfection with Polyethylenimine (PEI) in vitro</h2>
<h3>Qiu, Yuanyuan (1)
, Luo, Yi (2)
, Zhang, Yanli (1)
, Cui, Weicheng (1)
, Zhang, Dong (1)
, Wu, Junru (3)
, Zhang, Junfeng (2)
, Tu, Juan (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Nanjing University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, P.R.China
(2) State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R.China
(3) Department of Physics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
It has been shown that the efficiency of gene/drug delivery can be enhanced under ultrasound (US) exposure with the presence of US contrast agent microbubbles, due to the acoustic cavitation-induced sonopration. However, obstacles still remain to achieve controllable sonopration outcome. The general hypotheses guiding present studies were that inertial cavitation (IC) activities accumulated during US exposure could be quantified as IC dose (ICD) based on passive cavitation detection (PCD), and the assessment of sonopration outcome should be correlated with ICD measurements. Methods: In current work, MCF-7 cells mixed with PEI: DNA complex were exposed to 1-MHz US pulses with 20-cycle pulse length and varied acoustic peak negative pressure (Pï€; 0 (sham), 0.3, 0.75, 1.4, 2.2 or 3.0 MPa), total treatment time (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 or 60 s), and pulse-repetition-frequency (PRF; 0, 20, 100, 250, 500, or 1000 Hz). Four series experiments were conducted: (1) the IC activities were detected using a PCD system and quantified as ICD; (2) the DNA transfection efficiency was evaluated with flow cytometry; (3) the cell viability was examined by PI dying then measured using flow cytometry; and (4) scan electron microscopy was used to investigate the sonopration effects on the cell membrane. Results: (1) the ICD generated during US-exposure could be affected by US parameters (e.g., P-, total treatment time, and PRF); (2) the pooled data analyses demonstrated that DNA transfection efficiency initially increased linearly with the increasing ICD, then it tended to saturate instead of trying to achieve a maximum value while the ICD kept going up; and (3) the measured ICD, sonopration pore size, and cell viability exhibited high correlation among each other. All the results indicated that IC activity should play an important role in the US-mediated DNA transfection through sonopration, and ICD could be used as an effective tool to monitor and control the US-mediated gene/drug delivery effect.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p87.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p28" class="affilation"></a>Non-spherical bubble dynamics in a compressible liquid</h2>
<h3>Wang, Q. X.
, Blake, J. R.</h3>
<p class="affilation">School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Micro-cavitation bubble dynamics caused by ultrasound has wide and important applications in medical ultrasonics and sonochemistry. An approximate theory is developed for non-linear and non-spherical bubbles in a compressible liquid by using the method of matched asymptotic expansions. The perturbation is performed to second-order in terms of a small parameter, the bubble-wall Mach number. The inner flow near the bubble can be approximated as incompressible at first and second order leading to the use of Laplace's equation, whereas the outer flow far away from the bubble can be described by the linear wave equation, also for first and second order and is shown as a direct problem. Matching between the two expansions provides the model for a non-spherical bubble behaviour in a compressible fluid. A numerical model using the mixed-Eulerian-Lagrangian method and a modified boundary integral method is developed to obtain the evolving bubble shapes. The primary advantage of this method is its computational efficiency over using the wave equation throughout the fluid domain. The numerical model is validated against the general Keller-Herring equation (GKHE) for spherical bubbles in weakly compressible liquids; excellent agreement is obtained for the bubble radius evolution up to the fourth oscillation. Numerical analyses are further performed for non-spherical oscillating acoustic bubbles. When subjected to a weak acoustic wave, bubble jets often develop at the two poles of the bubble surface after several cycles of oscillations. Resonant phenomenon occurs when the wave frequency is equal to the natural oscillation frequency of the bubble. When subjected to a strong acoustic wave, a vigorous bubble jet develops along the direction of wave propagation in only a few cycles of the acoustic wave.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p401" class="affilation"></a>Acoustically-driven microbubble pinch off</h2>
<h3>Zijlstra, A. G. (1)
, Rivas, D. Fernandez (2)
, Versluis, Michel (1)
, Mertens, P. (3)
, Gardeniers, H. (2)
, Prosperetti, A. (4)
, Lohse, D. (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Physics of Fluids, University of Twente, The Netherlands
(2) Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Research Institute, University of Twente, The Netherlands
(3) IMEC vzw, Heverlee, Belgium
(4) Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, USA</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The generation of free (micro)bubbles is an essential yet usually uncontrolled step in numerous applications of acoustic cavitation like e.g. ultrasonic cleaning and sonochemistry. Here, we address this issue using pre-defined cavitation nuclei driven continuously in the medium kHz regime (100 - 500 kHz) at pressures up to 500 kPa. The nuclei consist of stabilized gaspockets in cylindrical micropits (5-50 μm radius) etched in silicon substrates. It is found that an acoustic pressure threshold exists near 100 kPa above which the behavior of the liquid-gas meniscus switches from the well known stable drum-like vibration to bubble expansion outside the pit combined with strong deformations and shape oscillations. The latter eventually resulting in microbubble pinch-off. Just above the pressure threshold a large number of small microbubbles (O(1μm)) are continuously ejected and immediately recaptured by the source bubble. At elevated acoustic pressures the pinch-off mechanism becomes more pronounced resulting in the generation of larger bubbles (O(5μm)) which due to pressure gradients are frequently pushed away from the pit. Surprisingly, the resulting loss of gas generally does not lead to the deactivation of the pit. Due to the proces of gas diffusion the gas volume can regain its initial state thereby enabling another nucleation and microbubble pinch-off event. In this manner controlled and localized acoustic microbubble generation is achieved.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p401.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p379" class="affilation"></a>Bubbles in the ocean and their significance in ocean acoustics</h2>
<h3>Cato, Douglas H.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Defence Science & Technology Organisation and University of Sydney Institute of Marine Science, NSW, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Gas bubbles in water are among the most efficient sources of sound in nature when they oscillate as monopoles and as such provide the mechanism of sound generation for a diverse range of sources from underwater physical and biological processes. These include most of the natural and some of the introduced sources of sound in the ocean and other water masses. Bubbles also have a high scattering cross section and substantially affect the propagation of underwater sound and enhance the detectability of objects containing bubbles. The underwater sound measured from natural bubbles can be inverted to make estimates of wind speed and rain fall integrated over an area of the water surface and can also provide insight into transfer of gases across the air sea interface. This paper will discuss why bubbles are so effective in these respects, how they are responsible for most of the ambient noise in the ocean through many different sources, and how they are important in extracting information about processes within the ocean and in the vicinity of the ocean surface.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p379.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p661" class="affilation"></a>The role of surface tension in exciting breathing mode oscillations of newly-formed bubbles</h2>
<h3>Deane, Grant (1)
, Czerski, Helen (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, CA, USA
(2) Graduate School of Oceanography, URI, Rhode Island, USA</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The formation of bubbles is often accompanied by a pulse of sound, driven by the non-equilibrium conditions accompanying bubble creation. The underwater sound of rain and breaking waves, for example, is largely associated with bubble entrainment. Recent studies have shown that for bubbles released slowly from a nozzle, the collapse of the neck of air connecting the bubble to the nozzle immediately prior to detachment can account for the observed pulse of sound. The gross features of the neck collapse can be explained with a simple hydrodynamic model based on the conversion of surface tension energy in the neck into kinetic energy of the fluid surrounding the neck. The driving force behind the neck collapse is the large Laplace pressure drop across the air-water boundary associated with surface tension and the small radius of curvature at the end of the neck. This model has also been applied to bubbles fragmenting in fluid turbulence and found to be largely consistent with experiment. The role of surface tension in exciting breathing mode oscillations of coalescing bubbles and some types of bubbles entrained by falling drops will be discussed. In these cases, the neck of air is replaced by an azimuthally symmetric skirt which, like the neck, is subject to a rapid acceleration due to Laplace pressure forces.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p136" class="affilation"></a>Multibubble cavitation inception: Effects of bubble-bubble interaction under negative pressure</h2>
<h3>Ida, Masato</h3>
<p class="affilation">J-PARC Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Multibubble effects on cavitation inception are studied in detail to show that bubble-bubble interaction can change the inception process of cavitation in a variety of ways. In an effort to develop a high-power pulsed neutron source which uses a giant proton accelerator and liquid mercury, we have attempted to use microbubbles to reduce cavitation damage of the mercury vessels caused by proton-induced intense pressure waves. From an off-line experiment, we found that cavitation of liquid mercury is suppressed by injecting a sufficient amount of gas microbubbles into mercury. This observation was the starting point of our multibubble study on cavitation inception. Using a simple multibubble model in which Rayleigh-Plesset type equations are coupled through the bubble-emitted pressure waves, we first showed that microbubbles can in certain cases suppress explosive growth of cavitation bubbles under negative pressure, implying a significant effect of injected microbubbles on cavitation inception. We then performed a more detailed numerical study on cavitation in multibubble cases and found that several different patterns of bubble dynamics, such as competitive growth and interrupted expansion, are possible in the early stage of cavitation. From this detailed study we also found that the instantaneous unstable equilibrium radii of growing bubbles play an essential role in these processes. These findings unveil the complex nature of interacting bubbles under negative pressure.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p136.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p463" class="affilation"></a>Ultrasonic streaming in incompressible fluids - modelling and measurements</h2>
<h3>Lesniewski, Peter J.
, Stepin, Benjamin
, Thomas, John C.</h3>
<p class="affilation">School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Acoustic streaming is a fundamental nonlinear phenomenon typically accompanying high frequency vibration in fluids. Known and investigated already by Rayleigh and contemporary scientists, it attracts renewed interest due to the availability of powerful computational tools, advanced photography and precise laser velocimetry instrumentation, which can produce accurate experimental results. Its physical mechanism however is still not clearly understood with the analysis somehow limited by the traditional premises of harmonic analysis, radiation force and wave propagation and reflection with the focus on nonlinear terms of the inertial frame formulations. <br>
<br>
Following our earlier analysis of nonlinear effects on rigid particles in a streaming fluid using time domain (TD) finite element (FE) analysis with a moving mesh via ComsolT we present now the modelling of ultrasonic streaming alone. We use state of the art laser velocimetry instrumentation to measure the average velocity of 0.5µm latex tracer particles in a 0.003-0.03 ms-1 streaming water insonified in the 1MHz frequency range. We use LabViewT virtual instrument to analyse light scattered at a swarm of particles in the moving fringe of crossed laser beams and find the ensemble particle motion from the frequency spectrum of the signal. <br>
<br>
In order to verify the FE modelling results with respect to the streaming velocity, the electric power is monitored at the transducer terminals. Our FE simulation based on Navier-Stokes equation for viscous incompressible fluids does not involve wave propagation and radiation but is capable of presenting the transient development of streaming, effects of boundaries and of the character of the ultrasonic source. Our investigation shows that streaming is neither implied by a time-varying topology nor associated with the asymmetry or even with the movement of the source or the fluid surface. Surprisingly, the streaming velocity is increased by making the enclosure fully symmetrical or by using a 'bodiless' distributed pressure source. Observations reveal not only evolving vortices but a more complex character of streaming than generally shown, including unsteady and reversed velocity streaming. Animated plots reveal transient development of a volume of streaming medium progressively 'propagating' away from the source and following a self contained volume of a pressure 'valley' travelling ahead of it and apparently attracting its motion.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p463.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p238" class="affilation"></a>Interfacial dynamics and frequencies of passive bubble-acoustic emissions</h2>
<h3>Manasseh, Richard (1)
, Bui, Anh (2)
, Liovic, Petar (2)
, Ooi, Andrew (1)
, Riboux, Guillaume (3)
, Risso, Frédéric (4)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) University of Melbourne, Australia
(2) CSIRO, Australia
(3) University of Sevilla, Spain
(4) Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, France</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Numerical and experimental results are presented on the natural emission of sound by bubbles. High-amplitude sound is generally emitted during events such as bubble pinch-off from an orifice, fragmentation, or coalescence: cases when there are brief, extreme distortions to the gas-liquid interface. While well-established theory relates bubble sizes to their natural emission frequencies, practical measurements are complicated by uncertainly on the sound amplitude emitted by individual bubbles, which is determined by the fluid dynamics of the event. An understanding of these processes is relevant to acoustic feedback and control of industrial systems such smelters, minerals-processors, bioreactors and wastewater plants. It is also relevant in measurements of oceanic wave breaking. Experiments are presented on two processes leading to bubble sound emission: the pinch-off of a bubble, and the coalescence of bubbles. These events inherently involve extreme perturbations to the interface. Numerical calculations by a two-dimensional axisymmetric compressible multiphase code are presented on both processes, yielding good predictions of the interfacial dynamics but, in general, less realistic predictions of the acoustic emissions.<br>
<br>
Three-dimensional calculations by a parallel compressible multi-material flow code are also presented, in which the bubble was subjected to a small perturbation. The fundamental oscillation frequency of a bubble near a boundary showed a shift in natural frequency owing to the presence of the image of the bubble on the other side of the boundary. This simulation of the acoustic emission frequency compares very well with analytic theory and experiment, suggesting that the limitations of a finite computational domain are not significant at least for small perturbations to the interface. Thus, a three-dimensional, if computationally intensive, approach may in the future yield a comprehensive prediction of the amplitude of bubble sound emission.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p238.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p812" class="affilation"></a>Molecular imaging for the detection of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque </h2>
<h3>Anastasiadis, Pavlos
, Allen, John S.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Atherosclerosis, the cause of myocardial infarction, stroke, acute coronary syndromes and ischemic gangrene, is a multifaceted disease. Atherosclerotic lesions or atheromata consist of asymmetric focal thickenings of the intima. Rupture-prone lesions may remain undetected and upon manifestation expose pro-thrombotic material from the core of the plaque to the blood and thus, transforming the stable plaque into vulnerable, unstable that is likely to rupture, induce a thrombus, and elicit an acute coronary syndrome. Moreover, this type of lesions has been attributed to more than half of all acute myocardial infarction incidents. The current conventional imaging methods for the detection of atherosclerotic lesions are intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT). Although these techniques have proven useful in the clinical practice, significant limitations exist. IVUS has the potential to characterize atheromata only in the vicinity of the ultrasound catheter, MRI's long image-acquisition time hinders the consistent imaging of structures and CT lacks the ability to visualize rupture-prone, non-stenotic, lipid-rich lesions. <br>
<br>
The ability to recognize specific biological markers that occur when rupture-prone atherosclerotic plaque develops in normal artery walls could aid in the detection and thus, facilitating an earlier diagnosis. This study investigates the in vitro detection of vulnerable plaque with targeted ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs). Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) at center frequencies of 50 MHz and 100 MHz was used for the quantification of mechanical properties of excised artery tissue sections. Targeted UCAs were conjugated to specific antibodies and allowed to bind to sites of interest. Prior to the acoustic and epifluorescence investigation, artery sections with a thickness of 50 µm and 60 µm were obtained using a Leica CM3050S cryostat (Leica, Bannockburn, IL, USA). Following the acquisition of the RF data with SAM for the quantification of mechanical properties, backscatter coefficients and attenuation, the samples were prepared for histological staining and epifluorescence microscopy. The alignment of the optical and acoustic lenses allowed the determination of regions of interest (ROIs) which exhibited bound UCAs and ROIs without the presence of the agents. The concurrent epifluorescence and acoustic investigation of overlapping ROIs allows the direct comparison of mechanical properties of normal versus atherosclerotic plaque artery sections. The efficiency of UCA binding rates and the respective exhibition of backscatter and attenuation of these sites were examined. This preliminary study provides new insights on the potential for the detection of vulnerable plaque with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and targeted UCAs.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p812.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p996" class="affilation"></a>Ultrasound contrast agents: from imaging to therapy</h2>
<h3>Bouakaz, Ayache
, Novell, Anthony
, Escoffre, J. M.
, Piron, J.
, Aired, L.
, Doinikov, A.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Inserm U930 CNRS ERL 3106, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Contrast agents, consisting of tiny gas microbubbles are currently approved for ultrasound imaging in cardiology and in radiology. The microbubbles have a mean size of about 3 microns and are encapsulated by a thin biocompatible layer. Multiple clinical studies have established the utility of ultrasound contrast agents (UCA) in improving accuracy of echography for the diagnosis of many diseases and in reducing health care costs by eliminating the need for additional testing. <br>
<br>
Future clinical applications of UCA extend beyond imaging and diagnostic, offering to ultrasound technology a new therapeutic dimension. Since a few years, novel therapeutic strategies are explored using microbubbles and ultrasound. Our current data demonstrate that in the presence of microbubbles, ultrasound waves destabilize transiently the cell membrane allowing the incorporation of drugs, including genes into the cells. Moreover, the microbubbles might be used as a drug vehicle to achieve a spatially and temporally controlled local release. Besides, microbubbles are able to identify diseased targets through specific targeting.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p299" class="affilation"></a>Single microbubble acoustics in small tubes</h2>
<h3>Butler, Mairead (1)
, Dermitzakis, Aris (2)
, Thomas, David (1)
, Looney, Padraig (1)
, Pye, Stephen (3)
, Sboros, Vassilis (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Medical Physics and Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
(2) University of Patras, Greece
(3) Medical Physics, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Ultrasound microbubble contrast agents can be used to image blood flow in vessels. Small blood vessels form around arterial plaques and in tumours, by angiogenesis, and microbubbles can be imaged in these vessels to aid diagnosis. Currently no specific ultrasound imaging techniques exist which can distinguish between microbubbles in large or small vessels, however in vitro it has been shown that microbubbles in small tubes have a different acoustic response to those in larger tubes. Imaging techniques optimised for microbubbles in large or small vessels, slow flowing or attached microbubbles would help microbubbles be used to their full potential. A system for the investigation of single microbubbles was modified to include tubes. Definity and BiSphere microbubbles were studied in 200um cellulose and 50um acrylic tubes. Data for free bubbles subject to the same acoustic field was also available for comparison. For all microbubbles a 6-cycle pulse of transmit frequency 1.6MHz was used for acoustic pressures 160-1000kPa. A Philips Sonos5500 research machine with s3 phased array transducer from which the unprocessed backscattered data could be obtained was used and the fundamental and harmonic backscattered pressure calculated.<br>
<br>
For rigid shelled biSphere, at 550kPa in the 200um tube, the mean fundamental RMS pressure was 2.1 + 1.3Pa compared to 4.7 + 3.7Pa for free. For softer shelled Definity there was an increase in the harmonic backscatter with decreasing tube size. The mean harmonic RMS pressure for free microbubbles was 3.14 + 1.2Pa and 7.54 + 3.2Pa in the 50um tube. In addition, for Definity in the 50um tube no microbubbles at resonance were observed compared to 18% for free bubbles. For biSphere, the number of consecutive pulses for which an echo was detected was less in tubes than for free biSphere, e.g. at 550kPa 7% of free microbubbles were not detected after 7 consecutive insonations compared to 33% in the 200um tube and 39% in 50um tube. For Definity, fewer microbubbles were destroyed in the 200um tube, at 550kPa 81% of microbubbles were destroyed by pulse 7 compared to 98 and 97% in the 50um tube and free respectively. The results demonstrate that the origin of strong harmonic signatures from microbubbles in vivo is partly due to the presence of vessel walls also it is possible to detect small changes in microbubble behaviour. This provides valuable information on the acoustic response of microbubbles in tubes and for the development of signal processing algorithms.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p299.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p524" class="affilation"></a>Ultrasound-activated microbubbles for tendon gene transfer: confocal microscopy real time intracellular investigations and in vivo efficiency</h2>
<h3>Delalande, Anthony (1), Bouakaz, Ayache (2), Midoux, Patrick (1), Postema, Michiel (3), Pichon, Chantal (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire UPR 4301 CNRS, Orléans, France
(2) INSERM U930 - CNRS ERL 3106, Tours, France
(3) Institute for Medical Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Ultrasound (US) stimulation coupled to gaseous microbubbles (MB) is a new technique for efficient non viral gene delivery. Upon US exposure, MBs can be expanded, moved and even destroyed. These properties offer the opportunity of site-specific local delivery of drug or gene delivery. We have focused our in vivo investigation to optimize US assisted MB gene transfer in tendons. The rationale is to combine the possibility of transferring therapeutic genes and the beneficial US stimulation for tendinopathy. Using a luciferase reporter gene, we found that mice tendons injected with 10 μg of plasmid in the presence of 5x105 BR14 MB, insonated at 1 MHz, 200 kPa, 40 % duty cycle and 10 minutes of stimulation were efficiently transfected. The rate of gene expression was 100-fold higher than that obtained with naked plasmid injected alone and a sustained expression up to 100 days was obtained. The level of gene expression was correlated with plasmid copy number detected by qPCR. Such prolonged transgene expression might be due either to plasmid DNA (pDNA) chromosomal integration or episomal expression. We have been able to transform bacteria with DNA extracted from tendons having the highest expression level. These data prompt us to evaluate this technique to restore gene expression in fibromodulin KO mice. We found that only US and MB combination has allowed significant fibromodulin expression. This method offers the possibility of transferring genes that positively affect tendon healing and the beneficial stimulation effect of ultrasound reported as a physical therapy for tendinopathy. Ongoing experiments concern the use of optimal setup to transfect PDGF gene to stimulate tendon healing. The regeneration of injured Achilles tendons will be determined by histology, biomechanical tests, and measurement of collagens productions by qPCR.<br>
<br>
A key to success of this technique lies in understanding mechanisms governing MB cells interactions. Several studies suggest that pore formation is less likely to be the dominant mechanism. Recently, it was suggested that endocytosis mechanisms might also be involved. We have started to perform real time confocal microscopy investigations on adherent live cells. Our preliminary data show that most of fluorescent pDNA was mainly localized at plasma membrane straightaway following insonation. At later time, punctuate staining like vesicles were progressively moved towards the nucleus. Experiments performed on cell tools show that pDNA is located in tardive endosomes 3h post insonation. Data obtained from these different studies will allow specifying limitations of US assisted MB delivery.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p524.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p853" class="affilation"></a>Modulational instability of microbubbles surface modes</h2>
<h3>Dos Santos, Serge (1)
, Sánchez-Morcillo, Victor (2)
, Abellard, André-Pierre (3)
, Bouakaz, Ayache (3)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) ENI Val de Loire, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Imagerie et Cerveau, Université François Rabelais, Blois, France
(2) Departamento de Fisica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación para la Gestión, Integrada de las Zonas Costeras (IGIC), Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Spain
(3) Unité Mixte de Recherche, Imagerie et Cerveau, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Microbubble surface modes appear when contrast agents are insonified by high power ultrasound. In this case, the radius is in general a space-dependent function which can be expanded on the basis of spherical harmonics describing the spatial vibrational modes of the bubble. Modulational Instability (MI) is an instability of the vibration modes in nonlinear systems induced by an external driving, and can be physically interpreted as a nonlinear four-wave (or four-mode) mixing process. Starting from the continuous Marmottant model for the vibration of the bubble radius R(t), and a discrete nonlinear model of the discretized radius R(t,$theta_n$) with periodic boundary conditions and nonlinear coupling between surface modes, MI in bubbles is investigated numerically. After a first step of Symmetry Analysis applied to the nonlinear equations associated to the models, invariant properties allow an identification of similarity parameters that links both continuous and discrete models. The second step consists in studying numerically the MI instability criterion versus the amplitude of external field, representing the external insonified pressure that excite the bubble. The analysis reveals the existence of Intrinsic Localized Modes (ILMs), similar to those found in other more generic systems of coupled oscillators. The observation of ILM in 1D chains of coupled oscillators, presenting many similarities with the discrete bubble model, will be also presented with the objective to study the existence of spatio-temporal localized excitation leading to the breaking of the bubble. The perspective of this analysis is to define some practical optimized excitations of the bubble leading to drug delivery applications.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p831" class="affilation"></a>Ultra high-speed fluorescence imaging of ultrasound contrast agents for imaging and therapy</h2>
<h3>Gelderblom, Erik (1)
, Kooiman, Klazina (2)
, Böhmer, Marcel (3)
, de Jong, Nico (1,2)
, Lohse, Detlef (1)
, Versluis, Michel (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Physics of Fluids, University of Twente, The Netherlands
(2) Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus MC, The Netherlands
(3) Philips Research, The Netherlands</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Ultrasound contrast agents for organ perfusion imaging have recently been adopted as probes for molecular imaging as well as active targeted drug carriers for intravascular therapy. Given the poor optical contrast, fluorescence imaging is required to image the bubbles in stratified vascular flows in intravital microscopy and to visualize drug release, flow and resulting transfection through the cell membranes. The timescales at which bubble rupture takes place (microseconds and shorter) makes time-resolved fluorescence imaging of ultrasound-triggered drug release extremely challenging. Here we present details of the bubble rupture dynamics. The observations were made using a combination of a high power CW laser and the Brandaris 128 ultra high-speed imaging facility, giving unique insight into the physical mechanisms of local intravascular drug delivery. Recordings of fluorescently labeled phospholipid-coated contrast agents show an excellent delineation of the bubble wall at frame rates of up to 5 million frames per second. This allowed us to reveal the time-resolved dynamic distribution of the shell material, including lipid shedding. The improved contrast of fluorescence over bright-field imaging is highly relevant for combined optical and acoustical characterization of coated microbubbles, as their dynamics is governed by the non-linear behavior of the shell material. Oil-filled polymeric microcapsules (Philips Research) with a high dye concentration mixed in the hexadecane liquid core demonstrate a profound photo-acoustic effect when excited with a laser intensity of 1 MW/cm2 and higher. The dye molecules absorb the laser light leading to intense heating of the liquid core. A rapid phase change leads to an impulsive thermal expansion. The resulting vapor bubble dynamics imaged using fluorescence imaging at a timescale of the order of 100 nanoseconds revealed a typical oscillation frequency of 200 kHz. The resulting acoustic signature in the far field can amount up to 100 Pa at a distance of 2.5 cm from the capsule.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p831.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p232" class="affilation"></a>Sonodynamic therapy with titanium dioxide in vitro and in vivo</h2>
<h3>Harada, Yoshimi
, Ogawa, Koichi
, Irie, Yutaka
, Endo, Hitomi
, Feril, Loreto B. Jr
, Noosavi-Nejad, S. F.
, Tachibana, Katsuro</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Anatomy, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Photocatalyzed titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles with UV light have been shown to eradicate cancer cells. However the required in situ introduction of UV light limits the use of such a therapy in patients. In this study, we evaluated the antitumor effect of TiO2 combined with low energy ultrasound (US) on a melanoma cell line (C32) in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, C32 cells were sonicated with or without the presence of TiO2 at an intensity of 0.5, 1 W/cm2 for 10s (Frequency; 1MHz, Burst Rate; 5Hz, Duty; 50%). Immediately after sonication, cell viabilities were analyzed by trypan blue exclusion method. Cell killing were observed as follows, control; 95.8 ±0.4%, alone TiO2; 95.3±1.3%, US alone; 92.4±2.1%, and TiO2 combined with US; 53.6±2.5% (1W/cm2, 10s). There was significant enhancement of cell killing by TiO2 and US. In vivo experiments using xenografts (nude mice), intratumoral injection of TiO2 with US exposure led to a greater degree of tumor regression than did the intratumoral injection of TiO2 or US alone. These results suggest that combination of ultrasound and TiO2 is an effective method of killing cancer cells. Further experiments are needed to evaluate the exact mechanism of this phenomenon. This technique may be used as a very safe, non-invasive cancer therapy.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p793" class="affilation"></a>A simultaneous observation system for microbubble vibration in an acoustic field by using a high-speed camera and an LDV</h2>
<h3>Kotera, Hironori (1), Kitazawa, Natsuko (1), Yoshida, Kenji (1), Koyama, Daisuke (2), Nakamura, Kentaro (2), Watanabe, Yoshiaki (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Japan
(2) Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Optical simultaneous observations for the vibration of microbubble are performed using a high-speed video camera and an LDV. As a method to observe the microbubble vibration, high speed camera is ordinary used, because it enables to capture a whole movement of the microbubble behavior in time variation. However, the frame rate of the camera is generally slower compared with the velocity of irradiated ultrasound. Additionally, due to the low spatial resolution of the observed pictures taken by high speed camera, it is difficult to measure the precise behavior of the microbubble. To solve these problems, a laser Doppler vibrometer was introduced with the ordinary high-speed camera observation system. Then both of the observed results were compared to each other.<br>
<br>
An acrylic cylindrical observational cell attached to a bolt-clamped Langevin transducer was employed to trap tens-micrometers-size bubbles at the antinode of acoustic standing wave generated in the cell. LDV was located above the cell and its focal point was adjusted to a microbubble in the downward direction to measure the vibrational displacement amplitude. The focal point length of the LDV was 20 mm. As a result, the spherical bubble vibration at 27 kHz with the vibrational displacement amplitude of 2 m could be observed and the experimental results by two methods showed a good agreement. A nonspherical vibration was also observed. The radius versus time curve was quite similar to each other, but the vibration amplitude measured by LDV was about two times smaller than that measured by high speed camera. For the complicated behaviors such as nonspherical vibrations, we found out that the bubble vibration can be measured precisely by adjusting the focal point of LDV to the center of the bubble. By using the presented observation system, it is confirmed that more precise observation of bubble vibration behavior can be realized.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p793.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p25" class="affilation"></a>Forming morphing microfoam</h2>
<h3>Kotopoulis, Spiros (1,2)
, Postema, Michiel (1,2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Emmy-Noether Group, Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
(2) Department of Engineering, The University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The ultrasound-induced formation of bubble clusters may be of interest as a therapeutic means. If the clusters behave as one entity, i.e., one mega-bubble, its ultrasonic manipulation towards a boundary is straightforward and quick. If the clusters can be forced to accumulate to a microfoam, entire vessels might be blocked on purpose using an ultrasound contrast agent and a sound source. In this study, we analyse how ultrasound contrast agents with different shell compositions form clusters in a capillary and what happens to the clusters if sonication is continued, using continuous driving frequencies in the range 1-10 MHz. Furthermore, we show high-speed camera footage of microbubble clustering.<br>
<br>
We observed the following stages of microfoam formation within a dense population of microbubbles before ultrasound arrival. After the sonication started, contrast microbubbles collided, forming small clusters, owing to secondary radiation forces. These clusters coalesced within the space of a quarter of the ultrasonic wavelength, owing to primary radiation forces. The resulting microfoams translated in the direction of the ultrasound field, hitting the capillary wall, also owing to primary radiation forces. We have demonstrated that as soon as the bubble clusters are formed and as long as they are in the sound field, they behave as one entity. At our acoustic settings, it takes seconds to force the bubble clusters to positions approximately a quarter wavelength apart. It also just takes seconds to drive the clusters towards the capillary wall. Subjecting an ultrasound contrast agent of given concentration to a continuous low-amplitude signal makes it cluster to a microfoam of known position and known size, allowing for sonic manipulation, including the release of its contents.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p25.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p375" class="affilation"></a>Wideband nonlinear imaging of ultrasound contrast agent with a CMUT Probe</h2>
<h3>Novell, Anthony
, Bouakaz, Ayache</h3>
<p class="affilation">UMR INSERM U930, CNRS ERL 3106 and Université François Rabelais, Tours, France</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Upon suitable excitation, microbubbles generate different nonlinear components such as 2nd harmonic, superharmonic or subharmonic components. Currently, due to the limited frequency bandwidth of PZT transducers, only a single nonlinear component is selected and imaged. Today, advantages of Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (CMUTs) such as wide frequency bandwidth could be used in nonlinear contrast imaging. However, CMUTs are inherently nonlinear generating thus undesirable harmonic components. Thanks to compensation methods, it is possible to considerably reduce these unwanted components by modifying the excitation waveform and exploit CMUTs for nonlinear contrast imaging. We propose in this study to exploit the wide CMUT bandwidth to enhance the response from microbubbles by selective imaging of the 2nd harmonic and subharmonic components concomitantly.<br>
<br>
Experiments were performed using a 128 elements CMUT linear array probe (Vermon, France) centered at 4 MHz. The CMUT bandwidth at -6 dB was higher than 120%. The probe was connected to an open scanner with analog transmitters (M2M, France). A 2-cycle excitation Gaussian pulse of 2 MHz, 700 kPa and 60% bandwidth was transmitted. First, optimal parameters for compensation of the nonlinearities of the probe (phase or amplitude) were estimated using hydrophone measurements in order to reduce the 2nd harmonic component generated by the CMUT probe. Then, contrast agent harmonic imaging was performed using a 1/2000 diluted solution of SonoVue in a flow phantom. Selective imaging at a wide frequency band including both the second harmonic (4MHz) and the subharmonic (1MHz) components was performed. Results obtained with CMUT probe were compared to those of a standard PZT probe.<br>
<br>
Thanks to compensation method, the 2nd harmonic component is reduced by 16 dB. The Contrast to Tissue Ratio (CTR) increased by 11 dB when the compensation method is applied. Taking advantage of the wide band of the probe, the compensation procedure is applied to image both the 2nd and the sub harmonic concomitantly. Compared to subharmonic imaging alone, the addition of the 2nd harmonic component provides an increased SNR. These results demonstrate the ability to increase both CTR and SNR when wide band imaging is performed and reveal the potential of CMUT probes for contrast agent imaging.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p88" class="affilation"></a>A review of single microbubble acoustics</h2>
<h3>Sboros, Vassilis</h3>
<p class="affilation">Medical Physics and Centre of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Ultrasound microbubble (MB)-enhanced imaging is currently applied in the clinic for heart and liver diagnosis. The potential use of quantifying microvascular flow has been researched for over 20 years. More recent research has explored novel applications of MB technologies such as molecular imaging, enhancement of cell porosity, thrombolysis and drug/gene delivery. The slow progress of the field may be attributed to the lack of high quality experimental data that enable a thorough understanding of MB behaviour under realistic ultrasound fields and in realistic in vivo experimental settings, which in turn will facilitate translation of research into novel in vivo tools. The necessity for investigating the acoustics of single MBs stems from the lack of a single or a predictable distribution of their acoustic responses. In other words investigations of MB clouds are limited in providing information on the individual scatter components, thus making difficult the comparison of experimental and theoretical data, but also an assessment of the performance of signal processing algorithms. Single MB acoustics measurements have provided high quality data that may advance MB theory and signal processing research. <br>
<br>
With the help of accurate calibration of MB scatter it is possible to observe and study physical phenomena such as resonance, the onset of transient cavitation, MB cracking, the different contributions of the shell, gas and environment including narrow tubing, and the various decay mechanisms. In addition pulse sequences available in commercial scanners can be assessed accurately. It is possible to capture large sample sizes of signal distributions and enable thorough signal processing analysis without the prerequisite of a model MB behaviour. It has been found that current pulse sequences, such as amplitude modulation, have a suboptimal operation as they exploit a small proportion of MBs, while they successfully cancel linear tissue echoes at low mechanical index imaging. In conclusion single MB acoustic measurements offer high quality data for the development of signal processing, improve the theoretical understanding of MB behaviour under well controlled experimental conditions, and can efficiently characterise different MB types, which is useful for the development of MB technologies.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p88.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p54" class="affilation"></a>Comparative analysis of gene transfer efficiency to CHO cells by echo contrast agent BR14 under different ultrasound conditions</h2>
<h3>Tachibana, Katsuro
, Feril, Loreto B. Jr
, Harada, Yoshimi
, Ogawa, Koichi
, Irie, Yutaka</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Anatomy, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In resent studies we demonstrated that low-intensity ultrasound (US) combined with echo contrast microbubbles can be used for delivery of genes into tumor cells. In this study, we investigate the gene transfer efficiency of ultrasound with or without echo-contrast agent (BR14) under different acoustic conditions (e.g. intensity, duty cycles and exposure times) to determine if there are relationships between the gene transfer efficiency and ultrasound parameter. In vitro 2 µg of the plasmid DNA (EGFP) and 2-5 x 106 BR14 microbubbles (Bracco, Milan, Italy) were mixed with 4 x 105 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells at a final volume of 200 µl (n=4). The cells were sonicated using an 0.8 cm diameter flat tansducer at the frequency 0.7 MHz (burst rate: 1.0 Hz; intensity: 0.6, 2.0 and 3.7 W/cm2; duty cycles: 20%, 50% and 70%; expose time: 20s and 40s). After the sonoporation, the percentage of PI negative cells as cell viability were determined and GFP-positive cells in 10000 live cells after 24 h culture were detected by flow cytometry analysis. <br>
<br>
The Sonication resulted in significant loss of viability. Sonication with higher intensities resulted in increased loss of viability (up to about 30%), which was significantly enhanced intensity by the addition of BR14 (about 60%). The percentage of GFP-positive cells was just about 2-3%, 24-hrs after sonication. Intensity and duty cycles used in this study did not significantly chance the transfection rates. The percentage of GFP-positive cells was enhanced about 2 times by BR14. At intensity 3.7 W/cm2, despite the significant loss of viability compared to 2.0 W/cm2 at duty cycle 70%, did not show significant difference in transfection rates. However, increasing sonication time to 40 sec resulted in significant increase at 3.7 W/cm2, which increased with increasing duty cycles (up to 2 times) increase in transfection rate. The results showed that changing intensity alone does not significantly change the transfection rate. However, addition of BR14 significantly enhanced the transfection rate. In addition at 3.7 W/cm2 increasing the sonication time and at higher duty cycle transfection can be further enhanced.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p509" class="affilation"></a>Evaluation of the effects of secdonary radiation force on aggregation of ultrasound contrast agents</h2>
<h3>Zhang, Yanli
, Zhang, Dong
, Huang, Bei
, Gong, Xiufen</h3>
<p class="affilation">Institute of Acoustics, Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R.China</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Ultrasound contrast agents have show promising for ultrasonic molecular imaging, in which targeted agents selectively attach molecular markers expressed on diseased endothelium and increase contrast in the area such as thrombus and inflammation. Ultrasound radiation force can manipulate encapsulated microbubbles and displace them off the vessel axis in blood stream towards the vessel wall, thus increase the targeting efficiency in ultrasonic molecular imaging. However, the secondary radiation force produces a reversible attraction and aggregation of microbubbles, limiting the improvement of imaging sensitivity. This study proposed a theoretical model of second radiation force for encapsulated microubbles. In this theoretical model, the nonlinear radial oscillations of microbubbles are described by a modfied Herring equation including the change of the suface tension during oscillation, and coupled with the translation motions of microbubbles. This model is then used in a numerical investigation of the translational motion of encapsulated microbubbles in ultrasound molecular imaging. Results indicate that the secondary radiation force provides a significant effect on the aggregation of microbubbles, and its effect is associated with the ultrasound frequency, amplitude, and microbubble concentration. The results obtained are of interest for developing a high sensitive technique for detection of adhesive microbubbles from free microbubbles.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p509.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p526" class="affilation"></a>Mechanical erosion of tissue using millisecond bursts of high amplitude shock waves</h2>
<h3>Khokhlova, V. A. (1,2)
, Canney, M. S. (1)
, Khokhlova, T. D. (1)
, Wang, Yak-Nam (1)
, Hwang, Joo Ha (1)
, Crum, Lawrence A. (1)
, Bailey, Michael (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
(2) Department of Acoustics, Faculty of Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU), thermal bioeffects are often accompanied by mechanical damage of tissue caused by bubbles. There has been significant interest in recent HIFU studies to control bubble activity to generate purely mechanical erosion of tissue without thermal coagulation. In our previous studies we have reported that this bioeffect can be reached using millisecond-long pulses that initiate explosive boiling in tissue within each pulse. In this work, specific protocols of HIFU exposures that result in either purely thermal, combined thermal and mechanical, and purely mechanical tissue ablation using millisecond pulses of shocks are presented. Experiments were performed in excised bovine heart tissue using a 2 MHz single-element transducer. The in situ exposure parameters varied: pulse duration (200 microseconds - 500 milliseconds), duty cycle (0.5% - 100%), total number of pulses (1 - 50), peak positive pressure (30 - 60 MPa), and peak negative pressure (8 - 12 MPa). Lesions in tissue were photographed and samples were collected for histological analysis. Purely mechanical tissue damage occurred when pulse lengths exceeded the time to boil by 20-50% and duty cycle did not exceed 1%. Cavities created in tissue were filled with red liquid and had a reproducible tadpole shape and size (15 mm by 5 mm). At higher duty cycles or longer pulses the liquid turned whiter in color and thickened because of thermal coagulation; starting from 20% duty cycle and/or pulses longer than 5 times the time to boil the lesions consisted of solid coagulated tissue with a vaporized core. Histological analysis demonstrated a homogenized mixture of lysed cells and matrix in mechanically eroded lesions and no structural disruption of cells in purely thermal lesions. We conclude that millisecond boiling is a reliable and controllable method to non-invasively erode tissue.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p316" class="affilation"></a>A brief review of development of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) in Chongqing Medical University of the past 21 years</h2>
<h3>Li, Faqi (1)
, Wang, Zhibiao (1)
, Chen, Wenzhi (2)
, Li, Chengzhi (1)
, Zhang, Lian (2)
, Wu, Feng (1)
, Wu, Junru (3)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Sate Key Laboratory of Medical Ultrasound Engineering, Institute of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine, Departmente of Biomedical Engeering, Chongqing Medical University, P.R.China
(2) The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, P.R.China
(3) Department of Physics, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, USA
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Basic research and clinical applications of HIFU to treat many life-threatening diseases such as uterine fibroids, osteosarcoma, liver cancer, breast cancer, and many others have attracted broad interests in global medical communities. HIFU has been considered as one of the most important developing technologies of modern medicine. Since 1988, researchers and medical doctors in Chongqing Medical University, China have been performing fundamental research, animal experiments, and clinical trials on HIFU technology. This presentation will serve a brief review of this development of the past 21 years. Due to the multi-disciplinary nature of this technology, this talk will focused on the inter-linkage of the three aspects: engineering, biology and clinical protocol. Examples of clinical treatments of liver, bone and breast cancers will be introduced; our treatment record shows that patients have survived longer than ten year after treatments. In addition, we also will report on applications of HIFU in the treatment of gynecological non-neoplastic diseases such as nonneoplastic epithelial disorders of vulva, chronic cervicitis and HPV infections.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p316.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p478" class="affilation"></a>Theoretical modeling of radiation force imparted on a kidney stone by a focused ultrasound beam</h2>
<h3>Sapozhnikov, Oleg A. (1,2)
, Bailey, Michael (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Acoustics, Physics Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
(2) Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, USA</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In addition to heating and cavitation effects, an intense ultrasound beam gives rise to acoustic radiation force acting on a scatterer or the propagation medium itself. This can be used to move the scatterer in a desirable direction. Such a need exists during treatment of kidney stone disease, because residual kidney stone fragments often remain after extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and new stones may grow from those fragments. The goal of this work is to study theoretically the pushing effect created by an acoustic wave incident on a kidney stone. We simulated the radiation force imparted on a kidney stone by a high-intensity focused ultrasound beam. First, acoustic wave interaction with the stone and the corresponding scattering were modeled using finite differences based on elasticity equations. Then the radiation stress tensor was calculated and the radiation force was obtained given stone position and size. Finally, net force acting the stone was calculated by integrating the radiation stress along a closed surface surrounding the stone. The focused ultrasound beam parameters were taken in accordance with existing therapy system being used in our laboratory: an annular array of 2 MHz with focal lengths in the range 4.5-8.5 cm, up to 4-MPa bursts for 100 ms to 1 s. Numerical calculations showed that moderate intensity focused ultrasound could create radiation force that exceeds the stone weight.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p1021" class="affilation"></a>Manufacture of graded porosity foams: Simulation of local ultrasonic pressure and comparison with experimental results</h2>
<h3>Torres-Sanchez, Carmen (1)
, Corney, Jonathan (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
(2) Department of Design, Manufacture and Engineering Management, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XJ, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The manufacture of polymeric solid foams with an engineered distribution of mechanical properties has been possible by irradiating ultrasound on a viscoelastic reacting mixture. Structures with a heterogeneous pore size distribution offer great advantages when compared to homogeneous distributions in many applications that require strength with minimal amount of material (e.g. airplane wings). However, manufacturing solutions lag well behind the demand of these components. Sonication has been recently demonstrated as a potential technique that can support these materials fabrication processes. The mechanism involves bubble growth in a polymeric melt undergoing foaming that is influenced by the ultrasonic environment (i.e. sound pressure, frequency and exposure time). Once the foam solidifies, the final porosity distribution within the solid reflects the sonication conditions. In order to obtain sophisticated distributions of porosity and porosity gradients, fine control on the acoustic pressure field has to be achieved. This paper presents an attempt to correlate acoustic pressure to porosity gradation by comparison of simulated acoustic field and engineered porosity analysed on experimental polyurethane foams. COMSOL Multiphysics™ has been used to recreate the process in the irradiation chamber; and the acoustic fields, both in the environment and the reaction vessel, have been simulated and validated. Results from this study will allow the optimisation of the manufacturing process of functionally tailored materials with the sonication method.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p1021.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p86" class="affilation"></a>Controlled drug release from encapsulated nanometer liposomes using high intensity focused ultrasound </h2>
<h3>Wu, Junru
, Chen, Di</h3>
<p class="affilation">Physics Department and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A liposome with a diameter ranging from 150 to 200 nm has been considered to be one of the optimal vehicles for targeted drug delivery in vivo since it is able to encapsulate drug and also circulate in the blood stream stably. Its small size, however, makes controlled release of its encapsulated content difficult. A feasibility study for applications of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) of the mega-hertz frequency to induce controlled release of its content was carried out. This study, using the dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopic observation, demonstrated 21.2% of encapsulated fluorescent materials (FITC) could be released from liposomes with an average diameter of 210 nm when exposed to continuous (cw) ultrasound at 1.1 MHz ( ISPTA= 900 W/cm2) for 10 s and the percentage release efficiency can reach to 70% after 60s' irradiation. This result also reveals that rupture of relatively large liposomes (>100nm) and generation of pore-like defects in the membrane of small liposomes (<100nm) due to HIFU excitation might be the main causes of the release; the inertial cavitation took place during the irradiation. The controlled drug release from liposomes by HIFU may be proven to be a potential useful modality for clinical applications.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p86.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p662" class="affilation"></a>Acoustically induced micro-scale capillary wave turbulence</h2>
<h3>Blamey, Jeremy
, Friend, James
, Yeo, Leslie</h3>
<p class="affilation">Monash University, Victoria, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The theory of non-linear wave interactions leading to so-called interfacial wave turbulence, where a broadband distribution of capillary wave phenomena may be induced by a monofrequency oscillator, is well known, but experimental results are rare. In particular, it is challenging to set up a physical system where both capillary wave amplitudes are easy to measure and capillary forces dominate gravitational forces. Though capillary forces dominate at small scales, the small oscillation amplitudes and generally high oscillation frequencies preclude measurement via cameras or other traditional means. Instead, we use a laser Doppler vibrometer, capable of measuring oscillations up to 40 MHz, and providing a minimum detectable deflection of picometres. Using ultrasonic surface acoustic wave excitation at 19.5 MHz, we generate wave turbulence on the free surface of a water drop. Energy at the driving frequency does not directly enter the cascade, which does not persist into the MHz range; rather the driving frequency excites a low-frequency resonance. This resonance appears to, in turn, excite higher harmonics, forming the cascade of length scales seen in the frequency spectrum of wave heights. The initial low-frequency resonance, contrary to expectations via Faraday wave theory, is not at one-half the excitation frequency. Instead, we find the low-frequency resonance to be on the order of 100 Hz, which probably arises due to a balance of capillary and inertial forces; the Faraday wave is not observed due to the high frequency of the excitation. By condensing each spectrum to the value of its power exponent, we find that the turbulence decays as the electrical input power increases beyond 500 mW, a SAW amplitude of about 1 nm. At these powers the probability of very large waves deviates strongly from the Gaussian distribution, indicative of strong non-linearity. Wave turbulent theory is therefore invalid in this high-power regime as the highly non-linear nature of the waves violates the theory's fundamental assumption of weak non-linearity.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p662.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p385" class="affilation"></a>Droplet motion and deformation induced by acoustic streaming and radiation pressure</h2>
<h3>Brunet, Philippe
, Baudoin, Michael
, Bou-Matar, Olivier
, Zoueshtiagh, Farzam</h3>
<p class="affilation">Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologies (IEMN), Université Lille 1 and UMR CNRS 8520, Avenue Poincaré, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Acoustic waves generated at the surface of a solid substrate can induce deformation, motion and even atomization of partially wetting droplets. The characteristic time scales associated with the droplets response strongly differ from the acoustic period, suggesting the existence of nonlinear coupling between acoustic waves and droplets dynamics. If different behaviors have been observed in different experimental conditions (droplet size, acoustic wave frequency, wetting properties of the liquid), the underlying physics remains unclear. To understand it, a parametric experimental study [P. Brunet et al., Phys. Rev. E, 81, 036315 (2010)] has been performed at a ï¬xed frequency of 20 MHz, by varying the droplet size, the liquid viscosity and the acoustic wave intensity. In these experiments, the free surface of the droplet is modiï¬ed in three different way: ï¬rst a breaking of its symmetry, second global oscillations of the droplet and ï¬nally small amplitude and higher frequency "trembling modes". To explain all these deformations, two classical nonlinear acoustic driving can ve invoked: ï¬rst the radiation pressure and second the acoustic streaming. The relative importance of these nonlinear phenomena strongly depends on the frequency considered. At 20 MHz, the acoustic wave is multiply reflected into the droplet and therefore the acoustic radiation pressure plays an important role. At higher frequencies, the acoustic wave hardly reaches the surface and the radiation pressure plays no role. With our experiments, we show that while both acoustic streaming and radiation pressure can induce the asymmetry of the droplet, global oscillations only appear when acoustic radiation is significant. We therefore exhibit for the ï¬rst time the role played by the acoustic radiation pressure on droplets dynamics in a certain frequency range. The comprehension of these phenomena is of fundamental to minimize the energy required to handle droplet in view of harmless manipulation of biofluids.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p385.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p106" class="affilation"></a>Applications of high-frequency ultrasonics in microfluidics and microactuation </h2>
<h3>Friend, James
, Yeo, Leslie</h3>
<p class="affilation">MicroNanophysics Research Laboratory, Monash University and Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victoria, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The transmission of acoustic waves through materials and across interfacial discontinuities is a centuriesâ€old area of research. A rather curious application of ultrasonic acoustic radiation—actuation of fluids and particles within them—has renewed interest in this area and exposed phenomena that are not explained by previous theories once viewed as canon. During the talk applications of these phenomena will be proffered, including fingernailâ€sized microdevices to atomize sessile droplets for drug encapsulation, pulmonary drug delivery and nanoparticle formulation; devices for droplet jetting and manipulation; a device for fluid pumping and particle segregation in closed microfludics structures; and a device to enable micro and nanoparticle concentration and separation in a sessile droplet in a matter of seconds. Along the way, the underlying physical phenomena will be explored and explained, and the potential future of this area will bring the presentation to a close.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p23" class="affilation"></a>Trapping of particles on ultrasonic radiation surface
</h2>
<h3>Hu, Junhui (1)
, Liu, Yanyan (2)
, Zhao, Chunsheng (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, P.R.China
(2) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Ultrasonic trapping of small particles has great potential applications in micro machine assembling, particle separation, particle transportation, etc. In the conventional method, standing wave ultrasound is used to trap small particles in water and air at the nodal or anti-nodal points of sound pressure. We have proposed the method that uses ultrasonic radiation surface to trap small particles. In this report, the operating principle, structures and characteristics of the ultrasonic actuators that employ ultrasonic radiation surface to trap small particles are analyzed and given.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p23.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p138" class="affilation"></a>Acoustic streaming on "micro-laboratory" using sensor plate/matching layer/piezoelectric substrate</h2>
<h3>Kondoh, Jun (1,2)
, Nakayama, Yutaro (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu-shi, Japan
(2) Graduate School of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu-shi, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Droplet manipulator is realized using surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. Manipulation mechanism is due to radiate of a longitudinal wave into a liquid from the SAW. If a sensor is fabricated onto the SAW device, a novel integrated system of sensor and actuator is realized. The novel system is named "micro-laboratory". An interdigitated electrode (IDE) sensor was integrated on the SAW device and droplet impedance was measured. Also, using the IDE sensor, immobilization of a bovine serum albumin was observed. Validity of the proposed micro- laboratory was confirmed through experiments. However, the micro-laboratory has a disadvantageous point. Droplet is manipulated on a piezoelectric surface. When biomolecules are mixed in a droplet and a bio-reaction, such as immunoreaction, is measured, it is difficult to remove them from the surface. Residual biomolecules are contamination for the next measurement. However, because a piezoelectric substrate is expensive, the realization of a disposable micro-laboratory using a piezoelectric substrate is difficult. Our solution to solve the problem is a three-layer micro-laboratory, which is consisted of sensor plate/ matching liquid/ piezoelectric substrate. An interdigital transducer (IDT) for generating a SAW is fabricated on the piezoelectric substrate. At the interface of matching layer and piezoelectric substrate, a longitudinal wave is radiated. When the radiated wave reflects at boundary of matching liquid and sensor plate, a bulk acoustic wave (BAW) is generated into the sensor plate. A droplet on the sensor plate is manipulated by the elastic wave. We have fabricated three-layer structure of a cover glass/ distilled water/ 128YX-LiNbO3. Also, we have succeeded to manipulate of the droplet on the cover glass and to measure droplet impedance using the IDE sensor on the cover glass. Mechanism of the manipulation is the radiated longitudinal wave from the BAW. For the optimization of the three-layer type micro-laboratory, propagation characteristic of the BAW in the glass plate is important. First, the radiated longitudinal wave is visualized in a water tank. Using particle image velocimetry, the flow rate is measured. For comparison, the radiated longitudinal wave from the 128YX-LiNbO3 is observed. The results show that the flow rate of the three-layer type micro-laboratory is less than one-third of it of the 128YX-LiNbO3. This means that the highly applied power is required to manipulate on the three-layer type micro-laboratory. Moreover, streaming in the droplet is compared and the same phenomena are observed on the three-layer type micro-laboratory and the 128YX-LiNbO3.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p138.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p195" class="affilation"></a>Noncontact ultrasonic particle manipulation in a circular trajectory using a vibrating disc</h2>
<h3>Koyama, Daisuke
, Ito, Yu
, Nakamura, Kentaro</h3>
<p class="affilation">Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Noncontact ultrasonic transportation of small particles around a circular trajectory was discussed. A 0.5-mm-thick aluminum disc with a diameter of 30 mm was employed as a vibrating plate and a 0.5-mm-thick PZT ring with inner and outer diameters of 8 and 14 mm respectively, was attached to the vibrating plate. On the basis of finite element analysis (FEA) calculations, the electrodes of the piezoelectric ring were divided into 24 pieces to generate a flexural vibration mode with one nodal circle and four nodal lines at the resonance frequency of 47.8 kHz. A circular plate having the same dimensions as the vibrating plate was installed parallel to the vibrator. It was used as a reflector to generate an acoustic standing wave in the air between the two plates. The acoustic field between the vibrating plate and reflector was calculated by FEA and the distribution of the acoustic radiation force acting on a small rigid particle was calculated to predict the position of the trapped particle. By switching the driving condition of the PZT ring in the circumferential direction, the acoustic field between the vibrator and reflector can be rotated and the trapped particle can be moved in the circular trajectory. Using a prototype of the vibrating plate, polystyrene particles with diameters of several millimeters could be trapped at regular intervals along the horizontal nodal line of the standing wave. The sound pressure distribution between the vibrating plate and reflector was measured by a fiber optic probe, and the experimental and calculated results showed good agreement. By switching the driving conditions of the divided electrodes in the circumferential direction, the nodal lines of the vibrating plate could be rotated and the trapped particle could be manipulated with a circular trajectory in air.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p195.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p194" class="affilation"></a>Acoustic manipulation in a microchannel</h2>
<h3>Kozuka, Teruyuki (1)
, Yasui, Kyuichi (1)
, Hatanaka, Shin-ichi (2)
, Tuziuti, Toru (1)
, Towata, Atsuya (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nagoya, Japan
(2) The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Noncontact micro manipulation technique is needed in micromachine technology, biotechnology and so on. The radiation pressure of ultrasound may be used for this purpose. In the present paper, a standing wave field is generated in a microchannel, it is possible to trap small objects at nodes of the sound pressure distribution in the medium. A microchannel of 1 mm x 50 mm x 1 mm was made at the center on a glass plate of 50 mm x 50 mm x 5 mm. A transducer of PZT is connected on the end of the glass plate. The sound wave should be transmitted into the microchannel through the glass plate. In the experiment, when the liquid water containing alumina particles was injected into the microchannel, the particles flowed along several layers. It was shown that the traveling wave was transmitted into the microchannel and the standing wave field was formed in the microchannel. <br>
<br>
The particles were agglomerated in a geometric pattern in a half circular region made in a microchannel. The particles move to right when a half circular region at the right hand side of a microchannel is irradiated by ultrasound from the left. This phenomenon will be utilized for concentration of solid particles. Moreover, when the frequency of the ultrasound was swept in the flat microchannel, the particles were spatially shifted. It was able to control the direction of the particle flow by changing the ultrasound frequency in the branched microchannels. A sound field was numerically calculated by FEM method under the experimental condition and the experimental results were discussed.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p194.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p174" class="affilation"></a>Non - linear properties of mixed divalent crystals</h2>
<h3>Kumar, Virendra</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Physics, B.N.P.G. College, Rath, Hamirpur, Bharat, India
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Rare-earth alloys with the IV-VI compounds semiconductors have been extensively studied in recent years because of their scientific and technology interest. One possible application for alloys of rare-earth elements with lead salts therefore resides in the emerging field of spintronics. Lead selenide is an important semiconductor which finds application in several devices including IR radiation and photoconductor detector as well as photovoltaic material. Solid solutions based on lead chalcogenides have been used as efficient materials for long wave lasers and also in the construction of infrared detectors for the 8-14 µm atmospheric windows.<br>
<br>
The knowledge of the non-linear properties plays an important part in providing valuable information about the mechanical and dynamical properties, such as inter atomic potentials, equation of state, and phonon spectra. Elastic properties are also thermodynamically related to the specific heat, thermal expansion, Debye temperature, melting point and Grüneisen parameter. The elastic constants are believed to be related to the strength of materials. Indeed, the latter has been often related to the bulk modulus, shear modulus, young's modulus, and poisson's ratio, which are frequently measured for polycrystalline materials when investigating their hardness. The aim of this work is to give a detailed description of the behavior of non-linear properties such as second, third and fourth order elastic constants of (PbSe) - (PbTe)1-X at an elevated temperature starting from 50K up to 1200K by using Coulomb and Börn - Mayer potentials. The evaluation of other non-linear properties such as first order pressure derivatives of second and third order elastic constants, second order pressure derivatives of second order elastic constants and partial contractions are computed using higher order elastic constants using this theory.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p174.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p188" class="affilation"></a>Liquid mixing using streaming in frequency-modulated ultrasound beams radiated from SAW devices
</h2>
<h3>Maezawa, Miyuki (1)
, Nomura, Hideyuki (2)
, Kamakura, Tomoo (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Olympus Co. Ltd., Japan
(2) The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Recently, much attention has been paid to handling technologies in microfluidics. For a liquid in micro-scaled volume, interface interaction between the fluid and the walls of a container becomes dominant in mixing. Additionally, the Reynolds number is so small that it is not easy to mix different fluids by turbulent flow in a short amount of time. As a promising technique for realizing effective mixing in such microfluidic systems, acoustic streaming generated by surface acoustic waves (SAWs) has been given attention. It has been experimentally demonstrated that the streaming using SAW can achieve mixing dramatically in a very short time by radiating ultrasound beams in a liquid obliquely. Interestingly, SAW devices using plural interdigital transducers (IDTs) have advanced performance in mixing due to the spatial and temporal generation of chaotic flow. In this report, a new method is proposed that successfully uses a SAW device with a 128â—¦ Y-cut X-propagation LiNbO3 substrate by means of frequency-modulation (FM) technique to improve mixing efficiency. Since acoustic streaming depends strongly on ultrasound pressure fields, the spatial profiles of the beam emitted from the SAW device are measured in water using a miniature hydrophone with a small sensitive area. Flow fields that play an important role in liquid mixing are visualized by particle image velocimetry. Furthermore, the effectiveness of FM driving is evaluated by measuring mixing time for different kinds of liquids whose volumes are several microliters. The mixing time with varying sweep frequency, sweep time and modulation waveform as the parameters of FM signals is investigated. It has been revealed that such signals in driving SAW devices can change the spatial profiles of ultrasound pressure amplitudes and flow patterns as well. The thus obtained changing in flow profiles has demonstrated that an optimized sweep frequency can improve effectively the performance of mixing. Additionally, the more suitable the sweep time or the modulation waveform is, the higher the mixing effect becomes. The FM driving technique is expected to be a promising method for realizing chaotic mixing in microfluidic technology.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p188.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p660" class="affilation"></a>Synthesis of multilayer polymeric nanoparticles using surface acoustic wave atomization</h2>
<h3>Qi, Aisha (1)
, Chan, Peggy (2)
, Yeo, Leslie (1)
, Friend, James (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Micro/nanophysics Research Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Australia
(2) Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) atomization has been proved to be an efficient technique for delivering drug particles to the lung by inhalation. The inhalation therapy, also known as pulmonary drug delivery, is far more effective compared to other drug administrations, like oral and injection. Deliver naked drug particles is straight forward and convenient, however, the shear force, though minor through surface acoustic wave atomization, can still damage a certain amount of drug molecules, especially when involving fragile molecules such as DNA. Furthermore, drugs and vaccines delivered in-vivo are required to be biocompatible and biodegradable. Therefore, the encapsulation of bacteria, viruses, DNA, peptides, proteins and other therapeutic molecules within a biodegradable spherical shell of polymeric excipient is a vital vehicle for the controlled and targeted ophthalmic, oral, intravenous or implanted delivery of vaccines and drugs. The advantage of using layer-by-layer (LbL) polymer capsules is the ability to prepare monodispersed capsules with control over the capsule wall thickness, permeability, stability, and degradation characteristics. Selective polymer as each preferred layer is designed to be biocompatible and biodegradable, fulfilling the purposes listed above to a specific part of body while the successive releasing of drugs.<br>
<br>
Traditional techniques used for particle formation and encapsulation are solvent extraction, phase separation and spray drying, which are however subjected to harsh conditions which can raise a high risk of drug damage. In comparison, PDMS microfluidic device offers the ability to continuously produce droplets monodispersed in size and shape. However, the particle size (usually 50-100 µm) is too large to serve inhalation purpose and the amount of particles produced at a time period is limited.<br>
<br>
Therefore, we propose to synthesize LbL nanoparticles using fast (SAW) atomization by atomizing one polymer into another, associated with a simple air-drying process in between. The particle size is controlled by the aerosol size D (1-10 µm) and polymer concentration C. After air-drying, the particle size "d" will shrink to submicron or even tens of nanometers, determined by d ≈ C*D. We use chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as model polymers. A serial of tests such as FTIR spectrum, zeta-potential test, and fluorescence microscopy have shown the successful bonding between chitosan and CMC. The size of the polymeric capsules is shown to be 198.2 nm, which is small enough to be carried by an aerosol for lung deposition.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p660.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p750" class="affilation"></a>The use of acoustic actuation methods for particle manipulation within a droplet</h2>
<h3>Rogers, Priscilla
, Yeo, Leslie
, Friend, James</h3>
<p class="affilation">Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Miniaturised separators play an important role in the development and success of microfluidic systems and lab-on-a-chip devices. High frequency (MHz range) ultrasound was exploited to drive spatial separation and concentration of two different sized micro-particles within a droplet. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices were used to produce nanoscale wave propagation along the free surface of the piezoelectric substrate. Placement of a droplet on the substrate resulted in the excitation of a longitudinal acoustic wave within the fluid medium. This acoustic wave gave rise to two observed phenomena: acoustic radiation pressure and acoustic streaming. At high frequencies the acoustic radiation pressure, which acts over the surface of the particle generating a net acoustic radiation force, can become sufficiently large and comparable to the drag forces acting on the particle attributed to acoustic streaming of the fluid. The other key factor in determining the relative strength between the two phenomena is the size of the particle. An order of magnitude analysis, in which particle size and frequency was varied, revealed the extent to which each phenomenon contributes to the behaviour of the particle. For a 20 MHz SAW device, at small particle sizes (below 15μm in diameter), the drag force due to acoustic streaming was found to be dominant. However, at larger particle sizes (above 15μm in diameter), acoustic radiation force became an equal contributor. Subsequent experiments confirmed this analysis with complete separation of 6 and 31μm particles, whereby the 31μm particles were thrown to the periphery of the droplet in the direction of the acoustic radiation. The 6μm particles, on the other hand, remained within the bulk and were dragged along the streamlines due to the acoustic streaming. Thereafter, concentration of the 6 and 31μm particles was achieved in the bulk and on the free surface of the droplet, respectively. This separation technique shows widespread promise for the development of future microfluidic systems, with complete spatial separation and concentration demonstrated.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p750.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p344" class="affilation"></a>Characteristics of screw-shaped ultrasonic motor that incorporates three transducers</h2>
<h3>Suzuki, Atsuyuki (1)
, Izumi, Kentaro (1)
, Tsujino, Jiromaru (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Tokuyama College of Technology, Shunan, Japan
(2) Kanagawa University, Yokohama, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
We devised a screw-shaped ultrasonic motor that incorporates three separate transducers. Three bolt-clamped Langevin-type longitudinal vibration transducers (BLTs) were installed in the shape of a screw in order to produce move rotor and boost rotor power. Ultrasonic motors have unique characteristics such as high torque at low speed, high holding torque, and silent motion; these characteristics make them superior to conventional electric motors. Therefore, ultrasonic motors are expected to find widespread applications. However, their applications are limited to certain mechanisms, e.g., autofocus mechanisms of cameras. One of the reasons why ultrasonic motors have not been widely utilized is that higher-torque ultrasonic motors have not yet been realized. Ultrasonic motors will find increased applications if their torque is improved. Such motors could then be used in high-torque applications such as robotic arms. It is difficult for practical traveling-wave-type ultrasonic motors to generate higher torque because they are fragile. In order to realize a higher-torque ultrasonic motor, a transducer with high strength and large amplitude is required. A BLT satisfies this requirement, and it is commonly used as a source of vibration in high-power ultrasonic applications. We had previously devised a one-piece-type screw-shaped ultrasonic motor that incorporates BLTs and a BLT connector. This configuration had a flaw in that the driving frequency of the motor was not synchronous with the resonant frequency of the BLTs. Therefore, the motor did not generate sufficient power.<br>
<br>
In this study, we devised a screw-shaped ultrasonic motor that incorporates three separate transducers. The transducer consists of a BLT (diameter: 15 mm) and a stepped horn. The motor has free ends that are parallel to the emitting parts of the BLTs. Therefore, it would be easy to match the resonant frequencies of the motor and the BLTs. Vibration distributions were measured. The resonant frequency of the motor matched that of the BLT. In addition, the load characteristics of the motor were measured. The maximum torque, revolution speed, and efficiency of the ultrasonic motor were 0.67 Nm, 582 rpm, and 7.63%, respectively. The corresponding values of the previously devised one-piece-type motor were 0.41 Nm, 104 rpm, and 0.55%, respectively. This indicates an improvement in the characteristics of the screw-shaped ultrasonic motor. The transient response of the developed motor was also measured. The motor speed rose up to the stationary speed within 1.5 ms and fell down within 0.5 ms.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p344.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p493" class="affilation"></a>Ultrasonic cleaning of the root canal</h2>
<h3>Verhaagen, Bram (1)
, Lea, Simon (2)
, Jiang, Lei-Meng (3)
, van der Sluis, Luc (3)
, Versluis, Michel (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Physics of Fluids Group, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
(2) School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
(3) Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Pedodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A crucial step during a root canal treatment is the irrigation, where an antimicrobial fluid is injected into the root canal to eradicate all bacteria from the root canal system. Agitation of the fluid using an ultrasonically vibrating miniature file has shown a significant improvement in the cleaning efficacy over conventional syringe irrigation. However, the exact cleaning mechanisms, being acoustic streaming, cavitation of the fluid or a combined chemical effect, are not fully understood. Here we investigate ultrasonically activated irrigation through experiments and numerical simulations in order to understand the relative importance of the three cleaning mechanisms. We combine high-speed imaging and micro-Particle Imaging Velocimetry to visualize the flow pattern and onset of cavitation in a root canal model (sub-millimeter dimensions), at timescales relevant to the cleaning processes, which is of the order of microseconds. High-speed microPIV measurements of the acoustic streaming around an ultrasonically oscillating file at frequencies of 20, 30 and 40 kHz are coupled to the oscillation characteristics of the file as simulated numerically and measured with a laser vibrometer. Comparison between the streaming pattern inside the root canal and in the free field shows the importance of the confinement of the root canal on the acoustic streaming. The results give new insight into the role of acoustic streaming for the cleaning of root canals.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p493.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p267" class="affilation"></a>Finite element analysis of acoustic streaming through the driving force in an ultrasonic air pump</h2>
<h3>Wada, Yuji
, Koyama, Daisuke
, Nakamura, Kentaro</h3>
<p class="affilation">Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
For the simulation of ultrasonic air pump, the effective amendment using finite element analysis (FEA) is suggested. The pump induces airflow in a thin gap between a bending transducer and a reflector by exciting an intense sound field. As to numerical calculation of the acoustic streaming, approximate model based on the driving force of the acoustic streaming has been used. However, in the case of flow within far thinner gap compared to the wavelength, this method no longer keeps the accuracy. For example, the calculated result shows the flows of air from the sound pressure nodes, which is different from what is actually observed. We attribute this error to the fact that the effect of the gradient of the static pressure has been neglected, which appears from the nonlinearity of the intense sound field. <br>
<br>
In this paper, we suggest the amendment toward the conventional analysis method, where the effect of the term of the static pressure gradient is considered. As an analysis procedure, first we carried out the full-fluid dynamics calculation of the pressure distribution in the thin layer between the transducer and the reflector through FEA. Secondly, from this pressure field, we obtained the sound field distribution and the static pressure distribution. Thirdly, from the sound field, we calculated the acoustic streaming driving force. Finally, we input the driving force and the static pressure gradient into the static flow analysis using FEA. With respect to the actual configuration of the device, the transducer consists of an aluminum plate (20x30x2 mm3) and a piezoelectric zirconate titanate plate (10x30x0.4 mm3) bonded on the back of the aluminum plate. The reflector is an acrylic resin plate of the same dimension as the aluminum plate and placed in parallel over the aluminum plate with a gap of 1 mm. Then, in order to obtain the directional flow, the reflector is tilted along the length direction within a range from 0 to 8 degrees.<br>
<br>
The calculation shows that the flow of the air goes toward the sound pressure nodes, and then, as a result of the comparison with the measurement, it is in good agreement with the actual results in the shape of the flow distribution.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p267.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p761" class="affilation"></a>Unconstrained droplet behaviour under high intensity acoustic vibration</h2>
<h3>Whitehill, James
, Martyn, Steve
, Neild, Adrian
, Ng, Tuck Wah</h3>
<p class="affilation">Laboratory for Optics, Acoustics and Mechanics, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Victoria, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The reduction in scale of fluidic based chemical and biological processes offers significant analytical and sensitivity improvements as well as reduced reagent usage, increased automation and reduced manufacture costs. Droplets de-posited on a planar surface offer a convenient way of investigating very small sample sizes. We investigate the effect of vibration of droplets in the direction normal to the surface on which they sit. When the contact line of the droplet is constrained by use of a very shallow well and suitable frequencies of vibration (order 100s Hz) are selected such that a resonant standing surface wave is established, collection of particles in predictable patterns can be achieved. When the droplet contact line is unconstrained high amplitude acoustic vibration (again order of 100s Hz) causes spreading of the droplet to occur. This effect can be so pronounced that during actuation the contact angle falls below that of the receding angle. We demonstrate the use of this effect by the merging of two droplets which are deposited a small distance away from each other. Once merged, a process which occurs due to surface energy minimisation as soon as the droplets spread such that they touch at one location, further vibration causes rapid mixing of the fluids through acoustic streaming.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p761.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p98" class="affilation"></a>Acoustical investigations of gallium nitride nanowires</h2>
<h3>Yadav, R. R. (1)
, Verma, S. K. (1)
, Yadav, A. K. (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Physics Department,University of Allahabad, India
(2) Department of Physics, S.P. Memorial Institute of Technology, Kausambi, Allahabad, India.
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
We have calculated the second and third order elastic constants of GaN nanowires at room temperature establishing the validation of the interaction potential model.The ultrasonic attenuation and velocity in the nanowires are determined using the non-linear elastic constants for different diameters(97nm-160nm) of the wires at nanoscale.Where possible,the results are compared with the experiments and discussed.Finally we established the correlation between the size dependent thermal conductivity and the ultrsonic attenuation of the nanowires.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p886" class="affilation"></a>Fast microfluidic actuation driven using surface acoustic waves</h2>
<h3>Yeo, Leslie
, Friend, James</h3>
<p class="affilation">Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, Monash University, Victoria, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) can offer a powerful method for driving fast microfluidic actuation and microparticle or biomolecule manipulation. We demonstrate that sessile drops can be linearly translated on planar substrates or fluid can be pumped through microchannels at typically one to two orders of magnitude faster than that achievable through current microfluidic technologies. Micromixing can be induced in the same microchannel in which fluid is pumped using the SAW simply by changing the SAW frequency to superimpose a chaotic oscillatory flow onto the uniform through flow. Strong inertial microcentrifugation for micromixing and particle concentration or separation can also be induced via symmetry-breaking. At low SAW amplitudes below that at which flow commences, the transverse standing wave that arises across the microchannel afford particle aggregation and hence sorting on nodal lines. Other microfluidic manipulations are also possible with the SAW. For example, capillary waves excited on a sessile drop by the SAW can be exploited for microparticle or nanoparticle collection and sorting. At higher amplitudes, the large substrate accelerations drives rapid destabilization of the drop interface giving rise to inertial liquid jets or atomization to produce 1-10 micron diameter monodispersed aerosol droplets. These have significant implications for microfluidic chip mass spectrometry interfacing or pulmonary drug delivery. The atomization also provides a convenient means for the synthesis of 150-200 nm polymer or protein particles or to encapsulate proteins, peptides and other therapeutic molecules within biodegradable polymeric shells for controlled release drug delivery. The atomization of thin films containing polymer solutions, in addition, gives produces a unique regular, long-range spatial polymer spot patterning effect whose size and spacing are dependent on the SAW frequency, thus offering a simple and powerful method for surface patterning without requiring physical or chemical templating.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p441" class="affilation"></a>A high power piezoelectric ultrasonic linear micromotor using slotted stator</h2>
<h3>Yun, Cheol-Ho (1)
, Watson, Brett
, Friend, James
, Yeo, Leslie</h3>
<p class="affilation">Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Monash University, Victoria, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Ultrasonic and piezoelectric motors can be an attractive alternative to electromagnetic motors for end-effect devices such as microrobot joints, bio-medical and mobile device applications, due to their small size, compact structure, light weight and high mechanical output. In this paper, a novel ultrasonic micro linear motor that uses 1st longitudinal and 2nd bending modes, derived from bar type stator with a rectangular slot cut through the stator length, has been proposed and designed for end-effect devices of microrobotics and bio-medical applications. The slot structure plays an important role in the motor design, and can be used not only to tune the resonance frequency of the two vibration modes but also to reduce the undesirable longitudinal coupling displacement due to bending vibration at the end of the stator. By using finite element analysis, the optimal slot dimension in order to improve the driving tip motion was determined, resulting in the improvement of the motor performance. The trial linear motor, with a weight of 1.6g, gave a maximum driving velocity of 1.12 m/s and a maximum driving force of 3.4 N. A maximum mechanical output power of 1.1 W was obtained at force of 1.63 N and velocity of 0.68 m/s. The output mechanical power per unit weight was 688 W/kg. The value is roughly 10 times larger than the ceramic motor by Nanomotion (model HR1, stator size of 3 x 7.5 x 29 mm).</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p441.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p674" class="affilation"></a>Acoustic sizing of air bubbles inside a MEMS piezo inkjet printhead</h2>
<h3>van der Bos, Arjan (1)
, Segers, Tim (1)
, Jeurissen, Roger (1)
, van den Berg, Marc (2)
, Wijshoff, Herman (2)
, Reinten, Hans (2)
, Versluis, Michel (1)
, Lohse, Detlef (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Physics of Fluids Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
(2) Océ Technologies B.V., Venlo, The Netherlands</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Piezo drop on demand inkjet printers are used in an increasing number of applications for their reliable deposition of droplets onto a substrate. With this technique droplets of a few picoliters can be ejected from an ink channel with frequencies up to 50 kHz. Though, as was shown in earlier research, an air bubble can be entrapped into the ink channel. Such an air bubble has a profound effect on the channel acoustics, resulting in disrupted drop formation and possible failure of the ink channel. In this research a new Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) based print head was studied. By using the piezo that actuates the channel as a hydrophone the acoustics inside the channel were measured. The measurements that were done during a channel failure revealed the possible presence of air bubbles inside the channel. A model was developed to calculate the channel acoustics and predict the effect of an air bubble on the acoustics. To verify this model and to confirm the presence of air bubbles optical measurements were required. As silicon is transparent for infrared light a setup was created to visualize air bubbles inside the channel. With this setup acoustical and optical measurements were acquired simultaneously. This model is now a valuable tool to calculate the presence, size and position of an air bubble inside an operating ink channel, without the need of optical access.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p674.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p260" class="affilation"></a>Performance measurements of a traveling wave thermoacoustic refrigerator</h2>
<h3>Bassem, Mohamed Mehdi
, Kawabe, Shunta
, Ueda, Yuki
, Akisawa, Atsushi</h3>
<p class="affilation">Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Acoustic wave in gases is considered as a combination of pressure and motion oscillations. The pressure oscillation, usually accompanied by a temperature oscillation, can generate heat exchange between the gas and the wall of a waveguide. Therefore, the combination of the pressure and motion oscillations can transfer heat along tube's axis direction. The device using this acoustically caused heat pumping is called thermoacoustic refrigerator. This refrigerator needs no environmentally harmful working gas and it has only one moving part. Thus, a thermoacoustic refrigerator has an environmentally friendliness and a high reliability.<br>
<br>
A thermoacoustic refrigerator is typically composed of an acoustic driver, an acoustic resonator and a structure with narrow flow channels called regenerator. Acoustic power is supplied to the resonator by the driver and is converted into heat flow in the regenerator through the heat exchange between the gas and the solid material composing the regenerator.<br>
<br>
The conventionally used acoustic resonator consists on a straight tube with two closed ends. Thus, the acoustic wave excited in the refrigerator is a standing wave. Such a refrigerator, called standing wave thermoacoustic refrigerator, has an intrinsically irreversibility since it works through the thermal imperfect contact between the working gas and the regenerator. Therefore, in principle a standing wave thermoacoustic refrigerator cannot achieve Carnot's coefficient of performance (COP). To increase the refrigerator's performance a looped configuration of the resonator is proposed. The looped tube allows the excitation of a traveling acoustic wave in the refrigerator without essentially any dissipation. It is recognized that when a traveling acoustic wave propagates in a tube, the acoustically induced heat pumping can operate on the thermodynamic cycle similar to the Stirling cycle. Therefore, the traveling wave thermoacoustic refrigerator has a potential to achieve Carnot's COP. In this study, a traveling-wave thermoacoustic refrigerator was numerically optimized, and then, constructed. . The constructed refrigerator can generate a cooling temperature of -49 Celcius and obtain the COP of 0.5 at -22 Celcius corresponding to a COP relative to Carnot COP of 13%.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p260.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p846" class="affilation"></a>Exergy analysis of thermoacoustic prime mover</h2>
<h3>Gholamrezaei, Mohammad
, Ghorbanian, Kaveh</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Aerospace Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A thermoacoustic prime mover is composed of a regenerator, two heat exchangers, and a tube. The regenerator is sandwiched by the heat exchangers in the tube. When a steep temperature gradient is set up along the regenerator by the heat exchangers, an acoustic wave accompanying the pressure and cross-sectional mean velocity is spontaneously generated in the tube which forces a gas parcel in the regenerator to experience a thermodynamic cycle consisting of the compression, heating, expansion, and cooling. As a result, the energy conversion of heat flow into work flow occurs without involving moving parts. Accurate numerical modeling of losses in thermoacoustic engines and refrigerators requires extensive numerical simulation of coupled mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations. Heat transfer and fluid flow irreversibility in the regenerator are the major source for losses in Stirling-Type Engines. In this regard, one may consider exergy analysis as an effective mean to identify and quantify these losses.<br>
<br>
In this paper, a thermodynamic model for a thermoacoustic prime mover is developed by considering exergy flow analysis. The main sources for irreversibilities are incorporated in the model. While the first law of thermodynamic is employed to obtain the tendency of total heat addition, net work output, and thermal efficiency, the second law is considered for evaluating the total entropy generation of the Stirling cycle. Further, the entropy generation of different components of the cycle is investigated. For this reason, by assuming reasonable correlations for fluid friction and heat transfer in the regenerator, the variation of the thermodynamic parameters including the exergy through the regenerator, from the cold end to the hot end, is investigated. Further, the impact of some important parameters on the exergetic efficiency is discussed. In addition, a performance criteria based on exergetic efficiency of the regenerator is defined and evaluated.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p854" class="affilation"></a>Numerical simulation of heat and fluid interaction of a contoured resonator thermoacoustic engine</h2>
<h3>Gholamrezaei, Mohammad
, Ghorbanian, Kaveh</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Aerospace Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A traveling wave thermoacoustic engine has been paid more and more attention in recent years due to its potential of realizing higher efficiency than a standing-wave thermoacoustic heat engine. Using a tapered resonator to increase the performance of thermoacoustic heat engines has been qualitatively explained. Moreover, experimental study of the effect of the resonator shape on the performance of a traveling wave thermoacoustic engine is reported. Actually, the tapered resonator can effectively suppress excitation of higher mode oscillation and let thermoacoustic conversion focus on the fundamental mode oscillation. This paper presents the results of a numerical simulation of heat and fluid interaction of a viscous compressible oscillating flow for a proposed contoured resonator of a thermoacoustic Stirling heat engine. While a tapered resonator introduces the variation of the cross section of the resonator with a constant cone angle, the present results indicate that the performance is further improved by local optimization of the cone angle along the resonator. Indeed, the performance of the heat engine is enhanced by decreasing the nonlinear losses. The continuity equation, the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation, and the conservation equation of energy for viscous compressible gas are numerically solved by employing the finite element method. The magnitude and the distribution of the secondary flow are examined. A comparison is made between uniform cross-section resonator, tapered resonator, and contoured resonator.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p9" class="affilation"></a>Measurement of the thermal and acoustic properties of the concrete alleviated with the cork
</h2>
<h3>Kellati, N.
, El Bouardi, A.
, Ajzoul, T.
, Garoum, M.
, Tyouri, M.
, Ezbakhe, H.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Laboratoire d'Energétique Équipe de Thermique Énergies solaire et Environnement Faculté des Sciences, Tétouan, Morocco</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The research of the conditions of comfort in the habitat passes by a better knowledge of the thermal and acoustic behavior of porous materials used in the construction and the insulation of the buildings. This research task aims at developing a general study which approaches at the same time the thermal and acoustic aspects the concrete alleviated as being porous material. By using of measuring equipment made up of sonometer, frequency Generator and of transitory acquisition system managed by software oscillosound3, we proceed by simultaneous measurements several acoustic parameters (noise Level, phonic reducing and CÅ“fficient transmission) of studied material.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p9.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p911" class="affilation"></a>Basic study for practical use of thermoacoustic electric generation system</h2>
<h3>Kitadani, Yuji (1)
, Sakamoto, Shin-ichi (2)
, Sahashi, Kazuki (1)
, Watanabe, Yoshiaki (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
(2) University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone-City, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
An electric generation system by using the thermoacoustic phenomena is proposed as a technology to improve global warming and depletion of energy resource. The prototype of thermoacoustic cooling system that was previously studied is applied. Sound pressure generated by the presented system is expected to be extremely strong compare with the ordinary environmental sounds. Actually, the sound pressure level is over 160 dB, so that the particle displacement of 3 mm is realized at the frequency of 100 Hz. Therefore, the thermoacoustic electric generation system can be designable by using the convert methods of the piezoelectric element or the magnetic induction. However, it is difficult to apply the piezoelectric element to the electric generation system because the electric impedance of piezoelectric element is too high. In this study, the loudspeaker is used as an electroacoustic converter of the magnetic induction method. The thermoacoustic system of loop-tube-type is used as the prototype system. The open-end-type resonance tube whose length is adjusted to the 1/4 length of the loop-tube is added on the loop-tube system to realize the stable generation of the sound. The possibility of electric generation was investigated using presented prototype system. The stable sound generation is observed even if a part of the loop-tube is opened. The connected position of the resonance tube is experimentally selected by moving the position for the best point where the maximum efficiency of energy conversion is realized. The prototype system consists of the 3300 mm length of the loop-tube and 825 mm length of resonance tube. The inner diameter of both the tube is 42 mm. The full-range loudspeaker is located at the end of resonance tube and the energy conversion from heat to electricity is observed in various conditions. The sound pressure level of over 160 dB is realized by the presented system. Furthermore, it is confirmed that electric generation of active power of 1.1 W by the proposed thermoacoustic system.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p911.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p992" class="affilation"></a>Time-resolved Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) of the flow in an acoustic standing wave tube</h2>
<h3>Mongeau, Luc
, Rafat, Yasser</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Quebec, Canada</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The flow field in an acoustic standing wave tube was measured using time-resolved particle image velocimetry (PIV). Verifications were made through comparisons between measured and predicted acoustic particle velocities in the spa-tial domain and the time domain. The accuracy of the time-resolved PIV system was satisfactory, at least for the peri-odic flow velocity component. The steady streaming flow field was then obtained through synchronous data acquisi-tion. The streaming flow featured recirculation patterns which were different from classical Rayleigh or Schilchting streaming patterns. One possible reason is that the streaming Reynolds number was too low for classical streaming to occur.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p992.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p402" class="affilation"></a>Effect of sub loop tube on energy conversion efficiency of loop-tube-type thermoacoustic system</h2>
<h3>Sakamoto, Shin-ichi (1)
, Tsukamoto, Daichi (2)
, Kitadani, Yuji (2)
, Ishino, Takahiro(2)
, Yoshiaki, Watanabe (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1)University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
(2)Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
For the practical application of a loop-tube-type thermoacoustic system, it is important to improve its energy conversion efficiency. We propose a loop-tube-type thermoacoustic system with the diverging sub loop tube. The sub loop tube diverges from the main loop tube and rejoins it so that the sub loop tube forms a loop. The sub loop tube creates a boundary condition in which particle velocity is decreased as the cross section area of the system is increased in the diversion part extension. This adjusts the phase difference between the pressure and the particle velocity at the prime mover so that phase difference between them becomes smaller. This contributes to improve the efficiency of heat-to-sound energy conversion. The main loop tube was 0.85 m in height and 0.5 m in width, and had a total length of 3.3 m. The sub loop tube's length from the upper side to the lower side was 0.35 m. The sound pressure in main loop tube is measured using system with and without the sub loop tube. The positions of the sub tube were changed so that the distance from the heater to the upper part of the sub tube was either 1.73, 1.83, or 1.93 m. The phase difference and the sound intensity are calculated using a two-sensor power method with pressure measurement results. The obtained phase difference distribution shows that the smallest phase difference distribution was observed when the sub loop tube diverges at the position of 1.93 m. The largest sound intensity of 13 kW/m2 was observed when the sub loop tube was positioned at 1.93 m; the smallest of 0.64 kW/m2 was observed without the sub tube. From the results, it is confirmed that the diverging sub loop tube decreases the phase difference between the pressure and the particle velocity at the prime mover and increases the heat-to-sound energy conversion efficiency.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p402.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p916" class="affilation"></a>Marginal conditions of thermoacoustic Taconis oscillations revisited</h2>
<h3>Shimizu, Dai (1)
, Sugimoto, Nobumasa (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Creative Design Studio on Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Osaka, Suita, Japan
(2) Department of Mechanical Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, University of Osaka, Toyonaka, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper revisits derivation of marginal conditions of thermoacoustic Taconis oscillations in a helium-filled, quarter-wavelength tube subjected to smooth temperature distribution. As is well known, the linear stability analysis is developed by N. Rott (1973) and the marginal conditions are obtained for a step temperature distribution by taking full account of thermoviscous effects. In this attempt, the boundary-layer theory is regarded as being incapable of deriving the conditions. But it has recently been revealed that the theory is applicable for a short-time behaviour in any situations. Using this theory, the marginal conditions for a smooth temperature distribution are obtained and checked against the results by Rott.<br>
<br>
Dividing a field in the tube into a boundary-layer and an acoustic main-flow region outside of it, the boundary layer is assumed to be described by the linear and first-order theory in its thickness. Fluid-dynamical equations are averaged over the cross-section of the tube, from which one-dimensional equations over the main-flow region are derived by using the boundary-layer solutions. Effects of the boundary layer appear through the memory integrals expressed in terms of half-order derivatives. For a smooth temperature distribution of the tube wall increasing monotonically toward the closed end, an initial and boundary-value problem of the one-dimensional equations derived is solved numerically for evolution of a small disturbance. Neglecting radiation from the open end, the excess pressure is required to vanish at the open end, while the boundary layer at the closed end is taken into account for the axial velocity. As long as the ratio of the temperature at the closed end to that of the open one is below a certain value, the initial disturbance is decayed out by thermoviscous dissipations. But when the ratio exceeds it, the initial disturbance becomes unstable to grow in amplitude. Between the stable and unstable regimes, there exists a critical temperature ratio for oscillations to persist for a long time. If the magnitude of the initial disturbance is taken to be small enough, the condition of this critical temperature may be regarded as the marginal curve by the linear-stability analysis. For several temperature distributions, the marginal curves are obtained numerically and compared with the ones due to Rott.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p916.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p153" class="affilation"></a>Thermoacoustic wave propagation in a narrow channel subject to temperature gradient</h2>
<h3>Sugimoto, Nobumasa</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Mechanical Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, University of Osaka, Toyonaka, Japan
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper examines a linear propagation of thermoacoustic waves in a gas enclosed in a narrow channel subject to temperature gradient axially and extending infinitely. An analysis is made to derive a wave equation by assuming that a typical axial length is much longer than the channel width but a thickness of thermoviscous diffusion layer is arbitrary relative to the width. It is shown that the system of equations is reduced to a spatially one-dimensional wave equation for a pressure given in the form of an integro-differential equation due to memory by thermoviscous effects. This equation, called a thermoacoustic wave equation, can describe a spatio-temporal evolution of any form of pressure disturbance. If time-harmonic oscillations are concerned, it is reduced to Rott's equation for the pressure amplitude. Approximations of the wave equation are discussed based on a Deborah number, which is a dimensionless parameter of a time scale relative to a diffusion time. For a short time, i.e. a large Deborah number, the equation is shown to be simply the one derived by the boundary-layer theory, while for a long time, i.e. small Deborah number, it is reduced to a wave-diffusion equation. It is unveiled from this that the thermoviscous effects combined with the temperature gradient give rise to wave propagation toward the positive direction of the gradient. If the gradient is steep, they give rise to negative diffusion so that the convective instability will occur.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p153.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p910" class="affilation"></a>A basic study for silencer by using thermoacoustic phenomena - Experimental discussion for heat exchange and viscous dissipation
</h2>
<h3>Tsukamoto, Daichi (1)
, Sakamoto, Shin-ichi (2)
, Kobayashi, Tetsuya (1)
, Watanabe, Yoshiaki (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
(2) University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone-City, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A new silencer system by using the thermoacoustic phenomena is proposed. The sound energy is converted to the heat energy by the thermoacoustic system, and then the sound is muted. Key device of presented silencer is a stack which consists of many narrow channels less than 1 mm. To keep the system in continuously working, the temperature difference is stably realized at both the sides of stack by the heat exchangers. When the sound wave is inputted to the stack of high temperature side, the energy of sound is attenuated. On the other hand, when the sound wave is inputted the stack of low temperature side, the energy of sound is amplified. The conversion from the sound to the heat is caused by two mechanisms. Those are the heat exchange between the stack wall and fluid particle and the viscous dissipation in the stack. However, it is difficult to measure them separately. In this study, we proposed to separate those mechanisms by comparing both the effects of the amplification and the attenuation by the experiments. Under the amplification effect, the sound energy is amplified by the heat exchange and although attenuated by the viscous dissipation. However, under the attenuation effect, sound energy is attenuated by both effects. Therefore, by comparing both the effects in the same experimental conditions, the contribution ratio of these effects can be shown in quantitatively. Obtained results are discussed from a thermacoustic silencer point of view.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p910.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p843" class="affilation"></a>Critical temperature ratio needed for a spontaneous gas oscillation in a miniature thermoacoustic engine</h2>
<h3>Ueda, Yuki
, Aoi, Yoshihumi</h3>
<p class="affilation">Tokyo University of A&T, Tokyo, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A thermoacoustic engine consists of a resonance tube and a stack that is composed of many narrow tubes; the stack is located inside the resonator. When the ratio of the temperatures at two ends of the stack exceeds a critical value, a gas in the resonance tube spontaneously oscillates and the thermoacoustic engine works. Recently, a miniaturization of thermoacoustic engines has attracted much attention due to its simplicity and high-efficiency potential. In this study, the stability limit of the spontaneous gas oscillation in a thermoacoustic engine is numerically calculated by using thermoacoustic theory. In this calculation, the ratio of the lengths of resonator and stack is taken as one of parameters. This is because when one designs a small-scale thermoacoustic engine, one wants to make a stack length as long as possible to reduce thermal conduction loss along the stack. As a result of the calculation, it was fond that the length ratio largely affects the critical temperature ratio needed to cause the spontaneous gas oscillation.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p843.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p131" class="affilation"></a>Monitoring of flotation cell process state by acoustic emissions</h2>
<h3>Bruniges, Ryan
, Catanzano, Alvaro
, Roberts, Giffard
, Sharp, Victor
, Spencer, Steven</h3>
<p class="affilation">CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Waterford, WA, Australia </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Flotation cells are commonly used in the minerals industry to separate fine particles of a mineral of interest from reject (gangue) rock. In these devices hydrophobic particles (usually the mineral) become attached to bubbles generated in a pulp (slurry) region and rise into the froth region at the top of the flotation cell where they become product. The gangue drops to the bottom of the tank and is removed as waste. An Acoustic Emission (AE) passive monitoring system has been developed for analysis of pulp and froth process state in flotation cells. The formation, flow, coalescence and collapse of bubbles in the pulp and froth of a flotation cell naturally generate strong AE signals that may be used as indicators of process state and hence are potentially of great value to industry. A multiple sensor AE monitoring system has been developed and tested in plant trials on flotation cells of varying types at coal washeries. <br>
<br>
This paper discusses the development of the AE passive monitoring system for flotation cell process state. Results presented in the paper are based on flotation cell monitoring over a broad range of operating conditions. Both hydrophones and broadband accelerometers mounted at various locations in a flotation cell are utilised to characterise the process state in the pulp and froth. Fourier signal analysis is used to characterise large changes in sensor response, detected as a function of process parameters including aeration rate and pulp flow rate. A linkage between AE characteristics and bubble solids loading is discussed. It is concluded that the approach of passive AE monitoring and signal analysis and modelling could provide valuable on-line information on washery flotation cell process efficiency.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p145" class="affilation"></a>Delamination detection in wood - based composites, a methodological review
</h2>
<h3>Bucur, Voichita</h3>
<p class="affilation">Materials Science and Engineering Division, CSIRO, Clayton South, Victoria, Australia
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Commonly observed damage in wood products and wood-based composites are: wood fibre fracture, delamination between plies or debonding of wood-adhesive layers. Delamination which is probably the most frequently observed damage, may be produced during manufacturing or, during in service loading such as accidental excessive loading produced for example by snow or, by fatigue in highly variable environmental conditions of temperature and humidity. Damage detection in general and delamination in particular is a very important issue in the context of structural health monitoring for mechanical engineering infrastructure with elements in wood and wood-based composites. The development of computational techniques in the last twenty five years, and the progress achieved in mechanical characterisation of solids in general and of composites in particular, affected positively the development of the modelling of wood mechanical behaviour in function of its structure. Related studies clearly suggest that delamination in solid wood can occur between different layers of the cell wall at submicroscopic, microscopic and macroscopic structural levels. With respect to wood-based composites, the behaviour of two groups of products has been analysed: the laminated products and the fibre-based products. Delamination detection studies were summarized in the context of structural health monitoring. The review of the theoretical aspects related to the detection of damages induced by delamination in composites was oriented in two main directions: (1) the nondestructive evaluation method using an ultrasonic technique with Lamb waves, which is an experimental method able to provide local damage information and (2) the model dependent method, undertaken analysis of structural models implemented by finite element analysis and able to provide global damage information, for linear and non-linear mechanical behaviour of the system<br>
<br>
The structural health monitoring process of big wood laminated structures, in light of normal aging and degradation resulting from operational environments, must involve the periodic inspection of the system using: (1) sampled dynamic response measurements from an array of transducers, establishing their number, resolution, bandwidth, data acquisition (periodically or continuously), storage and transmittal hardware; (2) extraction of the damage - sensitive features, normalization of data by the measured inputs or by environmental cycles (summer, winter); and (3) statistical analysis of data to determine the current state of the system. The development of wood - based composites testing methodologies should be encouraged as part of the efforts being made to control the performance of low cost building materials.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p145.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p279" class="affilation"></a>Airborne ultrasonic transducers for ultrasonic transmission tomography in gaseous media</h2>
<h3>Gudra, Tadeusz
, Opielinski, Krzysztof J.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Institute of Telecommunications, Teleinformatics and Acoustics, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Ultrasonic transmission tomography is one of the measurement methods used for imaging of internal structure of various media. The method can be used in gaseous media, e.g. to identify the shape, size and location of objects, to determine the spatial distribution of temperature in a studied area (if here is a heterogeneous field of that quantity) and to determine concentration of components of selected binary gas mixtures. The non-invasive nature and short duration measurement process are the great advantages of this method. All applications of the method in gas media it is necessary to use suitable ultrasonic transducers intended for operation in a gaseous medium in the frequency band of 20 kHz - 100 kHz, that generate cylindrical wave. The paper presents the designed ultrasonic transducers constructed using piezoelectric film. They are capable of generating cylindrical wave at the frequency f = 31.5 kHz, f = 63 kHz and f = 90 kHz and are intended to work in gaseous media. The focus is on electromechanical model of transmitting and receiving transducer and the properties of EMFi film and powering systems (using burst type signal) are taken into consideration. It also presents the results of measurements of characteristics of directivity of transmitting transducers and the results of measurements performed using those transducers operating as ultrasonic wave receivers. Additionally, examples of applications of ultrasonic transmission tomography in gaseous media are presented.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p279.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p508" class="affilation"></a>Evaluation of contact stiffness between solid-solid interfaces using dual-frequency ultrasound</h2>
<h3>Guo, Xiasheng
, Zhang, Dong
, Gong, Xiufen</h3>
<p class="affilation">Institute of Acoustics, Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R.China</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Acoustical methods are playing an important role for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of adhesive-bonded composites and components in industrial applications. A dual-frequency ultrasonic technique is proposed for the quantitative evaluation of contact strength between pressed solid surfaces. An ultrasonic excitation consists of two primary frequency components is applied perpendicular to the interface, and the transmitted wave is examined. Theoretical study is based on a perturbation analysis of contact acoustic nonlinearity (CAN) model, predicting the generation of difference and sum frequency waves, together with the second harmonics. Nonlinear parameters are defined to describe the nonlinearity generation efficiencies. Experiments are performed for three types of interfaces, i. e. the interfaces of two aluminum alloy blocks with and without couplant and two glass blocks. The difference frequency wave component has bigger generation efficiency than other nonlinear components, which offers an advantage of high SNR and good detection capability of contact stiffness. For each interface, the first and second-order interfacial stiffness are measured with contact pressure increasing from near zero to about 0.8 MPa with the aid of a laser interferometer. Finally, numerical simulations are also carried out, and a consistency is found between measurements and calculations. The dual-frequency ultrasound sent to the interface generates at least four second-order nonlinear components, which enriches the CAN technique for interface quality examinations. Both measured and simulated results indicate an increase of interfacial stiffness and decrease of nonlinear parameters with growing contact pressure. Moreover, measured results show that couplant between interfaces influences the contact stiffness evaluations in an enhanced manner, while the contact pressure determined by measured interfacial stiffness values are underestimated due to the couplant. The main problem comes from the contact between the transducer-sample interfaces, which brings extra nonlinearity to the detected signals and affect the accuracy of measuring.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p508.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p792" class="affilation"></a>Microstructure characterization and imaging of single phases in polycrystalline metals by atomic force acoustic microscopy</h2>
<h3>Hirsekorn, Sigrun
, Rabe, Ute
, Rabe, Jonas
, Geng, Kai</h3>
<p class="affilation">Fraunhofer Institute for Nondestructive Testing, Saarbrücken, Germany</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The macroscopic elastic properties of multi-phase and polycrystalline materials depend on their microstructure and the elastic constants of the different phases. Hence nondestructive characterization of such materials requires techniques to probe elastic properties on a micro- or nanoscale. Atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM), a near-field technique which combines atomic force microscopy (AFM) with ultrasound is convenient for this purpose. AFAM is a contact resonance spectroscopy technique allowing one to measure elastic properties of surfaces with a local resolution in the nm range. Similar to nanoindentation it is sensitive to the indentation modulus which accounts for the normal and shear deformation in the tip-sample contact zone. We imaged the contact resonance frequency and contact stiffness distribution in nickel base alloy 625, 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel, and the most commonly used titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. In nickel base alloy 625 and 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel precipitates were visualized, and their indentation moduli were determined using the indentation modulus of the matrix as a reference. Ti-6Al-4V primarily consists of two different crystal structures: the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) α-phase and the body-centred cubic (bcc) β-phase. Depending on the thermodynamic heat treatment the α- and β-phases form different microstructures and arrangements which can be clearly imaged by AFAM. A correlation of applied heat treatment and resulting microstructure was aimed for to provide with guidelines for materials design. For the quantitative evaluation of AFAM data we used analytical models and finite element analysis of the vibrating cantilever.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p123" class="affilation"></a>Ultrasonic evaluation of dimensional and technological parameters of cement mortars </h2>
<h3>Jiménez, Antonio
, Rufo, M. Montana
, Paniagua, Jesus M.
, Antolín, Alicia</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Applied Physics, Polytechnic School, University of Extremadura, Spain</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In this work, we calculated the ultrasonic velocity of compression (vL) and shear (vT) waves, and the ultrasound elastic constants of mortars. The 14 specimens investigated were manufactured using different cement (22.5, 32.5 and 42.5 N/mm2) and water / cement ratio varying from 0.4 to 0.6. Each specimen was made with 2 distinct geometries: prismatic (4x4x16 cm3) and cylindrical (30 cm length and 15 cm diameter). Firstly, we found that the prismatic samples, with dimensions exactly those set out in the Spanish regulatory norms for the evaluation of the mechanical resistance of cements, were too small for the ultrasound frequencies used (200 kHz). This implies that erroneous values will be obtained in determining the ultrasound parameters of mortars made with this geometry, and hence that there will be no possibility of establishing simple mathematical relationships between those parameters and the non-ultrasound variables. Nevertheless, the samples made with the two geometries presented similar mechanical properties. At the same time, the knowledge of other parameters (flexion/compressive strengths) of these mortars allowed us to study different correlations between the ultrasound and the non-ultrasound parameters. Of special interest in these results were the following: (1) The prismatic samples are not valid for carrying out the ultrasound study due to their small size, while the cylindrical ones are (2) The strengths of the samples made with the same water/cement ratio can be quantified in situ from the ultrasound variables.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p123.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p121" class="affilation"></a>Preliminary study to assess ultrasonic characteristics of Torta del Casar - type cheese</h2>
<h3>Jiménez, Antonio (1)
, Crespo, Abel (2)
, Piedehierro, Juan (1)
, Rufo, M. Montana (1)
, Guerrero, M. Patricia (2)
, Paniagua, Jesus M. (1)
, Riballo, M. Jose (2)
, Antolín, Alicia (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Applied Physics, Polytechnic School, University of Extremadura, Spain
(2) Department of Food Technology, Centro Tecnológico Agroalimentario Extremadura (CTAEX), Spain </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Ultrasound has been used to non-destructively asses the quality of many foods. This paper raises the non-invasive ultrasonic method to control the change in physical properties of organic cheese (Torta del Casar) made from the milk of sheep. For that purpose, we firstly researched the changes of ultrasonic velocity, attenuation and harmonic components during the renneting process by pulse-echo method at different frequencies (500 kHz and 1 MHz). The changes in the liquid media induce these variations. The pH and temperature of the rennet-induced milk sample was also measured simultaneously with the ultrasonic measurements. Total of 3 experiments were conducted in a laboratory environment at [25.6-27.6] oC, [23.7-28.2] oC and [32.0-33.1] oC, respectively. The cutting times determined from ultrasonic measurements were compared to the cutting times from manual methods. Then, we study the velocity and FFT of the longitudinal and shear waves during cheese maturation by an ultrasonic transmission technique at different frequencies (50 kHz, 100 kHz, 250 kHz and 500 kHz). The maturation experiments at different days were performed on 32 blocks of Torta del Casar, including commercial cheeses. The detection temperature interval was [5.0-7.0]oC. From the obtained results, it appears to be possible to use an ultrasonic device to non-destructively monitor the cheese manufacturing processes (renneting process and maturation).</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p121.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p824" class="affilation"></a>Characteristics of focused ultrasound by layer structured phononic crystal</h2>
<h3>Nishimiya, Kojiro (1)
, Mizutani, Koichi (1)
, Wakatsuki, Naoto (1)
, Yamamoto, Ken (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Kanto, Japan
(2) Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering Science, Kansai University, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Phononic crystals have various characteristics, like band gap, group delay and negative refraction. Among them, we regard the negative refraction. Focused ultrasounds using negative refraction by phononic crystals are investigated by many researchers. The focused ultrasound is expected in the medical field and so on. However, when the ultrasonic wave propagates in the phononic crystal, the wave attenuates acutely. After once the crystal is composed, the focal length is fixed. It is desired to vary the focal length of phononic crystal for such fields. In our previous research, we proposed the dual structured phononic crystal. This structure has a gap between the two phononic crystals. It was verified that the focal length was varied by changing the thickness of the gap. Additionally, it was confirmed that the attenuation of this proposal structure is lower than that of a single phononic crystal of the same thickness. In this research, we examined the relationship between the characteristics of focused ultrasound by layer structured phononic crystal and the crystal structure of each layer, using finite element method (FEM) and the phononic crystal band structures. As a result, we obtained more efficient crystal structure for focused ultrasound by layer structured phononic crystal. Experimental verification is our future work.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p824.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p254" class="affilation"></a>Fundamental study on nonlinear ultrasonic imaging method for closed cracks using subtraction of responses at different external loads</h2>
<h3>Ohara, Yoshikazu
, Shintaku, Yohei
, Hashimoto, Makoto
, Horinouchi, Satoshi
, Yamanaka, Kazushi</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Materials Processing, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Nonlinear ultrasound is the most promising means of evaluating closed cracks whose faces are contacting each other because of residual stress or by oxide films. Specifically, subharmonic waves with half-frequency of input wave are useful because of its excellent selectivity for closed cracks. Thus far, we have developed a novel imaging method, subharmonic phased array for crack evaluation (SPACE), and demonstrated its performance in closed fatigue and stress corrosion cracks. The SPACE provides fundamental (f) and subharmonic (f/2) images by filtering received waveforms at each frequency. However, strong linear scatterers such as coarse grains, weld defects and back surfaces, are sometimes visualized in subharmonic images as a leak of the filter, since short-burst waves are used to obtain high temporal resolution. This artefact might degrade the performance of SPACE to identify closed cracks. To solve this problem, we propose an extension of SPACE as well as another approach using subtraction of responses at different external loads. By applying external static or dynamic loads to closed cracks, the contact state in the cracks varies, resulting in the change in the responses at the cracks. On the other hand, the linear scatterers other than cracks are not influenced by the external loads. Therefore, only the cracks can be extracted by subtraction of responses at different loads. In this study, we performed its fundamental experiments in a closed fatigue crack formed in an aluminium alloy A7075 specimen. Here we utilized static-load dependence of SPACE images and dynamic-load dependence of linear phased array images. As a result, we demonstrated that this method can extract only the variance in the responses at the closed cracks, with cancelling the responses of other than cracks.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p254.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p408" class="affilation"></a>Aperture synthesis on 2-D ultrasonic transducer arrays for projection imaging of biological media</h2>
<h3>Opielinski, Krzysztof J.
, Gudra, Tadeusz</h3>
<p class="affilation">Institute of Telecommunications, Teleinformatics and Acoustics, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A number of authors working in the field of medical imaging have recently suggested the use of multielement arrays and investigated methods of selecting the optimal number and distribution of the elements of transmitting and receiving apertures. It is also one of many methods that suppress grating side lobes (caused by aliasing effect) and hence it allows to relax the criterion of the maintaining a suitably small distance (pitch) between the centres of adjacent transducers (less than a half wave length) in the 2-D array, which itself is a difficult requirement to realise in practice. The majority of the 2-D ultrasonic multielement arrays are designed for miniature 3-D volumetric medical endoscopic imaging as intracavital probes providing unique opportunities for guiding surgeries or minimally invasive therapeutic procedures. Most of them are intended for operation using echo method.<br>
<br>
This paper offers several schemes of activating a small number of elements in a pair of 2-D transmitting and receiving plane arrays for imaging of the structure of biological media by means of the ultrasonic projection (transmission method). Such aperture synthesis with adequately switched small subarrays (according to the scanning method) allows achieving a significant directivity and the increased ultrasonic wave intensity with an acceptable input electrical impedance decrease. The novel approach in this work is reflected in wave beam profile modelling based on a simple simulation of the spatial distribution of the results of multiplying the transmitted and received ultrasonic wave field as a product of an effective transmitting-receiving aperture, rather than the coarray, the aperture or the point spread function (PSF) used in the echo method. In the end a simulation algorithm was developed and presented and the calculations and measurements of ultrasonic wave field distributions for some essential transmitting-receiving aperture configurations were compared.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p408.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p70" class="affilation"></a>The use of ultrasound energy propagated in wood</h2>
<h3>Otsuka, Tetsuro (1)
, Suzuki, Kei (1)
, Kawakami, Yuji (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) College of Indust. Tech., Nihon University, Japan
(2) FCG Research Institute Inc., Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
It is important to detect wood-boring insects, not only for the ports but also for homes. A chemical pest control is one of the methods, however we need to consider interference with environmental risk management. In this paper, an ultrasonic vibration was directly supplied from the surface of wood. Half wavelength resonance step horns, made by Duralumin, were designed at the frequencies of 20 kHz, 28 kHz, and 40 kHz. These were driven by a piezoelectric transducer. The tip of the horn was set on the surface of wood, the sinusoidal wave to the transducer was supplied in 3 minutes. A 10 kg weight was put on the horn to add static pressure while the pallet was tested. <br>
<br>
We artificially drilled holes (2 mm diameter) into a pallet of Japanese cedar with a cross section of 30 x 10 mm and 500 mm long. The holes were opened in 3 mm depth from the surface of the pallet. The step horn was connected to the side wall of the pallet and the ultrasound was supplied. The next specimen had bite marks. When tested, the horn was connected to the surface of the pallet and the vibration energy on the tip of horn was converted to the thermal energy and was propagated in the pallet, then the temperature of the pallet increased. An infrared thermal video system was used to measure the temperature. Radiant thermal energy was converted to the temperature distribution inside the pallet. We found that the temperature distribution clearly showed the shape of the artificially drilled holes. Moreover, when the pallet having the bite mark was flipped and the temperature distribution was measured up to 40 degrees Celcius, the bite mark was found on the distribution. Therefore, it was determined that this system could be very positive as one of the more environmentally friendly pest control methods.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p70.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p406" class="affilation"></a>Acoustics and dielectric properties of Borassus Flabellifier ‘BF' with frequency and temperature </h2>
<h3>Phadke, Sushil (1)
, Shrivastava, B. D. (2)
, Mishra, Ashutosh (3)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Physics, Govt. Girls College, India
(2) Government P.G.College Dhar, India
(3) School of Physics, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, India.
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Acoustics and Dielectric properties of Borassus Flabellifier ‘BF' wood were carried out by authors at various moisture contents with frequency and temperature. The wood section is taken from male BF tree and female BF tree from where the natural juice is collected over night. Results shows that the moisture content of BF wood affected the dielectric properties considerably. The variation of the relative dielectric constant in different wood structures is correlated with the density variations in a way the received signal strength increases with increasing wood density. Acoustics measurement carried out by Ultrasonic interferometer and the dielectric measuring device used in this study was developed on the basis of new method, allows non- destructive , extremely fast measurements of wood density variations. In this study the drying of wood done by microwave energy using a continuous microwave drier was compared to that by conventional method. Characterization of the samples was made with some standard method like X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) etc..</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p406.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p8" class="affilation"></a>An ultrasonic flowmeter based on bean pattern of a multi element transducer: theoretical approach</h2>
<h3>Rodrigo Costa, Félix</h3>
<p class="affilation">Laboratory of Ultrasound, Division of Acoustics and Vibration Metrology, Directory of Scientific and Industrial Metrology; National Institute of Metrology, Standardization, and Industrial Quality, Duque de Caxias; Brazil</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Flowmeters based on ultrasonic time of flight and delay (ToFD) are usual, and represent the most accurate sort of flowmeters for some applications. That is the case for water flow measurements on inlet of hydroelectric power turbines, for instance. As inlet tubes are often large for those kinds of applications, with diameters easily larger than 5 meters, the turbulence due transducer positioning inside water flow is considered irrelevant. Nevertheless, some disturbance, and consequently some uncertainties or errors, should be taken into account. The principle of ToFD for those applications demands pairs of transducers to be positioned through the fluid flow, one of each before the other after regarding the stream direction. The alignment is mechanical and should be done carefully. In this paper it is described a novel way of positioning pairs of transducers in an ultrasonic flowmeter scheme based on bean pattern of multi element transducer. The theory to be presented assures a virtually non-disturbed flow after positioning of transducers, and the alignment is performed easily adjusting ultrasonic parameters of the input signal. An improvement of 50% is expected in the accuracy of such flowmeter schemed for small tubes (diameter less than 1 meter) and from 10% to 20% to larger tuber (diameter larger than 5 meters).</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p578" class="affilation"></a>Quantitative numerical approach for ultrasound imaging with Time Domain Topological Energy</h2>
<h3>Sahuguet, P.
, Gibiat, Vincent
, Jacob, Xavier</h3>
<p class="affilation">Université de Toulouse PHASE, Toulouse, France</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Time Domain Topological Energy (TDTE) is a new method of imaging that comes from the field of shape optimization under constraints and corresponds to an approximate resolution of the inverse problem. TDTE has been first developed for Non-Destructive Testing where its performances have shown a better ability for imaging defects in complex materials than classical tools. For acoustic imaging purpose, the rationale utilizes the following steps: an inspected medium is compared to a numerical reference where geometrical and physical properties can be iteratively modified. This comparison is realized using the ultrasonic field recorded by an array of transducers. A forward field is numerically obtained by simulations of the acoustic propagation in the reference medium where properties of velocity and density are chosen to be close to those of the inspected medium. That means the whole ultrasonic field is known inside the whole reference medium and at the location of the transducer array during the recording time. Under the constraint of the wave equation, an adjoint problem coming from an optimization process in time domain leads to a time reversal formulation where a signal difference is time reversed and propagated through the reference medium, giving the complete adjoint field. As the comparison involves the minimization of a cost function, the first term of the asymptotic expression of this function often called topological derivation or topological gradient can be used to draw an acoustical image of the medium. A more stable quantity called "topological energy" is computed by integrating the product of the squared, the forward and the adjoint fields. This modified version of the topological gradient avoids processing an iteration to limit instabilities and to improve the convergence.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p578.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p318" class="affilation"></a>Acoustical investigations in some cubic crystals</h2>
<h3>Shanker, Kiran</h3>
<p class="affilation">Physics Department-CMP College, Allahabd Central University, India</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Variations and damping of sound waves are dependent upon the material properties of materials and its acoustic inspection has gained significant status more recently in the study of nano materials.The author has studied acoustic attenuation in materials of different kinds such as metals, dielectrics, semiconductors under extreme conditions of temperature and frequency along various crystallographic directions of the propagated wave using theoretical models and Pulse echo technique.Such investigations have revealed that electron-phonon interactions at low temperatures and phonon-phonon interactions in the high temperature domain are the dominant factors contributing towards acoustic attenuation in all types of materials excepting the superconducting transition ones where drastic changes in theoretical models need support.The acoustical investigations were made via phonon gas interactions and thermoelastic factors using ultasonically measured Third Order Elastic Constants.The nonlinear parameters and the absorption coefficients were studied along <100>,<110> and <111> directions of the propagated wave.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p318.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p177" class="affilation"></a>Speed measurement of moving object by using sensitivity compensated ultrasonic transmitting signal and pulse compression</h2>
<h3>Toh, Ryo
, Chimura, Dai
, Motooka, Seiichi</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Electrical Electronics and Computer Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashinoshi, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Target ranging methods using ultrasonic pulse-echo are widely employed for remote sensing of automobiles and robots. But the accuracy is not sufficient for measuring the moving speed of the target instantly. Instead, Doppler shift of the frequency is commonly used for speed measurement. However, the lower limit of speed measurement is generally greater than 3m/s.<br>
<br>
In order to acquire compression pulse with both high resolution and high signal to noise ratio (SNR), a new method for target ranging with ultrasonic pulse-echo method, using a sensitivity compensated transmitting (SCT) signal derived by inverse filtered processing and a matched filtered pulse compression processing, was proposed. It was verified experimentally that the effective spectrum of received echo signal using SCT signal is flatter and broader, and both the resolution and SNR of the compressed pulse are enhanced than that using normal linear frequency-modulated Chirp wave as transmitting signal.<br>
<br>
In this paper, the approach of speed measurement using the SCT signal and pulse compression is studied. Two ultrasonic transducers with 40kHz resonant frequency are employed. First, with a direct transmitting-receiving arrangement of transducers, using a linear frequency-modulated Chirp wave as the transmitting signal, a reference signal, whose spectrum depends mainly on the sensitivities of ultrasonic transducers, is measured. The SCT signal is calculated from the quotient of spectra of the Chirp wave and its reference received signal by inverse filtered processing. Then, a 7cm*7cm steel plate with about 1m distance from the transducers is employed as measuring target. By using the SCT signal, the received echo signal shows an effective flat spectrum between 38kHz to 51kHz, and the compressed pulse shows high resolution with a pulse width of about 1/3 of that using the Chirp wave as transmitting signal. For speed measurement, transmitting signal consisting of two SCT pulses with a time interval of 3.096ms is employed and moving speed lower than 2m/s is measured. The measuring result shows an error less than 5%. Because the error is proportional to the interval of the dual transmitting pulses, higher accuracy can be expected by enhancing the interval of the two SCT pulses. These results indicate a possibility of the application of low speed estimation by using ultrasonic pulse-echo method.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p177.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p1019" class="affilation"></a>Theoretical and experimental investigation of the backward beam displacement</h2>
<h3>Herbison, Sarah W.
, Declercq, Nico F.
, Breazeale, Mack A.</h3>
<p class="affilation">UMI Georgia Tech, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Metz-Technopole, France</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The discovery of a backward beam displacement of ultrasound interacting with a periodically corrugated surface, dates back from 1976, when Breazeale and Torbett reported it [M. A. Breazeale and M. Torbett, Appl. Phys. Lett. 29, 456 (1976)]. Since 2002 new investigations have been undertaken partially motivated by Breazeale's enthusiasm. An overview is presented of how the phenomenon was first discovered in 1976, how a theoretical explanation was found since 2002 [N. F. Declercq, J. Degrieck, R. Briers, and O. Leroy, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2533 (2003); Nico F. Declercq, Joris Degrieck, Rudy Briers, Oswald Leroy, "Theory of the backward beam displacement on periodically corrugated surfaces and its relation to leaky Scholte-Stoneley waves", J. Appl. Phys. 96(11), 6869-6877, 2004] and what further verifications and discoveries have been made since then [A. Teklu, M. A. Breazeale, Nico F. Declercq, Roger D. Hasse, Michael S. McPherson, "Backward Displacement of Ultrasonic Waves Reflected from a Periodically Corrugated Interface", J. Appl. Phys. 97(8), 084904 1-4, 2005]. The main focus of this presentation however is on new research showing the ubiquitous presence of the phenomenon and its importance for nondestructive applications [Sarah Herbison, Nico Declercq, and Mack Breazeale, "Angular and frequency spectral analysis of the ultrasonic backward beam displacement on a periodically grooved solid", in press with J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 2009].</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p1019.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p536" class="affilation"></a>Mack Breazeale's contribution to Spring Schools on acousto-optics and its applications (1980 - 2008)</h2>
<h3>Kwiek, Piotr
, Linde, Bogumil B.J.
, Sliwinski, Antoni</h3>
<p class="affilation">Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Professor Mack A. Breazeale attended in few of Spring Schools on Acousto-optics and its Applications (organized every three years by the University of Gdansk since 1980) starting with the first one and participating last time in the 9th one in 2004). His original papers presented during these meetings had an evident importance for the development of this branch of physics and technology. Some recollections of the long cooperation of the authors with Mack Breazeale on the field of acousto-optics and some current results of experiments related to the Breazeale's description of a finite width ultrasonic beam reflection phenomena are presented in this paper. Particularly, some recent results of experiments on secondary interference in the near field of the ultrasonic light diffraction phenomena and of some schlieren pictures of the finite ultrasonic beam reflection (including the Schoch shifted, null zone and backscattered beams) are demonstrated as well.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p536.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p32" class="affilation"></a>Studies on acoustical dissipation and related parameters in Vth group mononitrides</h2>
<h3>Singh, R. K.
, Singh, R. P.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanmasi, India</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Second and third order elastic moduli of fifth group mononitrides (viz. VN, NbN and TaN) have been evaluated using Born model for ionic solids. Using the calculated values of second and third order elastic moduli, temperature dependence of acoustic attenuation for longitudinal and shear modes of propagation along <100>, <110> and <111> directions of propagation have been studied in a wide temperature range (50 K-500 K). Gruneisen parameters, nonlinearity constants and nonlinearity constants ratios have also been calculated for longitudinal and shear waves along different directions of propagation and polarization. Results have been discussed and it has been found that attenuation contribution due to thermoelastic mechanism is negligible compared to phonon-phonon interaction mechanism. It has also been observed that VN, which is hardest among the series has least attenuation, while, TaN which has the least hardness among the members of the transition metal nitride series has highest attenuation.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p32.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p580" class="affilation"></a>A directional loudspeaker array for surround sound in reverberant rooms</h2>
<h3>Betlehem, Terence (1)
, Anderson, Craig (2)
, Poletti, Mark A. (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Industrial Research Ltd, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
(2) Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington,
New Zealand</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
We present a method to enhance the performance of the soundfield reproduction approach to surround sound technology applicable for reverberant rooms, under the constraint that only a small number of loudspeakers is permissible. The method is based upon the idea of using steerable directional loudspeakers to exploit the room reverberation. In home theatre applications, exact soundfield reproduction is currently handicapped by the unreasonably large numbers of loudspeakers required for operation over audible frequencies. However by exploiting reverberant wall reflections, mirror-sources may be used as additional loudspeakers to help perform the reproduction. Utilizing mirror-sources, the number of loudspeaker locations required throughout the room may be reduced. A large array of omnidirectional loudspeakers can then be replaced by a small number of compact configurable directional loudspeakers. Simulating in a reverberant room with each directional loudspeaker modelled as an array of monopoles, we show that the performance is comparable to a circular array with a much larger number of elements. We quantify the accuracy of the soundfield reproduction and the robustness to calibration error, comparing the proposed scheme with the more standard circular array geometry.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p580.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p305" class="affilation"></a>The reproduction of the response of an aircraft panel to turbulent boundary layer excitations in laboratory conditions</h2>
<h3>Bravo, Teresa (1)
, Maury, Cedric (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Instituto de Acústica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas ,Madrid, Spain
(2) Laboratoire de Mécanique et d'Acoustique (LMA), Equipe SACADS, UPR-CNRS 7051, Marseille, France
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
One important topic in the aeronautic and aerospace industries is the reproduction of random pressure field, with prescribed spatial correlation characteristics, in laboratory conditions. In particular, the random-wall pressure fluctuations induced by a Turbulent Boundary Layer (TBL) excitation are a major concern for cabin noise problem, as this excitation has been identified as the dominant contribution in cruise conditions. As in-flight measurements require costly and time-consuming measurement campaigns, the laboratory reproduction has attracted considerable attention in recent years. <br>
<br>
Some work has already been carried out for the laboratory simulation of the excitation pressure field for several random fields. It has been found that TBL reproduction is very demanding in terms of number of loudspeakers for correlation length, and it should require a dense and non-uniform arrangement of acoustic sources due to the different spanwise and streamwise correlation lengths involved. <br>
<br>
The present study addresses the problem of directly simulating the vibroacoustic response of an aircraft skin panel using a near-field array of suitably driven loudspeakers. It is compared with the use of an array of shakers and piezoelectric actuators. It is shown how the wavenumber filtering capabilities of the panel reduces the number of sources required, thus dramatically enlarging the frequency range over which the TBL vibro-acoustic response is reproduced with accuracy. Direct reconstruction of the TBL-induced panel response is found to be feasible over the hydrodynamic coincidence frequency range using a limited number of actuators driven by optimal signals. It is shown that piezoelectric actuators, which have more practical implementation than shakers, provide a more effective reproduction of the TBL response than near-field loudspeakers.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p305.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p856" class="affilation"></a>Sound field reproduction by using a scatterer</h2>
<h3>Chang, Ji-Ho
, Song, Min-Ho
, Park, Jin-Young
, Lee, Tae-Woong
, Kim, Yang-Hann</h3>
<p class="affilation">KAIST, Daejeon, Korea</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This study proposes a method to reproduce the sound field that we desire in a selected control region by using an array of loudspeakers, both temporally and spatially. The desired sound field means a sound field that we can have in concert halls and stadiums, or that we want to have for special effects in movies and computer games. If a sound field that is identical to the desired field is generated by using loudspeakers, one who is in the field will have the same feeling as that in the desired field. In other words, this study aims to mimic the desired field in a control region so as to make listeners feel as if they were in the desired field. The proposed method uses a scatterer on the surface of which microphones are mounted to measure the surface pressure. Then, by using the measured pressure, the input signals to loudspeakers are obtained that makes the reproduced field identical to the desired field in the control region. In other words, if we put the scatterer in any sound field, and measure the surface pressure, then we can reproduce the sound field by loudspeakers. This method is based on the fact that the pressure on the surface of a scatterer uniquely determines the incident sound field which is generated if the scatterer is not placed. The use of the scatterer enables us to reproduce sound fields without the forbidden frequency problem. This paper proves the fact, and explains and verifies the proposed method with simple examples.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p856.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p329" class="affilation"></a>A new loudspeaker for low frequency radiation by linear motion type ultrasonic motor</h2>
<h3>Egawa, Tatsuya (1)
, Saito, Hiroki (1)
, Negishi, Hiro (2)
, Ohga, Juro (2,3)
, Oohira, Ikuo (4)
, Kubota, Hajime (1)
, Maeda, Kazuaki (5)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Chiba IT, Narashino-shi, Chiba, Japan
(2) MIX Acous. Lab.
(3) Shibaura IT, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
(4) Self-owned business
(5) TOA. Ltd., Kobe-shi, Hyogo, Japan </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This work gives a new loudspeaker construction which is completely different from the conventional electrodynamic loudspeakers.<br>
<br>
Direct-radiator-loudspeaker is required a large diaphragm displacement and low resonant frequency for satisfactory performance at a low frequency range. The conventional electrodynamic transducer is, however practical, not ideal for this sort of loudspeakers because motion of the voice coil driven through an air gap cannot be controlled perfectly and its resonance peak with high Q-factor may result a long group delay time.<br>
<br>
The authors proposed an improved driving construction by using revolution of ultrasonic motors for direct-radiator-loudspeakers. It is suitable for radiate a high sound pressure at a low signal frequency. The piezoelectric ultrasonic motor is characterized by excellent motion controllability and high driving mechanical impedance because its rotor contacts its stator tightly. Therefore, the loudspeaker driven by ultrasonic motors expected to operate with large amplitude and high-fidelity in low frequency region even by a heavy diaphragm. However, continuous revolution of ultrasonic motor cannot induce reciprocal motion of the diaphragm directly. Authors tested a loudspeaker by using reciprocal revolution of an ultrasonic motor at the first stage. However, it produced a sound with remarkable distortion due to friction characteristics of the motor. The solution for reduction of distortion by the authors was use of linear motion type motors. The preliminary model included a metal movement, connected directly to a cone radiator and set on a sliding stage, which is driven by two piezoelectric linear actuators fixed opposite to each other. It radiated a satisfactorily large sound. However, its efficiency and distortion characteristics were unsatisfactory. The next model has an improved simple construction. Size and weight of the movement is reduced and the slide stage is removed. Performance of this model will be introduced at the meeting.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p329.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p810" class="affilation"></a>Optimization of loudspeaker and microphone configurations for sound reproduction system based on boundary surface control principle
- An optimizing approach using Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization and its evaluation -</h2>
<h3>Enomoto, Seigo (1)
, Ikeda, Yusuke (1)
, Ise, Shiro (2)
, Nakamura, Satoshi (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) National Insitutute of Information and Communications Technology, Japan
(2) Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
We propose a 3-D sound reproduction system based on the boundary surface control principle (BoSC system) and evaluate its performance via demonstration and exhibition.<br>
<br>
The BoSC reproduction system, dome-shaped and constructed of wood, consists of 62 full-range loudspeakers and eight subwoofer loudspeakers.<br>
<br>
The BoSC recording system is designed from ${rm C}_{80}$ fullerene consisting of 70 microphones of a 46-cm diameter.<br>
<br>
In the listening room, 62 full-range loudspeakers assisted by the designed inverse filters reproduce sound fields identical to the primary sound fields by reproducing sound pressure on the 70 microphones which surround the listener's head. <br>
<br>
The BoSC system requires huge numerical calculation to reproduce authentic 3-D sound fields. <br>
<br>
Consequently, a pre-convolution calculation of the inverse filters is required to reproduce and transmit these fields. <br>
<br>
Therefore, to realize a real-time 3-D sound field reproduction system, we investigated optimization of the loudspeaker and microphone configuration using Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization.<br>
<br>
In the BoSC system, the inverse filters are determined by an inverse system of a transfer function matrix measured between each loudspeaker and microphone pair.<br>
<br>
Therefore, a transfer function matrix with a huge condition number degrades the accuracy of the reproduced sound fields.<br>
<br>
The selection of loudspeakers in the active control system that includes the BoSC system is equal to the selection of a vertical vector in the transfer function matrix.<br>
<br>
This means that for the reduction of the number of loudspeakers the vertical vector is selected up to the required numbers.<br>
<br>
By applying Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization to the selection of loudspeakers, the loudspeaker is selected in the order of linear independence from highest to lowest.<br>
<br>
In this paper, the effect of the reduction of loudspeakers and microphones is evaluated by the subjective assessment of a sound image localization test.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p810.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p737" class="affilation"></a>Objective evaluation of a three-dimensional sound field reproduction system</h2>
<h3>Epain, Nicolas, Guillon, Pierre, Kan, Alan, Kosobrodov, Roman, Jin, Craig, van Schaik, Andre</h3>
<p class="affilation">CARLab (Computing and Audio Research Laboratory), The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
We present the results of an empirical evaluation of a three-dimensional sound field reproduction system consisting of 32 loudspeakers installed in a hemi-anechoic room at the University of Sydney. This loudspeaker arrangement allows up to third-order, two-dimensional, and fourth-order, three-dimensional Higher Order Ambisonic (HOA) reproduction of sound fields. The ability of this system to recreate a known sound field at the ears of a listener is evaluated using measurements with an acoustic manikin in the optimal listening position. In particular, we compare the Interaural Time Delay (ITD) and the Interaural Level Difference (ILD) generated by HOA for different sound source angles against reference values measured in an anechoic room. In addition, the influence of a listener's position on the quality of the reproduction is investigated based on measurements done for different positions of the manikin around the "sweet spot".</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p737.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p885" class="affilation"></a>Sound field reproduction using directional loudspeakers and the equivalent acoustic scattering problem</h2>
<h3>Fazi, Filippo M.
, Nelson, Philip A.</h3>
<p class="affilation">University of Southampton, Southampton, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The problem is addressed of reproducing a desired sound field in the interior of a bounded region of the space, using an array of loudspeakers that exhibit a first order acoustic radiation pattern. Previous work has shown that the computation of the required loudspeakers signals, in the case of omnidirectional transducers, can be determined by solving an equivalent scattering problem. This approach is extended here to the case of directional loudspeakers. It is shown that the loudspeaker complex coefficients can be computed by solving an equivalent scattering problem. These coefficients are given by the normal derivative of the total pressure field (incident field plus scattered field) arising from the scattering of the target field by an object with the shape of the reproduction region (the region bounded by the loudspeaker array) and with impedance boundary conditions. The expression for this impedance, or Robin, boundary condition is calculated from the radiation pattern of the loudspeakers, assuming that the latter can be expressed by a linear combination of a free field Green function and its gradient. The solution of the problem can be obtained in closed form for simple geometries of the loudspeaker array, such as a sphere, a circle or a plane, thus providing a meaningful improvement to sound field reproduction techniques such as Wave Field Synthesis or High Order Ambisonics. The method proposed is also valid for more general geometries, for which the computation of the solution should be performed by applying the Kirchhoff approximation or by means of numerical methods.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p885.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p721" class="affilation"></a>Composite square and monomial power sweeps for SNR customization in acoustic measurements</h2>
<h3>Huszty, Csaba (1)
, Sakamoto, Shinichi (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Graduate School, The University of Tokyo, Japan
(2) Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Swept signals for acoustic measurements are widely used nowadays to obtain impulse responses of the system under test. The overall spectrum and the inverse filter that compresses the sweep into an impulse together with the background noise conditions prescribe the result's signal-noise ratio as a function of frequency. This paper proposes a time-domain sweep synthesis method using composite square and monomial power function modulated sine sweeps that can customize the resulting SNR-frequency function. Theoretical and practical aspects as well as measurement results are presented.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p721.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p806" class="affilation"></a>Three-party sound field sharing system based on the boundary surface control principle
-Subjective assessment of voice reproduction with speaker's facing angle-</h2>
<h3>Ikeda, Yusuke (1)
, Enomoto, Seigo (1)
, Ise, Shiro (2)
, Nakamura, Satoshi (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) National Insitutute of Information and Communications Technology, Japan
(2) Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A telecommunication system makes communicating more comfortable if it ensures that parties involved in distant communication feel as if they are located in the same space during their conversation. By applying physically accurate sound field reproduction, we aim to develop a telecommunication system which enables us to feel the presence of a conversational partner. In pursuit of physically accurate sound field reproduction, we have developed a sound field reproduction system based on the boundary surface control principle. We have also developed a two-party sound field sharing telecommunication system using that reproduction system.In this paper, we describe an extension of that system to three-party system and conduct the subjective assessment of its voice reproduction. In pursuit of decreasing the amount of real-time convolution calculations, we applied Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization to reduce the number of secondary sound sources. In a three-party conversation, it is important to know ``who talks to whom''. Accordingly, when one of conversational partners turns towards another partner in three-party conversation, we reproduce natural changes in voice directivity caused by head rotation by detecting facing angle through image recognition and by adjusting the voice filter to suit that angle. However, this requires the voice reproduction with enough accuracy to acoustically perceive ``who talks to whom''. Thus, we conducted subjective assessments of the speaker's facing angle both in real environment and in sound reproduction environment.As a result of average angle error in sound reproduction environment, we found out that the system reproduced voice with enough accuracy to perceive who talks to whom.And we also found that there was little difference in the voice facing angle between perception in the real environment and in the sound field reproduction environment for a half of the subjects.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p806.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p464" class="affilation"></a>A sound telescope: a control of zone of interest</h2>
<h3>Jo, Hyun
, Park, Youngjin
, Park, Youn-sik</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Science Town, Daejeon, Korea</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
For hands-free audio communication, a beamforming has been widely used to focus a broadband signal. Algorithms of conventional beamformers are based on focusing received signals from sensor array toward the location of a target single source. However, in a real situation, a source signal of interest cannot be perfectly magnified because of steering errors and side-lob interferences. This is true especially for the delay-and-sum beamforming. Moreover, conventional beamformers cannot be directly applied when we desire to focus on multiple sound sources inside a zone of interest. There are two design issues of our interest. The first issue is how to control the beamformer's beam-width, from which we can make a beamformer robust to steering errors and we can change zone of interest and listen to any possible sound source located inside the target beam-width loud with small amount of distortions. The second issue is how to effectively reduce the side-lobe level in existence of multiple noise sources. For the case of multiple sources, integrating array gains within desired directions of interests can be applied, and it is a direct approach of using a conventional beamformers. The results are the moving average of a beam power in controlled regions. To extend the ideas of conventional beamforming, a concept of regional focusing is suggested. The algorithm is based on the inverse approach of acoustic contrast control which has been used for designing a desired sound field by using loud speakers. The performance of two, direct approach and inverse problem approach, are compared. To apply proposed algorithms in a practical situation, an array of microphones placed in circular positions is used, and the performance of proposed algorithms is tested.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p464.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p100" class="affilation"></a>Measurement and generation of footsteps sound on Japanese traditional dance</h2>
<h3>Kawakami, Hiroshi (1)
, Mito, Yuki (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) College of Art, Nihon University, Japan
(2) Hitotsubashi University, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Our purpose is to create real sound made by human motion in the virtual reality environment. On Japanese traditional dance that is called "Nihon Buyo", the sound of footsteps is very important because dancer makes musical beats by footsteps in his performance. We tried to generate these footsteps using dancers motion for the purpose of producing the virtual reality performance of Nihon Buyo. In the real environment, the material vibration creates sound. This is the fundamental principle of physical phenomena. If we give the something power to the material, it starts to vibrate; this is most simply phenomenon of sound. So we had to create the material vibration in the virtual environment. We tried to generate the footsteps sound by motion capture data. To create the real sound in the computer environment, we have to simulate material vibration by the excitation. If we can simulate the material vibration, we could create same environment as real world in the computer environment. To generate the virtual reality footsteps sound, we used the physical modeling that was the calculation of the modeling elasticity, and moreover we used Finite Element Method (FEM) to simulate the material vibration, which was wood floor vibration. <br>
<br>
At first, we measured the floor vibration due to the foot of the dancers to estimate the vibration by the physical model as the vibration of the floor by the real human movement. We put on three places of contact type vibration sensor on the floor and measured it. To make the material vibration, off course, excitation is needed. For footsteps, excitation is just the motion of foot. On this modeling, we used Z-axis motion capture data of performers' heel as data of excitation. About the physical modeling, we made the DSP program that translated the movement of foot to excitation data, based on Modalys that IRCAM developed. And the footsteps sound was generated with dancers motion data and the elastic value of wood. As a result of estimation, it was suggested that there seemed to be the indication of correlation between the real vibration and modeling sound.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p100.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p836" class="affilation"></a>Sound source localization using scattered acoustic pressure on the surface of rigid sphere and its performance</h2>
<h3>Kim, Ki-Won
, Seo, Dae-Hoon
, Chang, Ji-Ho
, Kim, Yang-Hann</h3>
<p class="affilation">Center for Noise and Vibration Control (NOVIC), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon-shi, Korea</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Sound visualization techniques, which visualize the useful information about sound source such as direction of incident wave from measured signal by directional microphone array, can be applied to visual aids for a hearing impaired person. Beamforming method is a novel way to visualize the sound and is advantageous in rapid realization using fewer microphones. Visual aids are applied as a shape of helmet or glasses, should be considered the effect of scattering by visual aids or user's head. In this paper, we modeled the scatterer as a rigid sphere and then used the beamforming method to estimate the direction of incident wave considering scattered acoustic pressure on the surface of rigid sphere as a bearing function. In addition, the resolution analysis was performed and was compared with the conventional beamforming method.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p836.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p244" class="affilation"></a>Analysis of exponentially tapered piezoelectric bimorph actuator</h2>
<h3>Kim, Moojoon (1)
, Kim, Jungsoon (2)
, Ha, Kanglyeol (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1)Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
(2)Tongmyong University, Busan, Korea</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Piezoelectric bimorph actuator has been used in wide application fields as a sensor, a vibration source, and a position controller. The shape of the bimorph has been changed to improve their characteristics, especially, in case of cantilever type. The tip of AFM (Atomic Force Microscope) is a good example of the cantilever bimorph. However, the analyses of the characteristics are mainly numerical methods because it is hard to solve the wave equation including the shape factor analytically. Therefore, the optimum design of the bimorph is not easy because of the enormous calculation. In this study, to analyze the effect of the shape change, an exponential function is introduced as the shape factor of the bimorph, and then the solution of the wave equation is obtained. The characteristics change with the shape of the piezoelectric bimorph actuator is analyzed theoretically. The exponentially tapered piezoelectric bimorph actuators are fabricated, and the characteristics change are measured experimentally.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p244.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p207" class="affilation"></a>A study on acoustic theoretical formula for compact acoustic reproduction systems</h2>
<h3>Nakamura, Masashi (1)
, Kajikawa, Yoshinobu (1)
, Nomura, Yasuo (1)
, Miyakura, Takashi (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Electronics, Faculty of Engineering Science, Kansai University, Japan
(2) Hosiden Corporation, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In this paper, we propose a method for analyzing compact acoustic reproduction systems (e.g. mobile phones) through acoustic equivalent circuits. Measured responses of compact acoustic reproduction systems cannot be repre-sented accurately by the analysis based on the conventional acoustic theory. Acoustic engineers consequently are obliged to design compact acoustic reproduction systems by trial and error. Moreover, the sound quality of those sys-tems is likely to deteriorate due to the difficulty of such an acoustic design. We therefore clarify the cause of the dif-ference between the measured response and the analysis one calculated by the finite element method (FEM) analysis and consider the possibility of obtaining new acoustic theorical formulae based on the analysis results in order to make it easier for acoustic engineers to design compact acoustic reproduction systems.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p207.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p349" class="affilation"></a>Localization of acoustic signals used in sound emitters at pedestrian crosswalks
</h2>
<h3>Niewiarowicz, Marek (1)
, Furmann, Anna (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Otolaryngology , Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
(2) Institute of Acoustics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This study aimed at defining an optimal acoustic signal, which could be used in sound emitters at blind and visually impaired enabled pedestrian crosswalks. Two signals were identified from among three test groups of tested signals on the basis of psychoacoustic tests (study of detection thresholds of signals in quiet and in traffic noises ) as well as annoyance estimation of signals These two signals met the following standard requirements: (1) TR signal - a signal with a triangular temporal envelope and a sinusoidal carrier with a frequency of 880 Hz, repeated periodically with a frequency of 5 Hz, (2) RC signal - a signal with a rectangular temporal envelope and a rectangular carrier with a basic frequency of 880 Hz, repeated periodically with a frequency of 5 Hz which were used to test the ability of a sound source to localize.<br>
<br>
The ability to localize was tested by a modified method ADHA (angle of directional hearing acuity) in which the 2AFC adaptation procedure was used. The test signals were emitted against the background of traffic noise: (i) non-moving and moving cars, (ii) non-moving cars and moving trams and the ratio of the useful signal (65 dB SPL) to the noise (75 dB SPL) - S/N was -10 dB. The tests were conducted on 8 subjects with normal hearing (5 women and 3 men), aged 22-37 years (average 26 years). Statistical analysis of results obtained in the experiments led to the following conclusions: (1) localization is most difficult at the azimuths of 90° and 270°; dispersion of results is significant, (2) RC signals are better localized than TR signals, (3) individual subjects differed considerably with respect to ADHA values.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p349.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p898" class="affilation"></a>Visualization of sound field and sound source vibration using laser measurement method</h2>
<h3>Oikawa, Yasuhiro (1)
, Hasegawa, Tomomi (1)
, Ouchi, Yasuhiro (2)
, Yamasaki, Yoshio (1)
, Ikeda, Yusuke (3)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Intermedia Art and Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
(2) Environmental Research Institute, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
(3) National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kyoto, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Visualizations help us to understand the sound field behavior. A well-known method of sound field visualization is Kunt's experiment which visualizes standing waves using light particles. Comprehending of both accurate and transient information on sound fields requires measurement of information at multiple points, and also their visualization. Microphones are commonly used to implement such measurements, which means that numerous microphones are needed. On the other hand, LDV can be used to measure an average sound pressure over a laser path. We have conducted fundamental research on sound field measurement and visualization using LDV and CT without ordinary microphones. The measured value contains integrated information on the laser path. If we have data on an area measured from all directions using LDV, we can estimate the sound field in the area without having to measure at many points using micro- phones. This kind of signal processing known as CT is based on reconstruction from projections. X-ray CTs are used in medicine to observe cross-section surface of a human body without contact or damage. Similarly we can observe a sound field by using laser CT.<br>
<br>
The new technology of observing a sound field and vibration is proposed and being put to practical use in this way. The sound field is generated by a sound source and it is important to know the relationship between sound field and sound source. It is very useful to observe both the sound field and sound source vibration simultaneously, In this paper, we describe the integrated visualization of sound field and sound source vibration using 3D laser measurement method. We used Processing programming language in order to realize the interactive visualization of sound field and sound source vibration. In addition, we conducted an experimental measurement of impulse responses with laser CT and TSP signal.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p898.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p835" class="affilation"></a>Performance degradation due to transfer function errors in acoustic brightness/contrast control: sensitivity analysis</h2>
<h3>Park, Jin-Young (1)
, Song, Min-Ho (2)
, Chang, Ji-Ho (1)
, Kim, Yang-Hann (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Noise and Vibration Control, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea
(2) Graduate School of Culture Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Acoustic brightness/contrast control is a method to generate acoustically bright zone (loud region) or acoustically bright zone and dark zone (quiet region) at the same time using several sound sources. For example, in implementing private audio system, it has been demonstrated that acoustic contrast control is one of effective means to maximize the acoustic energy density ratio between acoustically bright zone (listener region) and dark zone (elsewhere). In acoustic brightness /contrast control, measured transfer functions, which show the relation between the input signal of a sound source and the output signal of a microphone, are normally used. If there are errors in the measuring transfer function due to noises, system nonlinearity, or any kinds of disturbances, the desired performance might be distorted. These errors degrade the system performances; for examples, its brightness, contrast and spatial mean-squared-error of the control zone. In this paper, the errors are expressed in terms of magnitudes and phases, and we have formulated the performance variation of acoustic brightness/contrast control due to the errors in measuring transfer functions mathematically and evaluated its validities.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p835.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p798" class="affilation"></a>Parametric simulation study of miniature loudspeaker for performance evaluation and improvement</h2>
<h3>Pawar, S. J. (1)
, Her, H. C. (2)
, Huang, Jin H. (3)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Ph. D. Program in Mechanical and Aeronautical Engg., Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan (ROC)
(2) Ph. D. Program in Mech. and Aero. Engg., Feng Chia University and Merry Electronics Co. Ltd., Taichung, Taiwan (ROC)
(3) Electroacoustic Graduate Program, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan (ROC)
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Sound reproduction in a limited space with accumulation of functions for polyphonic sound is increasing demand of 4C products. Miniature loudspeaker has to generate smooth sound pressure level (SPL) over range of 100 Hz to 10 kHz as per requirements of 4C products. In this study we reports formulation and validation of equivalent circuit model for miniature loudspeaker. This is achieved by measuring electroacoustic (Thiele-Small) parameters and performing anechoic chamber measurements. The validated model is then simulated for investigating the effect of key parameters of miniature loudspeaker based on our past experience. Such parameters are transduction factor, electrical resistance of voice coil, electrical impedance of voice coil, mass of diaphragm, resistance of diaphragm, and compliance of diaphragm. These parameters are adjudged based on TS parameter and their effect on SPL. This study investigates the effect of parameters in two layer manner. In the first layer, diaphragm dependent mechanical parameters and voice coil dependent electrical parameters are isolated and simulation is carried out. We found very promising results. With these results, in second layer, an attempt is extended to combine them to get better information on the effect of these parameters on the SPL of miniature loudspeaker. Finally, an improvement in performance of miniature loudspeaker is obtained for reduction in fundamental resonance frequency, reduction in second resonance peak, increase in the bandwidth, increase in low frequency response and increase in SPL over complete range by careful tuning of these parameters.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p798.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p666" class="affilation"></a>Bone conductors, signals and sores</h2>
<h3>Raicevich, George
, Burwood, Eric
, Dillon, Harvey</h3>
<p class="affilation">National Acoustics Laboratories, NSW, Australia
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Anecdotal reports associate long-term use of a headband bone-conductor with the potential formation of skin pressure sores. When a bone conductor applies skin pressure that exceeds blood capillary pressure, capillaries collapse and blood flow ceases. Pressure-sores can develop if blood flow is cut-off for extended periods of time. To test if bone conductor users were at risk of developing sores, eleven adults were fitted with headband-worn bone conductors (BC461 and B71). The skin contact-pressure was measured to see if it exceeded 3.7 kPa, the estimated pressure needed to collapse capilaries at the mastoid process. Contact pressure was found to be substantially greater than capillary pressure (17 kPa for a standard adult headband and B71, 11 kPa for a BC461). Pressure can be reduced by increasing contact area so a BC461 bone conductor was modified to attach larger footplates. The measured pressure for a 38 mm footplate diameter was found to produce a contact pressure close to the capillery closure pressure. However, increasing the contact area changes the device mechanical-coupling impedance and sensitivity. Threshold measurements for the larger footplate device showed slightly poorer results. Preliminary measurements indicated decreased skin sensitivity to vibration with larger footplates. To conclude, small footplate bone conductors (e.g., BC461) should be fitted with the least pressure possible commensurate with a bone conductor staying on the head. The skin contact position for the bone conductor should be moved regularly to avoid prolonged disruption of capillary blood supply to the skin. For future devices, it is recommended that bone conductors are designed with larger footplate areas. This reduces skin contact pressure with a small loss in measured thresholds, reduced skin vibration sensitivity and improved wearer comfort.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p666.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p570" class="affilation"></a>Wide band pneumatic sound system for MEG</h2>
<h3>Raicevich, George (1)
, Burwood, Eric (1)
, Dillon, Harvey (1)
, Johnson, Blake (2)
, Crain, Stephen (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Hearing CRC, National Acoustic Laboratories, Chatswood, NSW, Australia
(2) Macquarie Centre for Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a non-invasive technique for 3D brain imaging. This imaging system measures extremely weak magnetic fields surrounding the head that are associated with brain electrical activity. Cortical brain responses to sound can be measured using MEG to detect these magnetic fields. Sound is piped to the subject's ears while observing the magnetic activity surrounding the brain. The sound system used must not produce magnetic fields which interfere with the MEG sensors. For this reason the transducers are located outside the MEG sensor room and pneumatic tubes are used to deliver sound to the subject. The tubes are made of a non-magnetic material and can be up to four metres in length. The use of long pneumatic tubes leads to some loss of high frequency components in the audio signal. The type of transducer chosen to drive the tubes will also affect high frequency signal content. When the sound has a deficit in the high frequency range, it is perceived to be muffled and speech intelligibly suffers. Speech stimuli such as fricatives that contain high frequency content become degraded and the range of useful speech stimuli tests for auditory brain function assessment using MEG becomes restricted. The Speech Intelligibility Standard set out by ANSI requires a minimum high frequency response of 8000 Hz for 100% intelligibility. The frequency response of a new audio system that was developed extends to 9000 Hz. This system is compared with an existing commercial sound system for MEG with a high frequency roll-off occurring at 2000 Hz.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p570.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p815" class="affilation"></a>Sound absorption characterisation of woven materials. Case study: auditorium restoration </h2>
<h3>Ricciardi, Paola (1), Lenti, Mariagiovanna (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy
(2) Tecnasfalti Srl, Via dell’Industria, 12, loc. Francolino 20080 Carpiano (Mi), Italy</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Nowadays building conservation and refurbishment draw the attention of the world we live in. In particular, in the public sector, the change of occupancy is commonly used in order to maintain the existing functional layout of spaces and the original structure of the building. Further improvements need to be also considered in order to save the indoor environmental quality. A case study is provided below by the analysis of acoustical performances of an auditorium in Italy, the historical S. Giorgio Palace in Genoa. The palace was built in 1260 and it was the most important public palace in the town; afterwards it became the headquarters of the Port Authority in 1903. Although the high reflective materials covering the interior surfaces provide high values of reverberation time, the hall is mainly used as a conference hall. The acoustical project of restoration, approved by the Ministry of Italian Cultural Heritage, allows only the application of woven materials for floor and curtains, which can be easily removed in case of a change of destination to respect the historical and architectural value of the hall. Acoustical measurements, by means of the impedance tube, have been performed up to now in order to define the best woven materials to improve the overall acoustic performances of the hall. The normal incidence sound absorption coefficient of different samples of carpet have been tested. A procedure for the samples location in impedance tube measurements has been outlined. Carpet is a textile material with a good sound absorption, mainly at high frequencies. In order to improve its acoustic properties at low frequencies a multilayer system composed of carpet and felt having different characteristics have been experimentally investigated and the optimal configuration has been defined.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p815.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p462" class="affilation"></a>New construction of loudspeaker for low frequency range by rotational type ultrasonic motor</h2>
<h3>Suzuki, Ryousuke (1)
, Takeda, Gen (1)
, Negishi, Hiro (2)
, Ohuga, Juro (2,3)
, Ohira, Ikuo (4)
, Maeda, Kazuaki (5)
, Kubota, Hajime (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Chiba IT, Narashinoshi, Japan
(2) MIX Acous Lab,Yokosukashi, Japan
(3) Shibaura IT, Tokyo, Japan
(4) self-owned business, Yokohamashi, Japan
(5) TOA Ltd, Koubeshi, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This work gives a new loudspeaker construction which is completely different from the conventional electrodynamic loudspeakers. Direct-radiator-loudspeaker is required a large diaphragm displacement and low resonant frequency for satisfactory performance at a low frequency range. The conventional electrodynamic transducer is, however practical, not ideal for for this sort of loudspeakers because motion of the voice coil driven through an air gap cannot be controlled perfectly and its resonance peak with high Q-factor may result a long group delay time. The authors proposed an improved driving construction by using revolution of ultrasonic motors for direct-radiator-loudspeakers. It is suitable for radiate a high sound pressure at a low signal frequency. The piezoelectric ultrasonic motor is characterized by excellent motion controllability and high driving mechanical impedance because its rotor contacts its stator tightly. Therefore, the loudspeaker driven by ultrasonic motors expected to operate with large amplitude and high-fidelity in low frequency region even by a heavy diaphragm. However, continuous revolution of ultrasonic motor cannot induce reciprocal motion of the diaphragm directly. The important invention by the authors was the mechanism for generation of a vibration by revolution of an ultrasonic motor. It was given by use of an ultrasonic motor with a heavy metal block on its shaft. The preliminary model with this construction radiated a satisfactorily large sound. However, use of large metal block prevents reduction of loudspeaker size as well as weight. The authors reduced the heavy ring by using revolution of two ultrasonic motors with a common shaft. A loudspeaker using a driver of this construction, called as DMDS (Dual-Motor-De-Spin) model, shows a satisfactory performance for a direct-radiator-loudspeaker at a frequency range of 30 to 200 Hz.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p462.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p546" class="affilation"></a>Sound source location for reproduction of speech signal at local spot based on its decomposition into random signals</h2>
<h3>Takane, Shouichi
, Abe, Koji
, Watanabe, Kanji
, Sato, Sojun</h3>
<p class="affilation">Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
One of the purposes for sound emission in public space is to transfer the information involved in it. Since sound wave with the audible frequency has its wavelength comparable to the objects around us, it is difficult to avoid its propagation where it is not required, due to diffraction and reflection. If the information in sound can be conveyed at the desired local spot in the sound field, the communication with sound yields new property beyond its physical limitation. Although the parametric loudspeaker based on ultrasound is useful in order to fulfil such need, it can limit the "direction" of sound propagation, not the local "spot." In this paper, another approach for the reproduction of speech signal at local spotmis introduced. It is based on signal decomposition into the orthogonal basis function made from the random vectors. This approach was applied to the transaural system by Negi et al. It has some difficulties, however, in the reproduction of speech signal at the local spot. One of them is that the contents of speech can be heard from the synthesized signal at the point except the desired spot, although its quality is degraded due to its decomposition into random signals. As far as the target of our study is focused on the reproduction of speech signals, location of the sound sources, by which the decomposed random signals are emitted, is related to the difficulty in understanding of the contents of speech. The performance is not appropriate when the sound sources are located at the same distance from the desired spot. The contents of the synthesized speech can be heard at the point around the desired spot in this case. Location of the sound sources with their distance from the spot distributed has potential to improve the performance. In this paper, the relation between some sound source locations and the synthesized signals based on its decomposition into random signals is discussed via computer simulation, and the synthesized speech signals are demonstrated and evaluated with a few measures.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p546.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p921" class="affilation"></a>Acoustic projector using directivity controllable parametric loudspeaker arrays</h2>
<h3>Takeoka, Shigeto
, Yamasaki, Yoshio</h3>
<p class="affilation">Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The parametric loudspeaker has very sharp directivity as the ultra sonic wave speaker, and the sound source is reproduced by non-linearity of the transmission of ultrasonic waves in the air. Recently by using the digital signal processing, some researches establish optimal modulation method for this speaker, and the sound quality has become practicable. At least in Japan, the system begins to be used in various places like the guiding equipments in public facilities etc. On the other hand, we have advanced the research of 1bit high-speed signal processing as analog to digital conversion method. The high-speed 1bit signal includes the spectrum of sounds in bitstream itself, so the signal can drive the speakers directly as digital amp. And because the sampling rate of the method is quite high, it can record ultrasonic signals and be easily constructed phase-controlled speaker array system without up-sampling. In this paper, we propose a parametric loudspeaker system that can be controlled in directivity, and the result of the prototype is shown. The prototype system is made by 576 ultrasonic transducers and driven by individually delayed high-speed 1bit signal. The performance of the directivity control and the method of multi angle output are discussed, and a method of sound reproduction from arbitrary point by using specialized reflection board is described.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p921.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p262" class="affilation"></a>Stereo reproduction using parametric loudspeakers</h2>
<h3>Toba, Masayoshi
, Aoki, Shigeaki</h3>
<p class="affilation">Kanazawa Institute of Techonlogy, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
We can perceive sound localization in stereo reproduction using ordinary left and right loudspeakers. A parametric loudspeaker is sharp directivity and realizes a spot sound reproduction. In this paper, subjective tests were conducted using parametric loudspeakers and ordinary loudspeakers. It was discussed that we perceived sound localization using parametric loudspeakers in comparison with that using ordinary loudspeakers.<br>
<br>
In subjective tests, the listening positions were A, B and C. The listening positions A and B were at the top of equilateral triangle whose other tops were the left and right loudspeakers positions. Lengths of the side were 0.6m and 1.8m, respectively. The listening position C was the just in front of the left loudspeaker and in the left direction of the listening position B. The parametric loudspeaker was an equilateral hexagon. The inner and outer diameters were 99 mm and 112 mm, respectively. The acoustic axis of loudspeaker was set in the direction of an ear of subject. IALD (Interaural Level difference) or IATD (Interaural Time difference) was used as binaural information. The IALDs were -0.4, -0.2, 0, +0.2 and +0.4 ms. The IATDs were -12, -6, 0, +6, and +12 dB. The IATDs and IALDs corresponded to five directions from left, center to right. Signals were 500 Hz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz and 4 kHz pure tones. When subjects listened to stereo signals at the listening position C, the level and time differences of signals between left and right loudspeakers were adjusted taking account of the different distances between from left and right loudspeakers to the listening position C. Three young males listened 10 times in each signal condition in an anechoic room.<br>
<br>
Subjective tests showed that subjects perceived correct sound localization at the listening positions A, B and C using parametric loudspeakers, which was similar to using ordinary loudspeakers. When signals were 500 Hz and 1 kHz pure tones, both stereo signals with IATD and IALD were effective. However, when signals were 2 kHz and 4 kHz pure tones, stereo signals only with IALD were effective and stereo signals only with LATD were not perceived correctly. Subjects reported that the angle of sound localization between left and right direction using parametric loudspeakers tended to be wider than that using ordinary loudspeakers. It was confirmed that parametric loudspeaker were available in ordinary stereo reproduction and realized a spot stereo reproduction.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p262.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p481" class="affilation"></a>High order Ambisonic decoding method for irregular loudspeaker arrays</h2>
<h3>Trevino, Jorge (1,2)
, Okamoto, Takuma (1,3)
, Iwaya, Yukio (1,2)
, Suzuki, Yoiti (1,2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
(2) Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
(3) Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Ambisonics, a sound field synthesis and reproduction technique, has shown promising results in conveying three-dimensional sound images. The original sound field is expanded as a linear combination of spherical harmonic functions; the coefficients of this expansion are regarded as an encoding of the sound field. In practice, the expansion must be truncated up to some arbitrarily chosen degree, known as the Ambisonic order. An encoding scheme of this nature directly describes the physical variables to be recreated. Therefore, Ambisonic recordings can be said to be independent of the reproduction system. Precise regeneration of the sound field, however, requires a sufficient number of loudspeakers arranged in a regular layout. It is not difficult to find a decoding matrix to reproduce Ambisonic recordings using a spherical, uniform loudspeaker array. Nevertheless, evenly distributing a large number of loudspeakers is unfeasible in most scenarios. The adoption of Ambisonics in actual listening environments depends on the development of decoding systems flexible enough to admit irregular loudspeaker configurations. Partial solutions to this problem have been advanced, such as the so-called Vienna decoders. However, their scope is limited to certain configurations like the 5.1 speaker layout, or restricted to first-order Ambisonics. However, determining the optimal decoding parameters for arbitrary loudspeaker distributions is an NP problem. Furthermore, irregular configurations are known to lead to ill-conditioned and singular decoding matrices. The present research proposes a method to treat high order Ambisonic recordings for accurate reproduction over irregular loudspeaker arrays. The geometry of the target array is decomposed into regular lattices, irregular but symmetric sub-arrays and asymmetrically located loudspeakers. The signals for each subset of loudspeakers are computed according to its type. The Ambisonic stream is properly rescaled and standard decoding matrices are used to generate outputs for the regular lattices. Irregular but symmetric sets of loudspeakers are fed mixed order Ambisonic data streams derived from the original recording. The signals for asymmetrically located loudspeakers result from a pair of space inversions and time evolution operations acting on the sound field described by the Ambisonic data. Asymmetrically located loudspeakers are, therefore, driven in a manner similar to that of wave field synthesis. The proposed decoding scheme was evaluated using an irregular 157-channel loudspeaker array. Comparisons with other decoding methods were conducted. The proposed scheme results in slightly degraded accuracy at the center, but an overall increase in the size of the sweet spot.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p481.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p45" class="affilation"></a>Representations of HRTFs using MATLAB: 2D and 3D plots of accurate dummy-head measurements </h2>
<h3>Wersényi, György</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Telecommunications, Széchenyi István University, GyÅ‘r, Hungary
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Human Head-Related Transfer Functions describe the transmission from the free-field to the eardrums. HRTFs are measured on human subjects or on dummy-heads, characterized by the angle of incidence. The dummy-head measurement method allows the acquisition of data in high spatial resolution. Our setup provided HRTF data in 1 degree horizontal and 5 degrees elevational steps in different environmental settings. Spectral evaluation in spatial hearing research requires proper representation methods of detailed measurement data. Different 2D and 3D representation methods will be presented here, using different coordinate systems, color maps and additional filtering methods programmed under MATLAB. Figures are mainly helpful for HRTF analysis but MATLAB features allow other use for applications where directional characteristics, polar plots are required. Furthermore, spectral differences in HRTF magnitudes from above and below the horizontal plane will be presented using hair, clothing, and glasses applied on the dummy-head.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p45.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p864" class="affilation"></a>Design, fabrication, and design verification of 50-kHz CMUTs for high-intensity airborne ultrasound</h2>
<h3>Wygant, Ira O. (1)
, Kupnik, Mario (2)
, Khuri-Yakub, Butrus T. (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) National Semiconductor, Santa Clara, CA, USA
(2) Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Capacitive ultrasonic transducers offer good sensitivity and wide bandwidth for airborne ultrasound applications. Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs), which are fabricated using MEMS techniques, offer additional advantages including good control over material properties and feature size, permanently attached plates (membranes), and the option of vacuum-sealed cavities. This work describes the modeling, design, and design verification of CMUTs capable of generating high intensity 50-kHz ultrasound for applications such as generating directional audio using a parametric array. We described the device fabrication at the 2008 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. An equivalent spring and mass model describes the dynamic behavior of the CMUT plate. We assume the radiation impedance is the sole source of damping. We choose the plate dimensions for a desired resonance frequency and mechanical Q. Higher Q can give better sensitivity but less bandwidth. The parametric array application requires a center frequency of about 50 kHz and several kilohertz of bandwidth. The most important performance metric is the total source pressure for a given dc bias voltage and ac excitation.<br>
<br>
The deflection due to atmospheric pressure is an important design consideration. We show that for Q below ~50 the static deflection causes in-plane stress (tensile forces described by a cubic spring constant) to dominate the deflection. We limit our designs to those that operate in the linear spring constant regime. Even designs with a Q of 100 offer sufficient bandwidth for the parametric array. Increasing Q and decreasing the gap size improves sensitivity but leaves less room for dynamic displacement. A better approach is to size the gap such that for given ac and dc voltages, the dynamic plate displacement equals a large percentage of the gap. Using this approach we show that the maximum pressure increases approximately with the product of the ac and dc voltages raised to the 1/3 power. For a 300-V dc bias and 300-V-peak ac excitation, this analysis estimates a maximum pressure of about 146 dB re 20 uPa at 50-kHz. We fabricated devices optimized for a 300-V ac and 300-V dc bias voltage. From impedance measurements and laser-interferometer velocity measurements, we extract the electromechanical model parameters that best fit the fabricated devices. We compare these model parameters with those in the design. This comparison shows good agreement for capacitance, equivalent spring-constant and mass but larger-than-expected damping. The increased damping is likely due to losses in addition to radiation impedance.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p864.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p438" class="affilation"></a>Electro-acoustic transducers with cellular polymer electrets</h2>
<h3>Yasuno, Yoshinobu
, Kodama, Hidekazu
, Date, Munehiro
, Fukada, Eiichi</h3>
<p class="affilation">Kobayasi Institute of Physical Research, Japan </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Electroacoustic transducers utilizing the piezoelectric d33 coefficient of cellular polypropylene electrets generally employ two processes, corona charging and expansion of the voids to increase the piezoelectric constant. However, earlier works noted instability of the transducer performance due to changes in the material structure because the second process applied to expand the voids and required a stacked structure. Additionally, the transducers should be driven by a few hundreds of volts to generate a sufficient sound-pressure level. The effective frequency band became narrower with the increased number of stacked sheets. Therefore, consumer applications were limited. <br>
<br>
This paper describes ultrasonic transducers of porous polypropylene electrets that exhibit 250 to 350 pC/N of d33 without applying second process. First, the piezoelectric constant of the sample was evaluated by the dielectric-resonance method. The relationship between the sensitivity or efficiency of a transducer utilizing the sample and the d33 constant was studied. Next, in order to realize a robust transducer, a low-voltage drive should be possible for transmitters, and flat frequency characteristics with high sensitivity for receivers should be realized in a package with simple structure. Transmitters and receivers are designed experimentally. The material that stabilizes the piezoelectric d33-coefficient of 250 to 350 pC/N is estimated to determine the optimal frequency band and driving method. This paper will also report temperature stability as utilization research and application in an airborne ultrasonic range.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p438.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p678" class="affilation"></a>Fast head-related transfer function measurement in complex environments</h2>
<h3>Ye, Qinghua
, Dong, Qiujie
, Zhang, Yan
, Li, Xiaodong</h3>
<p class="affilation">Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Head-related transfer function (HRTF) describes a transfer function from the sound source to the listener's ears and plays a central role in binaural spatial and virtual hearing studies. Measuring HRTF requires rigorous experimental conditions and specially designed equipments, and the procedure becomes very time consuming and tiring for the participants. In this paper a fast HRTF measurement method is presented. By multi-point simultaneous measurement using a loudspeaker array, rigorous acoustical conditions and special equipments are not required and the needed HRTFs of a subject are rapidly measured as well as its head and position information. Quality of the measured HRTF is also evaluated. Experiments in an ordinary room demonstrated its effectiveness.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p678.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p58" class="affilation"></a>Vibroacoustic investigations on hand prostheses and sound design</h2>
<h3>Altinsoy, M. Ercan</h3>
<p class="affilation">Communication Acoustics, Dresden University of Technology, Germany </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Modern hand prostheses are capable of mimicking finger or wrist movements using electrical motors, gear mechanisms and control elements. The drive systems and the transmission mechanisms emit machinery noises which can activate or enforce a foreign body sensation by users. Transfer-path-analysis is originally developed to investigate the individual vehicle noise paths and an useful tool for troubleshooting and optimization of the product sound quality. In this study, the vibroacoustical characteristics of a hand prostheses are investigated using the transfer-path-analysis. First of all, the acoustical behaviour of the electrical motor is investigated. The electrical motor is coupled with supporting structures to cause mechanical vibrations of the housing, which, in some instances, radiates acoustical energy. Therefore sound and vibration measurements are carried out to determine the airborne and the structureborne transfer characteristics of the structural elements of the hand prostheses. <br>
<br>
According to Jekosch the perceived quality of an entity results from the judgment of the perceived characteristics of an entity in comparison to its desired/expected characteristics. Therefore an interview with prostheses users is conducted to characterize the user expectations regarding prostheses sounds. A psychoacoustical experiment is carried out to evaluate the sounds regarding their reliability and pleasantness. The results of this study convey useful constructive design ideas for hand prostheses concerning the sound quality.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p58.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p598" class="affilation"></a>Sound radiation of orthotropic curved sandwich structures using a mixed boundary element/finite element approach</h2>
<h3>Amichi, Kamel (1)
, Atalla, Noureddine (2)
, Sgard, Franck (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), Montreal, Canada
(2) Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Sandwich constructions such as composite skins-Honeycomb core (NIDA) and Metal skins-Polymer core (MPM) panels are increasingly used in the aeronautics and automobile industries, respectively. It has been shown that this class of constructions enables manufacturers to cut weight and cost while providing vibration and harshness performance. These materials lead however to increased sound radiation which unfortunately leads, in some instances, to higher interior noise levels. In consequence, there is a need for accurate and reliable low cost numerical tools to efficiently estimate and optimize the vibroacoustic behaviours of such structures. This paper deals with the prediction of the vibroacoustic behaviour of curved orthotropic sandwich panels. A sandwich finite element is first presented and its ability to predict accurately and efficiently the structural response for such structures demonstrated by comparison with classical 3D solid modeling. Next, the element is used within a mixed boundary element/finite element approach (BEM/FEM) to illustrate the effect of curvature and orthotropy on the airborne sound transmission performance of these panels. Examples will consist of both sandwich honeycombs and MPM panels.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p598.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p43" class="affilation"></a>Optimal design of piezoelectric panel speakers using the simulated annealing algorithm</h2>
<h3>Bai, Mingsian R.
, Tsai, Yao Kun</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao-Tung University, Taiwan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper is focused on optimization of piezoelectric panel speakers. Two piezoelectric ceramic plates serve to excite the diaphragm in the speaker. With the optimization procedure, the best position to mount piezoelectric ceramic plates on the diaphragm is determined. A finite element model is established using the energy method, where the electrical system, mechanical system and acoustic loading of the transducer are considered as a coupled system. The simulated annealing (SA) algorithm is exploited to attain low fundamental resonance frequency and high the acoustic output. Experiments were conducted to verify the numerical model. The experimental results were in good agreement with the numerical prediction. The performance of the optimized configuration was significantly improved over the non-optimal design.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p43.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p834" class="affilation"></a>Preliminary acoustic tests on resilient materials: comparison between common layers and nano-structured layers</h2>
<h3>Bettarello, Federica (1)
, Caniato, Marco (2)
, Kaspar, Jan (3)
, Di Monte, R. (3)
, Sbaizero, Orfeo (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Acoustic Designers team Acusticamente.eu, Italy
(2) Materials and Natural Resources Dept., University of Trieste, Italy
(3) Department of Chemistry Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Nowadays, efficient thermal insulation is a principal requirement for buildings and, accordingly, huge amounts of insulators are applied in the constructions, particularly for external walls, radiant floor, roofs, etc. Acoustic insulation is another of the most stringent parameters to be taken into account both in the construction of new buildings or their rejuvenation in order to obtain good internal comfort. Notwithstanding these needs, only few materials are marketed which feature reasonably good both thermal and acoustic insulation properties. More often, materials with good sound insulation proprieties show poor thermal efficiency and vice versa. Further, most of materials which have good both acoustic and thermal properties are thicker than either acoustic or thermals insulators which creates technical difficulties in their use, particularly in the buildings renovation. Nano-structured materials such as, for example, microporous or aerogel materials, are characterised by highly efficient thermal insulation power, in spite of their reduced thickness compared to conventional systems. In the present contribution an overview of acoustic and thermal properties of novel microporous materials, developed and tested at the Trieste University Laboratory (Italy), is presented. A comparison with some of the most common resilient layers for floating floors and resilient partitions is also given. In order to analyze their acoustic proprieties, tests on dynamic stiffness, compressibility and compressive creep parameters were carried out.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p834.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p1027" class="affilation"></a>Active suppression of acoustic radiation from a submarine hull using inertial actuators</h2>
<h3>Caresta, Mauro, Kessissoglou, Nicole</h3>
<p class="affilation">School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This work investigates the use of inertial actuators to actively reduce the sound radiated by a submarine hull under harmonic excitation from the propeller. The axial fluctuating forces from the propeller are tonal at the blade passing frequency. The hull is modelled as a fluid loaded cylindrical shell with ring stiffeners and two equally spaced bulkheads. The cylinder is closed by end plates and conical end caps. The forces from the propeller are transmitted to the hull by a rigid foundation connected to the shaft with a thrust bearing. The actuators are arranged in circumferential arrays and attached to the internal end plates of the hull. Two active control techniques corresponding to active vibration control and active structural acoustic control are implemented to attenuate the structural and acoustic responses of the submarine. An acoustic transfer function is defined to estimate the far field sound pressure from a single point measurement on the hull. The inertial actuators are shown to provide control forces with a magnitude large enough to reduce the structure-borne sound due to hull vibration.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p1027.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p1026" class="affilation"></a>Vibrations of roll swage jointed plates</h2>
<h3>Caresta, Mauro (1)
, Wassink, David (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW)
Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
(2) Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Menai, NSW 2234, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The aim of this work is to model the vibrational behaviour of plates jointed with the technique of the roll swaging. Swage joints are typically found in plate-type fuel assemblies in nuclear reactors. Since they are potentially liable to flow-induced vibrations, it is crucial to be able to predict their dynamic characteristics. It is shown that the contact between the plates resulting from the swage can be modelled assuming a perfect clamp of all the degrees of freedom but the rotational around the axis parallel to the swage. A modal analysis is performed to different specimens and the values of the first natural frequencies are used to find the equivalent torsional spring stiffness by matching the results of a finite element model (FEM).</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p1026.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p548" class="affilation"></a>A review of prediction methods for ground-borne noise due to construction activities</h2>
<h3>Davis, D.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Parsons Brinckerhoff Australia Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The generation of ground-borne noise inside receiver buildings due to nearby construction works can cause significant community impact and impose difficult constraints on construction activities. Several methods exist to predict ground vibration from permanent operational sources; however the suitability of some of these methods to predict ground-borne noise from construction activities are not well known and have not yet been thoroughly tested. This paper presents an overview of some of the various methods available to estimate ground-borne noise levels from construction activities and discusses the advantages and limitations of each.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p548.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p427" class="affilation"></a>Vibrational and acoustical characteristics of the piano soundboard</h2>
<h3>Ege, Kerem
, Boutillon, Xavier</h3>
<p class="affilation">Laboratory for the Mechanics of Solids UMR 7649, École polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The vibrations of the soundboard of an upright piano in playing condition are investigated. It is first shown that the linear part of the response is at least 50 dB above its nonlinear component at normal levels of vibration. Given this essentially linear response, a modal identification is performed in the mid-frequency domain [300-2500] Hz by means of a novel high resolution modal analysis technique (Ege, Boutillon and David, JSV, 2009). The modal density of the spruce board varies between 0.05 and 0.01 modes/Hz and the mean loss factor is found to be approximately 2%. Below 1.1 kHz, the modal density is very close to that of a homogeneous isotropic plate with clamped boundary conditions. Higher in frequency, the soundboard behaves as a set of waveguides defined by the ribs. A numerical determination of the modal shapes by a finite-element method confirms that the waves are localised between the ribs. The dispersion law in the plate above 1.1 kHz is derived from a simple waveguide model. We present how the acoustical coincidence scheme is modified in comparison with that of thin plates. The consequences in terms of radiation of the soundboard in the treble range of the instrument are also discussed.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p427.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p704" class="affilation"></a>Monte Carlo model of the uncertainty of SEA loss factors</h2>
<h3>Fernández, María José (1)
, Chimeno-Manguán, Marcos (2)
, López-Díez, Jesús (2)
, Simon, Francisco (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Instituto de Acústica - CSIC, Madrid, Spain
(2) Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Aeronáuticos -UPM, Spain
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Finite Element Methods are widely used to model vibro-acoustic systems, but as the modal density becomes higher this type of model becomes inaccurate and impractical. This is why in the high modal density region the use of Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) models has become increasingly popular. SEA has some obvious advantages such as its simple formal expression, being based on linear equation systems or the reduced number of variables involved. But SEA has drawbacks as well, such as the absence of local information or the necessity of frequency averaging. A key quantity in SEA models is the loss factor. This takes into account the energy dissipated within a given subsystem or when power flows from one subsystem to another.<br>
<br>
Even though analytical expressions exist for a number of subsystems of differing nature, the measurement of the loss factor is still advisable and a necessity for a large number of cases. The most commonly used method of measuring loss factors is the Power Injection Method. This method is based on the injection of power into every single subsystem in sequence while the energy in each subsystem is measured. In spite of its simplicity, there remain a number of problems where the accuracy of the results is influenced by various practical issues. In this paper, a Monte Carlo model is used to describe the uncertainty of a two subsystem-problem consisting of two planar elements connected along one side. The influence of the input variables is studied and the conditioning of the coefficient matrix that model the system is also taken into account.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p704.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p687" class="affilation"></a>Short-interval period distributions for structural health monitoring</h2>
<h3>Gotoh, S. (1)
, Matsumoto, M. (2)
, Hiratam Y. (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) SV research associates, Kanagawa, Japan
(2) Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A structure, for example a building, a bridge etc. has degraded since it was built due to a physical damage, for example an earthquake or time-passing by. Detecting such degrading is much important to predict an accident from security point of view and to maintain a structure from economical point of view. Degrading is detectable as changes in dynamic properties of a structure. It is practical to detect changes in frequency responses of a structure with non-stationary vibrations, e.g. natural force of winds. This issue is considered to be identification of transfer function with a non-stationary input signal. The discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is well used to obtain the spectrum of a response of a structure. The amplitude spectrum by DFT is subject to temporal changes in the non-stationary input signal. On this issue, we have a statistical approach in this article. We introduce short-interval period (SIP) to detect the spectrum of the signal. The SIP is defined as distribution of statistical frequency of dominant frequencies of fractions of measured data. Therefore, the SIP is independent from the magnitude of the unknown signal. This paper shows a theory of the SIP and an application to a scale model experiment. In the experiment, the SIP distribution resulted in stable spectrum independent from a sequence of random numbers as a non-stationary input. The SIP is available for the estimation of the dynamic properties for many types of structures.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p687.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p594" class="affilation"></a>Infrasound and ground vibration transmitted from highway bridges using moving trucks</h2>
<h3>Hama, Hirokazu (1)
, Usui, Kimihisa (1)
, Fukada, Saiji (2)
, Kajikawa, Yasuo (2)
, Matsuda, Tetsuo (3)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Fuji Engineering Co., Ltd, Japan
(2) Kanazawa University, Japan
(3) West Nippon Expressway Co., Ltd, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Several complaints arose from houses near the object bridge, with regard to a rattling sound and vibration caused by infrasound and ground vibration, respectively. General trucks in Japan with rear leaf suspension have vibration frequencies of about 3.0 Hz. Also, the frequencies of the tire spring vibration appear at about 10-20Hz. The occurrence of the infrasound and ground vibration radiated from the bridge is related to the truck's suspension spring vibration and/or the tire spring vibration. In this study, examinations for the bridge vibration were conducted using test trucks or ordinary trucks to investigate the cause of the rattling sound and ground vibration. After examination, the truck's spring vibration was causing excessive bending vibration in the object bridge, which in turn, was being transmitted to the houses nearby as infrasound and ground vibration.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p594.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p198" class="affilation"></a>Active vibration control of clamped beams using PPF controllers with piezoceramic actuators</h2>
<h3>Hong, Chinsuk (1)
, Shin, Changjoo (2)
, Jeong, Weui Bong (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Ulsan College, Korea
(2) Pusan National University, Korea
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper reports active vibration control of clamped beams using PPF controllers. The control actuator is considered to be a piezoceramic patch. Direct velocity feedback control using the piezoceramic patch is performed and revealed its limitations due to instability problems when it is practically implemented. We then considered positive position feedback (PPF) control to overcome the limitations of instability. We first implement a single mode PPF controller and obtain a significient reduction of vibration at the tuned mode. We also implement a multi-mode PPF controller under single channel control scheme. It follows that a good reduction performance can be obtained at the lowest three or four modes. The presented multimode PPF controller can be suggested for active vibration feedback controller having a large gain margin.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p198.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p281" class="affilation"></a>Regularized imaging methods for defect detection using flexural waves</h2>
<h3>Hörchens, Lars
, de Vries, Diemer</h3>
<p class="affilation">Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Non-destructive inspection of plates and plate-like objects is often performed by local thickness measurements requiring scanning of the object under investigation. A viable alternative is given by flexural waves, which propagate along the plate and can be used to retrieve information on remote locations by measuring the scattered field. In order to obtain an image of inhomogeneities in the plate, the dispersive characteristics of flexural waves have to be taken into account. The resolution and the quality of the resulting image can be improved by several means. The most important parameters in this context are the frequencies employed for imaging and the positions of sources and receivers with respect to the region to be imaged, especially the covered aperture. On the processing side, further improvement of the quality of the obtained images can be achieved by regularizing the inverse imaging problem using a priori assumptions on the structures to be expected. Results obtained by regularization with maximal sparseness or minimal total variation are presented. As an alternative to these "mathematical" regularization techniques, a more advanced physical model of the scattering can be employed to explain the measured data. Abandoning the Born approximation and including multiple scattering between the defects in the model is shown to lead to images with high resolution and low noise level.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p281.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p657" class="affilation"></a>Acoustical diagnosis of concrete crack depth based on its resonance</h2>
<h3>Iwase, Teruo
, Horiguchi, Yuuta
, Yasuoka, Hirohito</h3>
<p class="affilation">Graduate School of Science and Technology, Faculty Of Engineering, Niigata University, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Concrete is useful and indispensable material for the construction of modern buildings. However, it contracts after drying and causes cracks on its surface and in structure body. Moreover, long use period after construction make the crack deeper and wider. These bad states will cause peeling off and falling accidents. To prevent the accident, diagnose of the crack is necessary. Famous detection method for crack depth using ultrasonic wave was not used for inspection of concrete wall with wide area because there were faults with high cost and severe test condition as using grease. Therefore, authors tested other detection techniques for the crack depth, and then we found that the air column resonance being caused by a crack is similar to a wind instrument. It can be understood that the length of 1/4 of the wavelength of the first order resonance sound wave corresponds almost to the depth of air column with one end closed and the length of 1/2 of wavelength also to the depth with both ends open. We propose the method of non-destructive detecting crack depth based on the resonance phenomena. It has been understood that it would be able to detect for the width within 1mm on concrete wall in typical building by the spectral analysis peak at frequency of several hundred hertz. Under assumption of expanded use for special concrete constructions with very thick wall, we made some detection experiments by the addition. If depth increased, and width narrows, it became difficult to detect by the first order resonance as at frequency lower than one hundred hertz. Fortunately, higher order resonance phenomena, as at frequency several hundred hertz, were found and were able to be clearly caught in the experiments. It is possible to detect even by deep depth of about 1m with width of about 1 and 2mm. In the paper, principle and measurement ways of diagnosis based on the sound resonance are introduced, and the examination results are described.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p657.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p903" class="affilation"></a>Dynamic properties of damping materials for reducing heavyweight floor impact sounds</h2>
<h3>Kim, Jae Ho
, Yoo, Seung Yup
, Jeon, Jin Yong</h3>
<p class="affilation">Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The effects of resilient isolators and viscoelastic damping materials on reducing heavyweight floor impact sounds in reinforced concrete structures were investigated using FEM simulations and field measurements. Dynamic properties of the materials were also measured with beam transfer function method to predict vibration characteristics and impedance of the floor structures; results showed that damping materials had larger loss factor and dynamic elastic modulus than resilient isolators. From the field measurement, it was found that the natural frequency of the floor structure increased and its vibration acceleration level decreased by the use of damping materials (heavyweight impact sound levels also decreased below 80 Hz), whereas the sound levels in the structure increased in the same range with the use of resilient isolators.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p903.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p518" class="affilation"></a>Elastomer layer impact on plate radiation and transmission loss</h2>
<h3>Kozupa, Michal</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Mechanics and Vibroacoustics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The paper is an experimental study of elastomer layer impact on rectangular, steel plate radiation and transmission loss. Two plates are examined; steel plate with bonded PZTs and second with additional porous elastomer layer. The experimental set-up consist of two chambers with the test opening in between. Sending chamber has reverberant field conditions and receiving chamber is semi-anechoic. Measurements of plate vibration and sound radiation under stepped harmonic force by piezoceramics and sound wave by speaker are performed.<br>
<br>
The aim of the paper is to illustrate how additional damping in the form of rubber layer induce on active control of plate vibrations. By changing the stiffness of test plate and characteristic of its sound radiation, transmission loss increases. Measurements for the research are carried out using two methods of excitation, mechanical (PZT) and acoustic (loudspeaker). A microphone inside semi-anechoic chamber is used to measure sound radiation changes after active control of the test plate via piezoelements. Active control of test plate vibration is performed using Labview environment and data acquisition system with voltage amplifier. Results show sound radiation reduction for particular frequencies from 10 dB to 28 dB for particular frequencies and about 10 dB for whole spectrum.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p518.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p499" class="affilation"></a>Sonic crystal noise barriers made of resonant elements</h2>
<h3>Krynkin, Anton (1)
, Umnova, Olga (1)
, Chong, Alvin Yung Boon (2)
, Taherzadeh, Shahram (2)
, Attenborough, Keith (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) The University of Salford, Salford, UK
(2) The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The main spectral property of a Sonic Crystal structure is a notable sound attenuation related to the Bragg band gaps. This effect is observed in air and makes Sonic Crystals effective noise barriers in a particular frequency range. This performance can be extended to a wider range of frequencies by introducing scatterers supporting multiple resonances of various types. In this paper the sonic crystals composed of infinitely long multi-resonant composite scatterers are studied. First the concentric elastic shell and outer 4 slits rigid shell composite is considered. Theoretical and experimental results show the existence of the axisymmetric resonance of the elastic shell followed by the annular cavity resonance. The second type of scatterers considered is a U-shaped resonator composed of thin elastic plates. The plates form an open cavity so that resonances are defined by their bending motion as well as by the geometry of the scatterer. Theoretical analysis of the elastic-acoustic coupling in a single scatterer is based on the Kirchhoff-Love asymptotic theory. Numerical results on the overall performance of the proposed structure are obtained with the finite element method. The predictions are compared with the experimental results.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p499.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p268" class="affilation"></a>The acoustical design of slim size piezoelectric speakers for mobile phones</h2>
<h3>Kuroda, Jun (1)
, Onishi, Yasuharu (1)
, Murara, Yukio (1)
, Komoda, Motoyoshi (1)
, Tsunoda, Kazuyuki (1)
, Takahashi, Masatake (2)
, Oikawa, Yasuhiro (3)
, Yamasaki, Yoshio (3)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Mobile Terminals Development Division, NEC Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
(2) System Jisso Research Laboratories, NEC Corporaiton, Kanawaga, Japan
(3) Waseda University, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In this paper, the acoustical design of piezoelectric speakers for the slim size mobile phones is described. Recently, slim size mobile phones have a high demand in the market. However, due to the thickness of electrodynamic speakers, the design flexibility of the phone case has been restricted. The piezoelectric speakers could be one of the solutions to this problem, because their thickness is 1.0mm or less. We have developed a method of acoustic, mechanical and electrical design to accomplish the good acoustic performance with piezoelectric speakers for slim size mobile phone. Piezoelectric speakers have some peculiar characteristics which are different from those of electrodynamic speakers. The problem as follows must be addressed.<br>
<br>
1) Optimization of acoustic structure of the mobile phone case around the speaker.<br>
<br>
Piezoelectric speakers have excess sound pressure level at high frequency because they have the rigid structure. Generally, speakers should have flat frequency response of sound pressure level. To accomplish the flat frequency response of sound pressure level for piezoelectric speakers, sound pressure level at high frequency must be suppressed by acoustic structure of phone case.<br>
<br>
2) Vibration damping of the case.<br>
<br>
The slim size mobile phone's case is thinner than those of conventional mobile phone. Therefore, the stiffness of the case is smaller than conventional mobile phones. Thin and low stiffness cases are easy to be vibrated by speakers. The inverse phase sound is radiated from the vibration of the mobile phone case, which grows worse the acoustic characteristics of speakers. Therefore, the vibration of case must somehow be damped.<br>
<br>
3) Optimization of the electrical design (analogue circuit, digital signal processing).<br>
<br>
Piezoelectric speakers have the capacitive electrical impedance, which is inverse proportion to frequency. To adjust the total acoustic system of piezoelectric speakers, the power dissipation at high frequency must be suppressed, although the high frequency component is important to make loud sound by piezoelectric speakers. Therefore, the high frequency element of input signal must be adjusted depending on its magnitude.<br>
<br>
We describe methods and novel ideas to overcome the above issues showing experimental and simulation data.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p268.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p451" class="affilation"></a>Noise reduction of an acoustical enclosure: Mechanisms and prediction accuracy</h2>
<h3>Lei, Ye (1,2)
, Pan, Jie (1)
, Sheng, Meiping (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
(2) College of Marine, Northwest Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P.R.China</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Noise reduction (NR) of an acoustical enclosure with flexible boundary walls has been predicted using the Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) method by several authors. Although it is useful for a rough NR estimation, a large discrepancy often exists between the predicted and measured NR levels. Moreover, some physical mechanisms which may affect NR prediction were not addressed in the existing SEA models. The sources of the discrepancy were identified by investigating the limitation of SEA for system energy transfer in the entire frequency range of noise transmission, and the effect of enclosure wall coupling and sound-structural coupling on the NR and its prediction accuracy. This paper presents a modified SEA model, which includes the non-resonant response and more accurate transmission coefficient of finite panels, and compares the model prediction with experimental results. A reasonable agreement between the prediction and experiment was observed.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p451.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p51" class="affilation"></a>Electroacoustic absorbers: a unification of active acoustic impedance control and shunt loudspeakers theory</h2>
<h3>Lissek, Hervé
, Boulandet, Romain</h3>
<p class="affilation">Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL STI IEL LEMA, Lausanne, Switzerland</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Variable acoustic properties can be obtained on the voicing face of an electroacoustic transducer by very simple control strategies, among which is the electrical shunting of the loudspeaker electric terminals (shortcut, variable electric load, negative resistance disposals, hybrid feedback control). The present paper describes the underlying theory unifying all these impedance control strategies, introducing the general concept of "electroacoustic absorber". Presentations of performances obtained by computational and experimental methods are presented. Among the numerous properties of the novel concept of electroacoustic absorbers, the possibility to tailor dedicated electrical filters with specified transfer functions that accounts for the sensing of actual acoustic quantities in the vicinity of the transducer's voicing face are demonstrated. This specific capability reveals potential applications of such electroacoustic device to act as an actual collocated actuator/sensor for different active noise control strategies. Further discussions on the various concepts are provided, leading to concluding remarks and foreseen future developments.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p472" class="affilation"></a>Measurement of sound-radiation from a torpedo-shaped structure subjected to an axial excitation</h2>
<h3>Liu, Wei (1)
, Pan, Jie (1)
, Matthews, David (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
(2)Defence Science and Technology Organisation, HMAS Stirling, Rockingham WA, Australia </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper summarizes the first part of results of measured sound radiation from a torpedo-shaped structure under an axial excitation. The structure, built for this study, is two meters in length consisting of a cylindrical shell, a semi-spherical shell at one end and a conical shell at the other. Due to the boundary constrains imposed by the semi-sphere and the cone at the ends of the cylinder, the structure exhibits notable difference in its dynamic behaviour from that of a shear-diaphragm supported cylinder with close-ends. We studied the first 13 structural modes experimentally and then concentrated on the sound radiation from each of those modes in an anechoic chamber structure. Foundings from this experimental work may be used to verify and support the previous analytical and numerical prediction of underwater sound radiation from a submarine hull. They may also find a broader application in noise analysis and control of unmanned underwater vehicle and marine structures.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p472.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p777" class="affilation"></a>Air gap influence on the vibro-acoustic response of solar arrays in stowed configuration of satellites during launch</h2>
<h3>López-Díez, Jesús (1)
, Chimeno-Manguán, Marcos (1)
, Simón Hidalgo, Francisco (2)
, Santiago Prowald, Julián (3)
, Wijker, Jaap J. (4)
, García Echebarria, Joseba (1)
, Fernández, María José (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) ETSI Aeronáuticos. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
(2) Instituto de Acústica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Serrano, Madrid, Spain
(3) European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
(4) Dutch Space B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
One of the primary elements on the space missions is the energy subsystem, whose critical component is the solar array. The behaviour of these elements during the ascent phase of the launch is critical for avoiding damages on the solar panels, which are the primary source of energy for the satellite in its final configuration. The vibro-acoustic response to the sound pressures depends on the solar array size and gap thickness. The stowed configuration of the solar array supposes a multiple system composed of structural elements and the air layers between panels. The effect of the air between panels on the behaviour of the system affects the frequency response of the system not only modifying the natural frequencies of the wings but also as interaction path between the wings of the array. The usual methods to analyze the vibro-acoustic response of structures are the FE and BE methods for the low frequency ranges and the SEA formulation for the high frequency range. The main issue in the later method is, on one hand, select the appropriate subsystems, and, on the other, to identify the parameters of the energetic system: the dissipation and coupling loss factors. <br>
<br>
From the experimental point of view, the subsystems parameters can be identified by exciting each of the subsystems and measuring the energy of all the subsystems composing the Solar Array. Although theoretically is possible, in practice it is difficult to apply loads on the air gaps. To analyse this situation, two different approaches can be studied depending on whether the air gaps between the panels are included explicitly in the problem or not. For a particular case of a solar array of three wings in stowed configuration both modelling philosophies are compared. This structural component of a three wing solar arrays in stowed configuration has been tested on an acoustic chamber. The measured data on the solar wings allows, in general, determine the loss factors of the configuration. The paper presents a test description and measured on the Solar Wings, in terms of the acceleration power spectral density. Finally, comparison of simulations with experimental results on spacecraft solar array allows evaluating the performance of each modelling technique when correlated with the experimental results, analyzing the influence on the apparent properties of the system in terms of the SEA loss factors.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p777.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p993" class="affilation"></a>The fluid-strucutre interaction behaviour of building floating floors supported at points randomly distributed</h2>
<h3>Magalhaes, M. D. C.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Structural Engineering Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The aim of this paper is to investigate the fluid-strucutre interaction behavior of building floating floors simply-supported at points (springs or resilient pads) randomly distributed. A simple hybrid model using the FE method and the Jinc function approach was implemented for the calculation of the sound power radiated by concrete floors. The model predicted the sound power radiated from the direct wave field in the vicinity of the driving point, as well as the sound power radiated from the reverberant wave field. The results were validated against analytical formulation. The analysis has highlighted the main physical characteristics of the sound radiation mechanism. At low frequencies, the power radiated by the near field of the point force has been found to make significant contribution to the total power radiated.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p669" class="affilation"></a>The radiation modes problem: Exact solutions
for the active control of sound power and
the reconstruction of acoustic sources
</h2>
<h3>Maury, Cedric</h3>
<p class="affilation">SACADS Research Group, Laboratory of Mechanics and Acoustics (LMA), Marseille, France
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The acoustic radiation modes, introduced 20 years ago by Borgiotti and mostly used in Active Structural Acoustic Control (ASAC), are a set of velocity distributions that independently contribute to the sound power radiated by a vibrating structure. A key feature is that the radiated sound power is reduced if the contribution of one of the radiation modes is cancelled. Moreover the radiation modes best capture the radiated sound power among all admissible velocity patterns. In this context, a series of simulation and experimental studies has shown that controlling the first radiation modes of a vibrating panel is an efficient ASAC strategy, despite the fact they are frequency-dependent and so, more difficult to sense/excite than the structural modes.<br>
<br>
Exact solutions have been found to the radiation modes problem for baffled planar structures. They are sought as velocity distributions with finite spatial support which have maximal energy concentration in a given radiation bandwidth. They satisfy a concentration problem the solutions of which involve prolate spheroidal wave functions which only depend on the structure geometry, on the frequency and on the physical properties of the surrounding fluid. An excellent agreement has been found between the closed-form radiation mode solutions and those calculated from an eigen-decomposition of the radiation resistance matrix. These analytical solutions have been generalized to determine closed-form expressions for the singular value decomposition of integral operators that govern the radiation of baffled planar structures into the far-field or the geometric near-field. These solutions provide further insight into the singular pressure and velocity vectors of the radiation problem. In particular, they provide an indication on the number of degrees of freedom of the radiated field detected above the noise threshold. This corresponds to the number of singular values, that should be accounted for, in the inverse source problem of reconstructing a stable approximation to an unknown boundary velocity from measurement of the radiated pressure field. Current work is focussed on closed-form expressions for the near-field radiation modes of baffled planar structures. They could provide optimal near-field sensing strategies for the design of efficient active noise control systems.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p669.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p122" class="affilation"></a>Investigation of the damping effect on the energy response of a structure-cavity system in the case of a heavy fluid</h2>
<h3>Maxit, Laurent
, Totaro, Nicolas
, Guyader, Jean-Louis</h3>
<p class="affilation">Laboratoire Vibrations-Acoustique, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The damping effect on the energy flow between an excited structure and a receiving acoustic cavity filled with a heavy fluid will be studied in this paper. In particular, in the high frequency domain, classical Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) relation describing the energy transmitted between two subsystems indicates that the energy ratio of the two subsystems is independent of the damping loss factor of the excited subsystem. However, this relation is based on a weak coupling assumption which does not hold in the case of a heavy fluid.<br>
<br>
Then, we will study the consequence of the non respect of this assumption on the energy flow and the damping effect. The Double Modal Formulation (DMF) is used to describe the fluid-structure coupling from the modes of each uncoupled subsystem. This formulation allows us to study the convergence of the modal series, to determine easily the modal energy of each subsystem and to compare these results with the classical SEA assumptions. We observe that the fluid added mass effect and the non-resonant coupling have a strong effect on the energy flow between the structure and the cavity for frequencies below the critical frequency. As a result, the energy ratio of the two subsystems is not always independent of the damping loss factor of the excited subsystem as it will be shown on an example.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p122.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p924" class="affilation"></a>Methods and tools used in paper machine supercalender vibration diagnostics</h2>
<h3>Menon, Arun</h3>
<p class="affilation">Data Physics Corporation, California, USA</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Supercalender sections in the paper manufacturing process are arguably among the most prone to severe vibration problems. Supercalenders are machine sections with their own paper reel unwind and rewind stands and are used to impart a very high quality surface finish to paper to enhance its printability. Denim and polymer covered rolls used in supercalender operation are designed to deform in the nip, leading to very difficult to troubleshoot vibration problems. The noise generated in and around the machines when the worst vibration phenomena occur can be intolerable for operating personnel and while a variety of conditions monitoring strategies have been adopted by the industry in general, they have typically failed in the complete diagnostics of supercalender vibration issues. This paper discusses the use of a high performance, multichannel dynamic signal analyzer and methods used towards the complete characterization of supercalender vibration problems at a paper mill, leading to successful reduction in noise levels and significantly increasing component life and enhancing product quality.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p924.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p723" class="affilation"></a>Vibration and reliability of synthesis gas compressors (A case study in PKT-Kaltim Indonesia)
</h2>
<h3>Miasa, I Made (1)
, Purwanto, Teguh P. (1)
, Lacony, Erliandy (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
(2) PT Pupuk Kaltim, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
One important factor that affects the productivity of mechanical equipments is their reliability. In this research, the synthesis gas compressor is investigated because most of factory's downtime in Kaltim (East Borneo) Fertilizer Plant is originated from the failure of this component. The objective of this investigation is to find out how the vibration levels of synthesis gas compressors affect their reliability. Two type of synthesis gas compressors were investigated which are System G-1101 and System K-403. System G-1101 consists of 5 sub-systems which are a Low Pressure Turbine (LPT), a High Pressure Turbine (HPT), a Low Pressure Compressor (LPC), a Medium Pressure Compressor (MPC) and a High Pressure Compressor (HPC). Meanwhile, System K-403 has 3 sub-systems which are a Turbine (T), Low Pressure Compressor (LPC) and a High Pressure Compressor (HPC). Each system has different type and configuration of foundation. The reliability of the system is evaluated using Reliability Block Diagram (RBD) making use of historical maintenance and inspection data collected in the last 10 years. From the data, the reliability of System G-1101 and K-403 for mission time of 2 years is found to be 0.07% and 31.81% respectively. Furthermore, from the comprehensive study on the available vibration data from each sub-system, it was found a strong correlation between the vibration level of each sub-systems and the reliability of the systems, i.e. the reliability decreases as the vibration level increases. Furthermore, most of System G-1101 sub-systems have vibration level above of 20µm, which is considered to be beyond the recommended level. This fact is due to poor supporting or foundation type of System G-1101. System G-1101 has frame type foundation while System K-403 has block type foundation. This is confirmed by the polar and bode plot of systems' vibration.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p723.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p845" class="affilation"></a>Experimental investigation of particle clumping position on circular plates using acoustic streaming generated by ultrasonic vibrations</h2>
<h3>Mijarez-Castro, Rito
, Hawkes, Jeremy J.
, Jayassekera, Pramukh N.</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Gerencia de Control e Instrumentación, Instituto de Investigaciones Eléctricas, Mexico
(2) School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, UK
(3) DSTL Chemical and Biological Sciences, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Acoustic streaming induced by ultrasonic vibrations on circular plates in order to control particle clumping position is experimentally invetigated. Three-dimensional Finite Element modelling was employed to predict the acoustic streming fileds produced on circular plates of different lengths. Experimental validations were carried out using glass beads on the surface of the plates, a stepped horn and a piezolelectric bolted 40 kHz transducer. The particles on the plate always accumulated at the displacement nodes, and the agreement between frequencies of models and experiment was very high (<2% frequency error). Particle levitation and formation of clumps was attained by positioning a reflector above the circular plates to obtain resonance in the air. Consequently, the circular plates vibration patterns with patterns of streaming and clump formation were adequately correlated.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p845.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p572" class="affilation"></a>Passive control of structural intensity for reducing structure-borne sound on compound plate structure</h2>
<h3>Murakami, Yuta (1)
, Numata, Nozomu (1)
, Yamazaki, Toru (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Graduate School of Kanagawa University, Yokohama, Japan
(2) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama, Japan
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper presents a new structural design concept where the structural intensity technique is used to reduce the sound radiated from a compound plate structure. This concept is based on the modal expansion of the structural inten-sity on a plate. Structural intensity in modal form can be expressed by the superposition of weight coefficients and "cross-modal functions", and the weight coefficients depend on the location of the point excitation coordinates. The cross-modal function is determined by the product of two modes with spatial derivatives and is expressed in a vector field. The modal form of structural intensity gives the desired distribution of structural intensity in terms of changing the weight coefficients (excitation conditions) and/or the cross-modal functions (structural design). The cross-modal functions can be classified into two types of power flow: vortex-type and straight-type distributions. In the case of the vortex-type cross-modal function, the power propagated through the plate is zero because the integral of vortex flow is zero. Then, the modal form of the intensity suggests that enhancement of the vortex-type cross-modal function rela-tive to the intensity leads to less power transmission through the plate. Vortex-type intensity on a plate would be use-ful for interrupting power transmission between plate subsystems of compound plate structures. On the other hand, the straight-type cross-modal functions would be useful for promoting the power transmission. In this study, numeri-cal simulations are carried out to demonstrate the interruption of the power transmission as a result of generating vor-tex-type structural intensity on the middle plate of a three-plate structure (J-shaped structure).</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p572.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p489" class="affilation"></a>The acoustical design of mobile phones </h2>
<h3>Onishi, Yasuharu (1), Kuroda, Jun (1), Murara, Yukio (1), Komoda, Motoyoshi (1), Tsunoda, Kazuyuki (1), Yokoyama, Yukio (2), Oikawa, Yasuhiro (3), Yamasaki, Yoshio (3)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Mobile Terminals Development Division, NEC Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
(2) NEC Saitama Ltd, Kodama-Gun, Saitama, Japan
(3) Waseda University, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In this paper，the acoustical design of mobile phones is described. Recently, a variety of audio functions of the telephone call, the television, the music-playing, and the movie-playing are installed in mobile phones. These functions are achieved with acoustic devices such as receivers, loudspeakers, headphones. And, loudspeakers are the most important device used for a lot of audio functions. We defined the high quality sound of mobile phone’s speaker as flat frequency response, adequate loudness, wide surround, and adequate directivity. And, optimizing the sound hole locations and dimensions of acoustic structures around speakers　is necessary for achieving a high quality sound.　However, because the speaker is one of the biggest devices in mobile phones, the design factors such as sound hole conditions and cavity volumes of speakers are restricted by the shape of mobile phones. Therefore, we have studied the design factors of the following two items for making of high quality sound in mobile phones. 1) Location of a　speaker and a sound hole. This factor rules the directivity of the sound. The directivity of the sound should be adjusted for the user listening point to keep the best in consideration of the characteristic of each frequency band element.<br>
<br>
In a high frequency band element, there is a directivity that is sharper than the one of a low frequency band element. For example, if the sound hole is located on the opposite side of display, the tone quality is muffled in high frequency band, and total sound pressure level is decreased at user listening position. Therefore, we have studied the correlation of the sound hole locations and the acoustical properties for the achievement of high quality sound and developed the mobile phones which have a variety of sound hole locations. 2)Dimensions of a sound hole, cavities„ÄÄvolumes„ÄÄof„ÄÄspeakers. This design factor rules the frequency response of the sound pressure level. The structure of the sound causes Helmholtz's resonance. However, the dimensions of a sound hole and cavities volumes of speakers are decreasing because of the miniaturization of the size of the mobile phones, and the frictional loss of air strongly influences the acoustical property.„ÄÄTherefore, we have developed the method of acoustical design that considered the influence of the frictional loss of air by using the hydrodynamics. In this paper, we describe our design method to achieve high„ÄÄquality„ÄÄsound for various mobile phones.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p489.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p250" class="affilation"></a>The development of ultra thin piezoelectric speakers for mobile phones</h2>
<h3>Onishi, Yasuharu (1)
, Kuroda, Jun (1)
, Murara, Yukio (1)
, Komoda, Motoyoshi (1)
, Toki, Nozomi (2)
, Sasaki, Yasuhiro (3)
, Oikawa, Yasuhiro (4)
, Yamasaki, Yoshio (4)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Mobile Terminals Development Division, NEC Corporation, Japan
(2)NEC Saitama Ltd., Japan
(3)System Jisso Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, Japan
(4)Waseda University, Japan </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In this paper, the design of novel ultra thin piezoelectric speakers for mobile phones is described. Due to the demand expansion of slim size mobile phones in the market, ultra thin size loudspeakers with high quality sound have been demanded strongly. A piezoelectric speaker has the advantage of thinness to the electrodynamic speakers which used for general mobile phones. However, the rigid structure and the low internal friction must be improved for the realization of high quality sound in piezoelectric speakers. In this study, we have successfully developed the 0.9 mm thick piezoelectric speakers that consist of a piezoelectric bimorph transducer and the elastic support film. And the piezoelectric speakers with high quality sound and low power consumption have been achieved.<br>
<br>
1) The piezoelectric bimorph transducer that consists of single layered 40μm ceramics and shim material has been developed. Generally, the piezoelectric transducers that consist of multilayer ceramics are used in piezoelectric speakers. However, the power consumption of the multilayer ceramics is high because of their low impedance. The single layer ceramics have the advantage of high impedance to the multilayer ceramics. We have developed the production process of 40μm ceramics, and the piezoelectric transducers with high efficiency have been achieved.<br>
<br>
2) The elastic support structure using a polymer film has been developed. The polymer film is inserted between a shim material that restrains ceramics and a frame. By the effect of the low bending stiffness and the mechanical damping from the elastic supporting film, the vibration of the speaker is amplified in a low frequency range, and the behaviour of the peak near the resonance frequency is corrected to smoothness. Moreover, the durability against drop impact has been improved. In this paper, we also describe the optimization method of the acoustical properties based on our experiment and calculations. The correlation between the acoustical property and design factors, such as, the ceramics size, the thickness of the film has been studied. We have adjusted the acoustical properties in using a correlation diagram and the piezoelectric speakers have achieved high sound quality and low power consumption in mobile phones. The piezoelectric speakers have been practically applied in our ultra thin folding mobile phones. We will show a comparison of characteristics of the sound between a general mobile phone that uses a electrodynamic speaker and ultra thin mobile phone that uses a piezoelectric speaker.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p250.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p190" class="affilation"></a>Active structural acoustic control of sound radiation from flat plates </h2>
<h3>Pan, Xia
, Forrest, James A.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Maritime Platforms Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Victoria, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The control of radiated sound is important for many engineering structures. This paper investigates the active con-trol of sound radiation from flat plates through modelling. The active control of sound radiation from the plates is implemented by either rearranging the vibration field or damping the vibration of plate resonant frequencies to re-duce sound radiation. <br>
<br>
Two control systems to attenuate sound radiation from the plates are considered. Firstly, a feedforward control sys-tem is studied which can be applied for the case of tonal excitation where a reference signal is available. This con-trol system may be realized by using a feedforward controller with appropriate transducers (actuators and sensors). The control actuators considered provide either a central point force or four corner point forces, and could be piezo-electric or inertial actuators. The error sensor is either a volume velocity sensor or sound power sensor. Secondly, feedback control systems are investigated which can be used in the case of random excitation where a reference signal is not available. This analysis is focused on systems using simple single-channel feedback controllers, so that self-contained, compact and light sensor-controller-actuator devices can be built. Up to sixteen point force actuators with collocated point velocity sensors are controlled in a decentralized fashion by a single-channel fixed gain feed-back control system for each unit. The control effectiveness, stability and robustness of each control configuration are discussed. <br>
<br>
This paper considers the behaviour of flat steel plates that are 3 mm thick with dimensions 1440 mm by 710 mm (area 1 m ) and excited by either an acoustic or a structural source. The study has indicated that, feedforward con-trol with four corner point forces provides effective reduction in sound radiation up to 1000 Hz. Decentralized feedback control has shown significant reduction in sound radiation. For either an incident acoustic plane wave or a point force excitation, the random distribution of four or more control units has damped all the resonances up to 1000 Hz which results in overall reductions of sound radiation of over 80%. In general, the magnitude of the sum of the control forces required by the feedback control systems is less than the primary force. As the collocated and compatible transducers are used, each feedback control system is unconditionally stable. Thus, decentralized feed-back control could be a feasible way for implementation in practice. This study will provide a guideline for setting up further flat plates with active control measures for experimental validation.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p190.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p265" class="affilation"></a>Acoustic waves in quasi-periodic multi-layered media</h2>
<h3>Ponge, Marie-Fraise
, Jacob, Xavier
, Gibiat, Vincent</h3>
<p class="affilation">Laboratoire PHASE, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The issue of sound attenuation in multi-layered structures leads to find optimal geometrical stacking of layers in order to minimize vibrations and transmission of waves across the material. Various orientations of unidirectional layers are studied and their acoustic properties are presented using a geometrical simplification. In a first approximation, only bulk waves are considered. They propagate in a multi-layered medium where the celerity changes from one layer to another. This simple model of propagation in homogeneous medium authorizes a fast computation of the transmission coefficient thanks to the transfer matrix formalism. The effect of different geometrical stackings can thus be analyzed. Particularly, self-similar or fractal structures possess topological characteristics combining periodic and disordered ones. Therefore, they present very interesting acoustic properties: resonance and band gaps. Transmission coefficient is studied for classical (simple, periodic, random) and two alternative stackings based on the Cantor set.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p265.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p1003" class="affilation"></a>Simulation of the vibration generated by entry and exit to/from a spall in a rolling element bearing </h2>
<h3>Sawalhi, Nader
, Randall, Robert</h3>
<p class="affilation">School of Mech & Manuf Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In bearing prognostics it is important to be able to feed back information on the current size of a spall, in order to determine the rate of progress of the fault, and make better estimates of remaining useful life (RUL). A method has recently been developed to measure the time delay between the entry and exit events so as to be able to estimate the fault size. It was found that the two events are quite different, the entry being a step response and the exit an impulse response, with very different strength and frequency content. A range of signal processing techniques were developed to enhance the two signatures so as to better measure the time delay between them, but the estimates were affected to some extent by the processing parameters. In the current paper, the entry and exit events are simulated as modified step and impulse responses with precisely known starting times, so as to be able to determine the effects of various simulation and signal processing parameters on the estimated delay times. One of the ways of determining the delay time is by using the cepstrum to measure the "echo delay time", and already the simulation has been found useful in pointing to artifacts associated with the cepstrum calculation which affect even the simulated signals and have thus prompted modifications of the processing of real signals. The paper presents the results of the study into the effects of simulation parameters such as dominant frequency content, and processing techniques such as optimum choice of wavelets used to choose a frequency band to balance the entry/exit events.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p1003.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p574" class="affilation"></a>Low Frequency Sound Radiation from Aluminium Extrusion, Part I: Experimental Study</h2>
<h3>Shen, Anne
, Sui, Fusheng
, Yuan, Minmin</h3>
<p class="affilation">Key Laboratory of Noise and Vibration Research, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.R.China</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The floors on high speed trains are often constructed from composite aluminium extrusions. Noise is a major issue with such configurations, as the internal plate lattice physically bridges the top and bottom panels. The coupling of the panels typically results in poor acoustic performance. In this paper, Finite Element Method (FEM) was used to model the vibratory responses of the extrusion in the low frequency range. Experimentally, the transfer mobilities and vibration energy of the panel were measured for a given mechanical excitation. The direct method was used to estimate the radiation efficiency of the panel. Later studies coupled FEM with Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) and Boundary Element method (BEM) to predict the sound radiation from the aluminium extrusion to cover higher frequencies.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p574.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p728" class="affilation"></a>Effects of extensional wave propagating through shell structure on vibration energy flow</h2>
<h3>Take, Hirofumi
, Shigemura, Naoki
, Nishijima, Motofumi
, Kojima, Naoya
, Mikami, Masato</h3>
<p class="affilation">Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Shell structures are often employed in mechanical structures from viewpoints of light weight and high rigidity. Typical vibration countermeasures in mechanical structures are a direct damping of the vibration energy source and cutting off transmission paths of the main vibration energy. It is necessary to identify vibration transmission paths in either case of them. The Vibration Intensity (VI or Structure Intensity: SI) method is one of the techniques to visualize vibration transmission paths. In the vibration transmission in curved shells, the extensional wave occurs in addition to the flexural wave, which directly affects the noise from the shell. Previous researches reported that the extensional wave little affects the noise but interacts the flexural wave in the curved shell and shows complicated transmission paths of the vibration energy. However, there are still unknown characteristics of vibration transmission paths in the curved shell. The purpose of this research is to elucidate the characteristics of vibration transmission paths in curved shells by VI method. The finite element method analysis was conducted consisting of two flat parts I and II and a curved part between the flat parts. The curvature radius ranged from 20 to 100 mm. The flat part I was excited in the out-plane direction by a sine wave with the amplitude of 1 N. The excitation frequency was varied from 10 to 3000 Hz. The results of the flexural VI and extensional VI show that the power ratio with which the flexural wave transforms to the extensional wave at the boundary from the flat part I to the curved part is greater for smaller curvature radius.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p728.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p732" class="affilation"></a>A novel double-notch passive hydraulic engine mount design</h2>
<h3>Tikani, Reza (1)
, Ziaei-Rad, Saeed (1)
, Vahdati, Nader (2)
, Heidari, Somayeh (2)
, Esfahanian, Mohsen (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
(2) School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Passive hydraulic engine mounts are broadly applied in the automotive and aerospace applications to isolate the cabin from the engine noise and vibration. The engine mounts are stationed in between the engine and the fuselage in aerospace applications. In fixed wing turbofan engine applications, the notch frequency of each hydraulic engine mount is adjusted to either N1 frequency (engine low speed shaft imbalance excitation frequency) or to N2 frequency (engine high speed shaft imbalance excitation frequency) at the cruise condition. Since most of todays passive hydraulic engine mount designs have only one notch, isolation is only possible at either N1 or at N2, but not at both. In this paper, a novel double-notch passive hydraulic engine mount design is proposed. The new design consists of two inertia tracks. One inertia track contains a tuned vibration absorber (TVA) where the other one does not. This design exhibits two notch frequencies, and therefore can provide vibration and noise isolation at two different frequencies. The notch frequencies of the new design are easily tunable and the notches can be placed at N1 and N2 with ease. The new passive hydraulic engine mount design concept and its mathematical model are presented in details and some discussions on the simulation results are also included.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p732.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p251" class="affilation"></a>Vibroacoustic coupling of cylindrical structure with both excited end plates</h2>
<h3>Tsuchiya, Hirotarou (1)
, Kojima, Atsushi (1)
, Moriyama, Hiroyuki (2)
, Oshinoya, Yasuo (2)
, Kakimoto, Kunihiko (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Graduate School of Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan
(2) Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Vibroacoustic coupling phenomena occur in a variety of different situations and are generally studied with the goal of controlling noise. However, we also expect that they are applied to new technologies based on energy stored in each system. In this study, we investigate vibroacoustic coupling between structural vibrations and the internal sound fields of thin structures. We consider a cylindrical structure with thin plates at both ends and investigate the coupling between the plate vibrations and the internal sound field when external periodic forces are applied to respective end plates. This coupling is theoretically and experimentally investigated by considering the behavior of the both plates and the acoustic characteristics of the internal sound field with variations in the periodic forces. In the analytical model, the end plates are supported by springs in circumference to make those support conditions close to actual conditions in the experiment due to adjustments of spring stiffnesses, and then the cylinder is assumed to be structurally and acoustically rigid at the lateral wall between the structure and the sound field to simplify this problem. The acoustic characteristics are evaluated by the sound pressure level, which is maximized with changing the phase difference between the both plate vibrations, when the phase difference and relative amplitude between the both periodic forces are varied. The behavior of the plate vibration is studied from changing the phase difference with the cylinder length. In comparison between characteristics of the both systems, it is clarified that vibroacoustic coupling is effective in increasing acoustic energy and the phase difference depends greatly on the acoustic mode, which contributes the formation of the sound field.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p251.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p749" class="affilation"></a>Research on reduction of structure-borne sound using perforated plate</h2>
<h3>Tsugihashi, Kazuki (1)
, Tanaka, Toshimitsu (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Kobe Steel Ltd., Japan
(2) Seike University, Tokyo, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Structure-borne sound radiation can be reduced by adding sound absorption to the surface of the structure. In this paper, the reduction effect of the sound radiation by adding sound absorption using perforated plate is described. First of all, a feature of the reduction effect of the sound radiation from vibrating rectangular structure by the perforated plate is clarified by experiment. The feature is that the sound radiation is reduced in frequency range above peak frequency of sound absorption of the perforated plate and is increased in frequency range lower than the peak frequency. And then the reduction effect is predicted by self-developed numerical analysis technique. The numerical analysis technique for sound fields including vibrating perforated plate is acoust - structural coupled analysis technique by applying boundary element method to the sound fields and applying finite element method to the perforated plate. The reduction effect by the experiment and the numerical analysis shows good agreement. Through these studies, it is concluded that perforated plate is effective in reducing structure-borne sound radiation and that the self-developed numerical analysis technique is useful for the prediction of the sound radiation from perforated plate and for design of low-noise structure.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p749.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p979" class="affilation"></a>Adaptive electromechanical tuned vibration absorbers and their application in semi-active fluid mounts</h2>
<h3>Vahdati, Naderm
, Heidari, Somayeh</h3>
<p class="affilation">Nanyang Technological University, Singapore</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
An adaptive electromechanical tuned vibration absorber (ETVA) is developed consisting of a voice coil and a single degree of freedom mass spring system. The natural frequency of the ETVA is varied and tuned by addition of a variable capacitor. In this paper, the design, mathematical model, and experimental data of the ETVA is presented. Experimental data indicates that the natural frequency of the ETVA can be varied by 66% using capacitive shunting of the voice coil. Analytical studies have also revealed that if the wires of the voice coil could be replaced with room temperature superconductors, the natural frequency of the ETVA can be changed by a factor of 8 using resistive shunting of the voice coil. The ETVA is then used in conjunction with a passive fluid mount to create a variable notch semi active fluid mount. Finally, the mathematical model and simulation results of the ETVA plus the passive fluid mount are described and presented.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p979.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p647" class="affilation"></a>On some mathematical problems in modeling piezoelectric actuators</h2>
<h3>Wiciak, Margareta</h3>
<p class="affilation">Institute of Mathematics, Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
It is well known that piezoelectric elements can be used for the active vibration and noise control or sensing of beams and thin plates. In two-dimensional case a shape of transducer can be included into the control design process for multidimensional structures as an additional parameter. This paper is concerned with the case of rectangular plate with simply supported boundaries and actuators which consist of two identical piezoceramic elements bonded symmetrically to each side of the plate. In this paper, the main focus is on mathematics which is used to describe moments acting upon a structure and induced by arbitrary shaped actuators. The abstract theory of distributions in the sense of Schwartz gives us a useful tool for modeling external forces. In the case of rectangular actuators which are bonded so that their edges are parallel to the plate edges the external loads can be described by tensor product of some distributions. However, in the case of different shaped actuators (e.g. triangles) the definition of tensor product of distributions must be extended. Even thought one of two terms in the product solely depends on x and the second term depends on both x and y, the product can have no real meaning. An easy example can be constructed. Some additional assumptions are needed. In the paper we formulate these assumptions, propose the definition of extension tensor product of distributions and examine some of its properties.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p101" class="affilation"></a>Vibration control of a building model with base isolation</h2>
<h3>Wu, Helen</h3>
<p class="affilation">School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
Email: h.wu@ecu.edu.au
Phone: 0415418980
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Base isolation is found effective in reducing torsional response of structures with mass eccentricity when subjected to earthquakes. In this study, dynamic characteristics of an eccentric five-storey benchmark model, isolated with laminated rubber bearings (LRB) and lead core rubber bearings (LCRB), were examined using a shaker table and four different ground motions. The earthquake-resistant performance of LRB and LCRB isolators was evaluated. It was observed that both transverse and torsional responses were significantly reduced with the addition of an LRB or LCRB isolated system regardless of ground motion input. However, the LRB was identified to be more effective than LCRB in reducing relative torsional angle, model relative displacements, accelerations and angular accelerations, and therefore, provided a better protection of the superstructure and its contents.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p101.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p638" class="affilation"></a>Power transmission analysis of coupled rectangular plates with elastically restrained coupling edge including in-plane vibration</h2>
<h3>Yuehua, Chen
, Guoyong, Jin
, Jingtao, Du
, Zhigang, Liu</h3>
<p class="affilation">College of Power and Energy Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, P.R.China</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A model of coupled rectangular plates with elastically restrained coupling edge by using the Fourier series and Rayleigh-Ritz method is developed to analyze the power transmission and dynamic response, in which the flexural and in-plane vibrations are considered simultaneously in which four sets of springs are added at the coupling edge to describe the mutual interaction of two plates. With the developed model, two main cases are considered, i.e. the coupling edge with a free restraint and the coupling edge with elastically restraints from the ground. For the first case, The contributions and effects of vibrational and internal force components of both flexural and in-plane vibration to the power transmission are investigated numerically in detail. And the effects of the other influential factors on the power flow and dynamic response such as the coupling angle and coupling stiffness are also examined. For the second case, several cases with various restraints from the ground at the coupling edge are investigated. It is shown that the transverse shearing forces, twist moments and in-plane shearing forces have little influence on the power transmission, while the bending moments and the in-plane longitudinal forces play an important role in power transmission. The power flow across the coupling edge is influenced by the coupling angle together with the coupling stiffness. The effects of the coupling angle and stiffness on the dynamic response of the plates are obviously observed. The restraints from the ground at the coupling edge have a significant effect on the dynamic response of the coupled plates.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p638.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p471" class="affilation"></a>Underwater sound radiation by a layered infinite elastic plate with discontinuity</h2>
<h3>Zhang, Yanni (1)
, Pan, Jie (1)
, McMahon, Darryl (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
(2) DSTO, HMAS Stirling, Rockingham, WA, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The underwater sound radiation from layered structure is determined by the properties of elastic waves in the structure and by interaction between structural/structural waves and between structural/fluidal waves. In this paper, a model of a layered infinite plate is used to address how the properties and interaction influence the near field and far field characteristics of the radiated sound. In particular, the effect of structural discontinuity introduced to the layered plate by a finite signal conditioning plate on underwater sound radiation is investigated. The scattering of structural waves in the layered plate by the signal conditioning plate is used to explain the changes in the radiated sound due to the discontinuity.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p471.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p909" class="affilation"></a>Vibration modelling of composite laminates with delamination damage</h2>
<h3>Zhang, Z.
, Shankar, K.
, Tahtali, M.
, Morozov, E.</h3>
<p class="affilation">School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales at the Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Composite materials are widely used in aeronautical, marine and automotive industries, because of their excellent mechanical properties, low density and easy of manufacture. However, composite laminates are susceptible to delaminations, which may not be visible externally, but can substantially affect the performance of the structure. The final objective of this research program is to develop a structural health monitoring system based on vibration monitoring, to detect, locate and assess delamination damage in laminated composite structures. Towards this end, finite element modelling is employed to simulate the dynamic response of composite laminates with delamination damage and extract their vibration parameters. This is firstly done to establish how modal frequencies are affected by variations in delamination size, in-plane and through thickness locations and secondly to create a data base which can then be used to develop a methodology to solve the inverse problem, namely, the determination of delamination location and size from measured frequency changes. <br>
<br>
Initially, specially orthotropic cantilever beams are modelled, with and without delaminations. The modelling is then extended to beams with other boundary conditions and plates with generally orthotropic symmetric lay-ups. Initially the delamination interface is modelled without contact elements. In this case, the sub-laminates are unlimited by each others’ presence, i.e. free to penetrate each other. Though not physically possible, it allows the natural frequencies to be established quickly, through numerical modal analysis. For more realistic representation, the delamination interface is modelled with surface to surface contact elements, which prevent penetration, but allow separation. The non-linearity introduced by the contact elements essentially renders the model unsuitable for modal analysis. In this case the natural frequencies are extracted by harmonic or transient analysis. The natural frequencies extracted from the current numerical simulation are compared with theoretical formulations and previous numerical studies, as well as results of modal testing conducted on composite beams with delaminations.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p909.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p169" class="affilation"></a>Multiphysics modelling and experimental verification of active and passive reduction of structural noise</h2>
<h3>Zielinski, Tomasz G.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Warsaw, Poland</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A fully-coupled multiphysics modelling is applied for the problem of simultaneous active and passive reduction of noise generated by a thin panel under forced vibration providing many relevant results of various type (noise and vibration levels, necessary voltage for control signals, efficiency of the approach). The active approach is validated experimentally. To this end, the plate of panel is excited in order to generate a noise consisting of significant lower and higher frequency contributions. Then, the low-frequency noisy modes are reduced by actuators in the form of piezoelectric patches glued with epoxy resin in locations chosen optimally thanks to the multiphysics analysis. The emission of higher frequency noise should be attenuated by well-chosen thin layers of porous materials. A fully-coupled finite element system relevant for the problem is derived; such multiphysics approach is accurate: advanced modelling of porous media can be used for porous layers, the piezoelectric patches are modelled according to the fully-coupled electro-mechanical theory of piezoelectricity, the layers of epoxy resin are considered, finally, the acoustic-structure interaction involves modelling of a surrounding sphere of air with the non-reflective boundary conditions applied in order to simulate the conditions found in anechoic chambers. The FE simulation is compared with some experimental results. The sound pressure levels computed in points at different distances from the panel agree excellently with the noise measured in these points. Similarly, the computed voltage amplitudes of controlling signal turn out to be good estimations.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p169.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p290" class="affilation"></a>Meaning Of admittance boundary condition explained on an analytical example Of structure fluid coupling</h2>
<h3>Anderssohn, Robert
, Marburg, Steffen
, Hardtke, Hans-Juergen</h3>
<p class="affilation">Institut f. Festkoerpermechanik, TU Dresden, Germany</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Simulation techniques in the linear acoustics of rooms with arbitrary geometry often lack sufficient knowledge about the dynamics of the surrounding walls. But the latter effect the sound distribution significantly. This is why boundary value problems (BVP) of fully coupled structure fluid systems should be solved. Unless one transforms the discretized form of this BVP into a system of only the sound pressure by means of the Schur complement. This produces a fully occupied coupling admittance matrix within this formulation. Out of sound pressure data it is certainly difficult to reproduce all entries of this matrix. Due to this fact the authors introduce an approximation for the coupling admittance by defining local admittance values on the boundary. This boundary condition type causes a simplification of the coupling admittance matrix. It is demonstrated on a simple structure fluid coupled system whose analytical equations are arranged in a matrix form matching a standard BEM-FEM formulation, followed by a short discussion about its applicability.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p290.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p377" class="affilation"></a>Prediction of soil surface velocity from above-ground acoustic sources</h2>
<h3>Attenborough, Keith
, Taherzadeh, Shahram</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Design, Development, Environment and Materials, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The porous structure and near-surface layering of ground influences propagation of acoustic and seismic pulses originating from above-surface sound sources. Snow cover modifies the acoustical properties and frozen ground adds to the layering effect. A numerical model, Pulse Fast Field Program for Layered Air Ground Systems (PFFLAGS), developed originally (as FFLAGS) for continuous sound sources, is outlined. It is used to fit radial and vertical seismic signals recorded by a geophone and resulting from above-ground explosions over three types of ground including ‘hard' and ‘soft' soil and snow cover. An effective linear source pulse has been determined assuming that non-linear effects are small at the ranges of interest. The resulting deduction of parameters describing the near-surface ground structure is based first on fitting pore-related parameters to the above-ground acoustic waveforms received by micro-phones and then fitting the other parameters including elastic constants and layer dimensions to the vertical and radial components of soil velocity measured by collocated geophones. A similar procedure involving conjunctive use of buried probe microphone and geophone data has been used for fitting acoustic-to-seismic coupling spectra for quarry sand and a dry friable soil. Prospects for using this approach more generally for deducing soil strength, air permeability, moisture content and structure from non-invasive acoustic and seismic measurements are discussed.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p377.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p429" class="affilation"></a>High-order doubly asymptotic absorbing boundaries for the acoustic wave equation</h2>
<h3>Birk, Carolin (1)
, Prempramote, Suriyon (2)
, Song, Chongmin (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Institute of Structural Analysis, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
(2) School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper is devoted to the numerical modelling of transient exterior acoustics problems. The propagation of acoustic waves in waveguides and infinite domains bounded by a circular or spherical cavity is addressed. These systems can be decoupled into a series of scalar problems using the method of separation of variables. For each mode, high-order doubly asymptotic boundaries for the resulting scalar wave equation are proposed. This is based on a continued-fraction solution of the frequency-dependent modal impedance coefficient, which relates the modal pressure to the modal flux at the near field / far field interface. The continued-fraction solution is transformed into a series of linear equations in the frequency domain by introducing internal variables. This corresponds to a system of first-order differential equations in the time-domain, which completely represents the unbounded medium in a transient analysis.<br>
<br>
Numerical experiments demonstrate that both evanescent and propagating modes can be modelled with high accuracy. This leads to stable time-domain solutions, even for long-time simulations. Highly accurate representations can be achieved for arbitrarily high modes. The proposed method is used to study several transient acoustic wave propagation problems in waveguides and infinite domains bounded by a circular cavity.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p429.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p877" class="affilation"></a>Numerical simulation of sound wave interaction with human hearing system with fast integral acousto-elastic equation solver</h2>
<h3>Bleszynski, Elizabeth
, Bleszynski, Marek
, Jaroszewicz, Thomas</h3>
<p class="affilation">Monopole Research, Thoudsand Oaks, Ca, USA</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
We describe selected aspects of the development and applications of an elasto-acoustic fast integral solver designed to analyze sound propagation inside a human head, to examine mechanisms of energy transfer to the inner ear through air and a bone-conduction path-ways, and to assess effectiveness of noise-protection devices. The approach uses an integral-equation formulation of acousto-elasticity and overcomes memory and execution time restrictions of conventional methods through the use of a non-lossy Fast Fourier Transform-based matrix compression algorithm parallelized on distributed-memory systems. Such a computational technique dramatically reduces both the storage and the solution time requirements: from O(N3) for the direct solution of a system of matrix equations to approximately O(N log N), where N is the number of unknowns. Effectively, the method allows one to solve the resulting discrete dense linear system representation of the integral equation with computational complexity comparable to that required to solve a sparse system of linear equations. The developed acousto-elastic volumetric integral equation solver is capable of accurate large-scale numerical simulations involving anatomically realistic models of a human head, discretized with several million of tetrahedral elements and characterized by complex geometrical details and large density contrasts. In order to gain confidence in the solver adequacy to handle problems involving highly intricate structures of the middle and inner ear (which are essential for reliable numerical simulations capable of discerning between different mechanisms of energy transfer to the cochlea), we carried out several solver self-consistency tests (involving two different forms of integral equations) and compared its predictions with those following from an analytical solution of field distribution in an elasto-acoustic layered sphere.<br>
<br>
We present results of representative numerical simulations of acoustic energy transfer processes to the cochlea for a human head model containing a detailed geometry representation of the outer, middle, and inner ear. The geometry model used consists of: (1) the outer surface of the skin surrounding the skull and containing (2) the outer ear represented by its exterior surface, the surface of the auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane modeled as a finite-thickness surface; (3) the middle ear, consisting of the system of ossicles and supporting structures; (4) the skull, described by external surfaces of the bones constituting the skull and including (5) a set of surfaces representing the inner ear (boundaries of the cochlea, the vestibule, and the semi-circular canals). In addition, as an example of the code applicability to the verification of the effectiveness of noise-protection devices, we present results of numerical simulations for a model of a head protected by a helmet equipped with various material layers filling the space between the helmet and the surface of the head.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p877.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p593" class="affilation"></a>On the selection and implementation of sources for
finite-difference methods</h2>
<h3>Botts, Jonathan
, Bockman, Alexander
, Xiang, Ning</h3>
<p class="affilation">Graduate Program in Architectural Acoustics, School of Architecture, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, USA</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Finite-difference methods are becoming increasingly popular in the acoustics community, and the importance of higher-order methods has been acknowledged. However, the importance of choosing an appropriate source for these methods has been largely overlooked in the acoustics literature. Defining sources influences the accuracy of the scheme, and more importantly for acoustic simulations, defines the frequency range of the scheme. Many authors acknowledge the importance of selecting a continuous function, but they do not consider whether the function's derivatives are also continuous. The error resulting from discontinuous higher-order derivatives can contaminate a finite difference simulation with unnecessary, low-order, dispersive error, diminishing the order of accuracy of the overall scheme. This problem is discussed in the context of simple, wave equation solvers of various order with a variety of sources.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p593.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p895" class="affilation"></a>A Multi-Level Fast Multipole Algorithm (MLFMM) for calculating the sound scattered from objects within fluids</h2>
<h3>Burgschweiger, Ralf (1)
, Schaefer, Ingo (2)
, Ochmann, Martin (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Beuth Hochschule fuer Technik Berlin, University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany
(2) Forschungsbereich fuer Wasserschall und Geophysik, Wehrtechnische Dienststelle fuer Schiffe und Marinewaffen, Kiel, Germany</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The Multi-Level Fast Multipole Method (MLFMM) allows the calculation of the sound scattering from objects with a very high level of discretization. The required calculation time is much less when compared with conventional boundary element methods because the algorithm uses a level-based composition of the potentials from different point sources to acoustic multipoles, which highly accelerates the computation of the matrix-vector-products required. The basic theory and the functionality of the implementation of this algorithm in a parallelized version will be described. The results for direct and iterative BEM-based solution methods with and without use of the MLFMM algorithm will be shown using a scattering rigid body with different levels of discretization (consisting of more than one million elements). The CPU time of the different methods will be compared and the current limits of the algorithm will be discussed.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p895.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p900" class="affilation"></a>Modelling coherent elastic wave propagation through creep damaged material</h2>
<h3>Caleap, Mihai
, Drinkwater, Bruce W.
, Wilcox, Paul D.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In this paper, a creep-damaged material is modelled as a two-phase composite material comprising a matrix and a distribution of clustered spherical voids. The voids are dispersed uniformly within oblate ellipsoidal regions that represent preferred regions of voiding close to grain boundaries. In turn, the ellipsoidal regions are distributed randomly in the matrix. A double composite model based on coherent elastic wave propagation is used to determine the effective stiffness and the overall density of the two-phase material. As the creep progresses, the ellipsoid elements are sparsely scattered in the matrix, but they continue to grow in volume, containing more and more voids within them. This evolution results in an anisotropy increase due to the preferential void formation within the ellipsoid elements. Velocity estimates can be used to predict the elastic softening and the development of anisotropy, providing bulk-average in-formation pertinent to the assessment of creep damage.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p900.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p519" class="affilation"></a>Love wave propagation in a near-surface depth-varying distribution of cracks</h2>
<h3>Caleap, Mihai (1)
, Drinkwater, Bruce W. (1)
, Wilcox, Paul D. (1)
, Aristégui, Christophe (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
(2) Université de Bordeaux; CNRS; UMR 5469, Laboratoire de Mécanique Physique, Talence, France</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Based on a dynamic-homogenization approach, the dispersion spectrum of coherent antiplane waves in an isotropic half-space containing random distribution of strip-like cracks within finite depth beneath the surface is calculated and analyzed. The disorder inside the damaged region is not uniform but depends on depth. The scattering-induced dispersion and attenuation causes the near-surface region to behave as a surface waveguide. As a result, the spectrum resembles that of the Love-waves.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p519.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p82" class="affilation"></a>Studies on substructure FMBEM and direct mixed-body FMBEM for acoustic performance prediction of reactive mufflers</h2>
<h3>Cui, Xiaobing
, Ji, Zhenlin</h3>
<p class="affilation">College of Power and Energy Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, P.R.China.</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Due to the advantage of fast computation and drastic memory saving for solving large-scale problems, the FMBEM has been developed fast in recent years. But it is hard to be employed directly to the acoustic computation of mufflers with complex structures (such as mufflers with extended inlet/outlet tubes or perforated tubes). Two approaches for FMBEM (the substructure FMBEM and the direct mixed-body FMBEM) are investigated and applied to predict the acoustic performance of mufflers in the present paper. For the substructure FMBEM, the interior acoustic domain is divided into several subdomains first, and then the FMBEM is applied to each domain. The direct mixed-body FMBEM may deal with all kinds of complex internal geometries without dividing subdomains, which is achieved by summing up all the integral equations in different zones and then adding the hypersingular integral equations at interfaces. The equations are discretized with constant elements, so the model can be easily created by assembling different surface components together. The transmission loss of expansion chamber mufflers with extended tubes are predicted by using the two approaches and verified by the experimental data. The computational time is compared, and the computational accuracy and efficiency are discussed for the two FMBEM approaches.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p82.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p528" class="affilation"></a>The plane wave expansion technique to describe diffraction of sound</h2>
<h3>Declercq, Nico F.
, Herbison, Sarah W.</h3>
<p class="affilation">George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, UMI Georgia Tech, Metz-Technopole, France</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The plane wave expansion, first developed by Lord Rayleigh and essentially based on a Fourier series, is described in detail. An overview is presented of the history of the (re)introduction of this technique in acoustics in the 1980's and its reappearance to solve current problems in nondestructive testing of materials and interaction of sound with phononic crystals. For instance, one significant difference between periodic surfaces and smooth surfaces is that certain unique features occur in the reflection and transmission spectra obtained from periodic surfaces that do not appear in the spectra resulting from smooth surfaces. In particular, sharp discontinuities occur at certain frequencies in the spectra obtained from periodic surfaces. These discontinuities were first observed experimentally in ultrasonics by Jungman et al. in the early 1980's and were interpreted as being due to mode conversion between bulk and surface waves along the surface. They were named Wood anomalies in reference to the analogous optical phenomena introduced by Wood. Although the classical grating equation successfully described the relationship between surface periodicity, surface wave velocities, and frequency positions of the anomalies, no other theoretical treatment was available at the time that could predict the occurrence of these anomalies in the spectra. It was soon discovered by Claeys and Leroy that the Plane Wave Expansion technique for modeling diffraction on periodic surfaces could accurately predict ultrasonic reflection and transmission spectra obtained from periodic liquid-solid interfaces. Anomalies in the spectra were attributed to the generation of Rayleigh or Scholte-Stoneley waves as a result of diffraction and mode conversion on the surface. More recently a more exotic physical phenomenon, namely a backward beam displacement when sound interacts with the periodically corrugated surface, was explained by means of a combined theory of Plane Wave Expansion and inhomogeneous wave theory. Perhaps the greatest advantage of the Plane Wave Expansion technique is its straightforward applicability and its relatively simple ability to produce amplitude and phase information of diffraction orders.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p528.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p180" class="affilation"></a>Bayesian ocean acoustic tracking and track prediction in an uncertain environment</h2>
<h3>Dosso, Stan E.</h3>
<p class="affilation">School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper considers matched-field tracking and track prediction for a moving ocean acoustic source when acoustical properties of the environment (water column and seabed) are not well known. The goal is not simply to estimate source locations but to determine track uncertainty distributions, thereby quantifying the information content of the tracking process. A Bayesian formulation is applied in which source and environmental parameters are considered unknown random variables constrained by noisy acoustic data and by prior information on parameter values (e.g., physical limits for environmental properties) and on inter-parameter relationships (limits on source velocity). Source information is extracted from the posterior probability density (PPD) by integrating over unknown environmental parameters to obtain a time-ordered series of joint marginal probability surfaces over source range and depth. Given the strong nonlinearity of the matched-field problem, marginal PPDs are computed numerically using efficient Markov-chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, including Metropolis-Hastings sampling over environmental parameters (rotated into principal components and applying linearized proposal distributions) and two-dimensional Gibbs sampling over source range and depth. Non-unity sampling temperatures are employed to ensure complete sampling of the parameter space. Bayesian track prediction, in terms of source range-depth probability distributions for future times, is carried out by applying a probabilistic model for source motion to each track realization drawn from the PPD for past locations via MCMC sampling. These track predictions account for both the uncertainty of the source-motion model and the uncertainty in the state of knowledge of past source locations, which is itself dependent on environmental uncertainty. The approach is illustrated using both simulations and acoustic data collected in the Mediterranean Sea, and tracking information content is considered as a function of data quantity (number of time samples and frequencies processed), data quality (signal-to-noise ratio), and the level of prior information on environmental parameters.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p511" class="affilation"></a>The prediction of synthesised wavefields within realistic room acoustics scenarios</h2>
<h3>Drumm, Ian
, Oldfield, Robert</h3>
<p class="affilation">The University of Salford, Salford, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper presents a technique to predict the output from an in-house developed 128 channel wavefield synthesis system deployed within realistic room acoustic scenarios. Based on Finite Difference Time Domain the acoustic prediction detailed here utilises ray based voxellisation and a least pth norm filter design approach to import hall data in popular formats that specify complex room geometries and the frequency dependant absorption profiles of surface materials. Using this approach the objective and subjective fidelity of wavefield synthesis within realistic deployment scenarios can be better understood.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p511.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p693" class="affilation"></a>Acoustic-gravity waves in the air generated by an underwater source</h2>
<h3>Fuks, Iosif (1)
, Godin, Oleg A. (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Zel Technologies LLC, and NOAA/Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
(2) NOAA/Earth System Research Laboratory and CIRES, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Interconnection of wave fields in ocean and atmosphere is controlled, to a large degree, by transparency of the water-air interface. This paper investigates reflection and transmission of acoustic-gravity waves (AGWs) at the water-air interface . Assuming constant sound speeds and exponentially stratified mass densities in the two media, general equations for the reflection and transmission coefficients of quasi-plane AGWs are obtained and compared to the Rayleigh transmission and reflection coefficients for acoustic plane waves at a fluid-fluid interface. For quasi-plane waves transporting energy in the vertical direction, it is found that the gravity plays an important role in AGW refraction at the interface only at extremely low frequencies of the order of the acoustic branch cut-off frequency in the atmosphere (~3.3 mHz). Gravity has a more pronounced effect on the wave field due to a point source. In addition to incident and reflected body waves in water and transmitted body wave in air, underwater point source can generate two kinds of surface waves, which propagate along the water-air interface. One of the surface waves resembles the well-known surface gravity wave supported by an incompressible fluid and usually carries most of its energy within water. The other surface wave is similar to the Lamb wave in isothermal atmosphere with over rigid ground, carries most of its energy in air, and propagates with phase speed close to the sound speed in air. Unlike the Lamb wave, the quasi-Lamb wave supported by the air-water interface is cut off at frequencies above about 1 Hz. As an integral measure of AGW transmission through the water-air interface, power fluxes through the interface has been calculated for waves generated by a point, monopole, underwater source. It has been found that the interface becomes anomalously transparent when the point source approaches the interface. A dramatic, O(103) increase in the power transmitted into atmosphere occurs around certain frequency determined by the acoustic branch cut-off frequency in air. Physical mechanisms responsible for the anomalous transparency are discussed.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p119" class="affilation"></a>Numerical computations of a recorder fluid</h2>
<h3>Fuss, Stefanie
, Marburg, Steffen</h3>
<p class="affilation">Universitaet der Bundeswehr Muenchen
Fakultaet fuer Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik, Neubiberg, Bavaria 85577, Germany</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In this talk the numerical simulation of the sound spectrum and the propagation of the acoustic noise inside and around a three-dimensional recorder model is presented. The fluid inside and close to the recorder is meshed by Lagrangian tetrahedral finite elements. Complex conjugated Astley-Leis infinite elements are used to optain results in the far field of the recorder. When playing a recorder, the air column inside the instrument starts to oscillate due to the inserted air flow. The musician is able to influence the frequency of a note by varying the blowing pressure and therewith a fine-tuning of the sound is possible. The sound propagation in fluids with a non-uniform flow can be described by the Galbrun equation. We present the influence of the flow on the eigenfrequencies. Furthermore, it is possible to represent the excitation mechanism for a sound propagation inside and around the recorder with quadrupole sources, which occur in the surroundings of the labium. The numerical results are compared to measurements on the recorder.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p119.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p61" class="affilation"></a>A fully consistent constrained generalized coordinate formulation of the interaction of an acoustic cavity and surrounding structures</h2>
<h3>Ginsberg, Jerry H.</h3>
<p class="affilation">G.W.Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper describes the derivation of a set of time domain equations descriptive of the interaction of an arbitrary acoustic domain and a structure that forms all or a portion of the boundary, with the remainder of the bounding surface allowed to be subregions on which the pressure or normal velocity are specified temporal inputs. The primary objective is development of a general semi-analytical method, but it is equally suitable as the foundation for a unified finite element formulation. Prior efforts to use Hamilton's principle as the foundation for such a derivation were hampered by the need to satisfy velocity continuity at the boundary, and to assure that the flow is irrotational. The present formulation considers the pressure at that interface to be a constraining surface traction that imposes kinematical constraint conditions. These conditions are enforced explicitly as auxiliary equations. An extended version of Hamilton's principle governing the particle displacements of the fluid and solid media is derived, in which the surface traction appears as a Lagrange multiplier function. The requirement that the acoustical response be irrotational is addressed by using a Ritz series to describe the velocity potential. The individual terms in this series are products of scalar basis functions and generalized velocities, from which expressions for particle velocity and displacement, and the acoustic pressure are readily extracted. The structural displacement is described by a conventional Ritz series. The surface traction also is represented by a Ritz-like series with a set of basis functions that span the regions of the surface where velocity continuity must be enforced explicitly. The various series are used to describe the mechanical energies and virtual work in Hamilton's principle, from which equations governing the generalized coordinates of both media are derived by application of the calculus of variations. The motion equations are augmented by a set of algebraic kinematical constraint, which are obtained by requiring that the error in satisfying interface velocity continuity be orthogonal to the surface basis functions. Because the assembled set of equations contain derivatives of the generalized coordinates but not of the traction corefficients, they are said to be differential-algebraic type. Their form matches that obtained when the equations of motion for nonholonomic mechanical systems are linearized. The assembled set of equations are shown to be symmetric, and therefore consistent with the fundamental principle of reciprocity.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p61.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p56" class="affilation"></a>Long-range correlation of random acoustic fields and passive remote sensing of the environment </h2>
<h3>Godin, Oleg A.</h3>
<p class="affilation">CIRES, University of Colorado and NOAA/Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Wave fields possess significant correlations at ranges that are large compared to the wavelength, even when the waves are generated by random delta-correlated sources. For perfectly diffuse noise, it has been demonstrated theoretically by a number of authors that one can retrieve the exact acoustic Green's function (GF) of an inhomogeneous medium from the noise cross-correlation function (CCF). The connection between GF and CCF suggests using ambient noise as a probing signal to characterize the propagation medium. In acoustic oceanography, passive techniques offer important advantages over remote sensing of ocean with active techniques: low cost (a receiver substitutes a technologically much more complicated transceiver), possibility of noninvasive (in particular, avoiding any harm to marine life) measurements, extremely broad bandwidth, and much longer periods of autonomous operation due to drastic reduction of power consumption.<br>
<br>
However, the assumptions necessary to establish an exact algebraic relation between the GF and CCF are rarely valid for ambient noise in the ocean or atmosphere. In this paper, we report results of an asymptotic analysis of the information content of two-point correlation functions of non-isotropic, diffuse ambient noise under realistic assumptions, when there exists no simple, exact, local relation between CCF and deterministic GFs. For noise sources distributed on a surface or in a volume of a moving or motionless, inhomogeneous, lossy fluid, a relation is established between contributions of ray arrivals to CCF and GFs. A similar relation is derived for contributions to CCF and GFs due to adiabatic normal modes in a horizontally inhomogeneous waveguide. The impact of non-uniformity of the spatial distribution of noise sources on accuracy of passive measurements of acoustic travel times is quantified. Effects of finite correlation length of noise sources on GF retrieval from ambient noise are discussed. Our theoretical results demonstrate the potential and indicate limitations of an extension of the highly successful seismic noise interferometry to passive remote sensing of temperature and flow velocity fields in the ocean and atmosphere.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p682" class="affilation"></a>Ranking energy paths in a SEA model</h2>
<h3>Guasch, Oriol
, Aragonès, Àngels</h3>
<p class="affilation">GTM Grup de recerca en Tecnologies Mèdia, La Salle, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A link between graph theory and statistical energy analysis (SEA) has been recently established. This allows resorting to the former to solve many issues related to energy transmission paths in SEA models. In this work, we benefit from this connection to implement an algorithm for ranking the set of K maximum energy transmission paths from a source subsystem to a target subsystem, in a SEA model. Problems arising if the stochastic nature of loss factors was to be incorporated in the computation of paths are also outlined. The algorithm can prove very useful for the noise control engineer. For instance, knowing whether energy transmission between sources and targets in a SEA system is drawn by a limited set of paths or not, can be helpful to determine noise control treatments. Moreover, it is at the core of the existence of transmission loss regulations between dwellings.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p682.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p1029" class="affilation"></a>Modeling the transmission loss of passthroughs in sound package using foam finite elements</h2>
<h3>Guettler, Marcus
, Pereira, Israel
, Merz, Sascha
, Shorter, Phil</h3>
<p class="affilation">ESI R&D, San Diego, USA</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Holes and passthroughs can often have a significant influence on the overall transmission loss (TL) of a trimmed panel, particularly at mid and high frequencies. In order to optimize a given sound package it is therefore necessary to account for holes and passthroughs in a model. In an SEA model the passthroughs can be described using "leaks" applied to various area junctions. The TL of each leak is then calculated using analytical formula (based on circular or rectangular holes). In some instances it is useful to obtain a more detailed model of the TL of the passthrough. This includes, for example, situations in which the passthrough only penetrates certain layers of a multi-layer noise control treatment. In this paper, the use of local Hybrid FE-SEA models with Foam Finite Elements (PEM subsystems) are used to model the TL of partially trimmed passthroughs. The predicted TL can then be used to update a system level SEA model. A number of numerical examples are presented and the results are discussed.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p1029.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p639" class="affilation"></a>The effect of coupling on the modal behavior of the coupled system of a cavity and a flexible panel</h2>
<h3>Guoyong, Jin
, Yuehua, Chen</h3>
<p class="affilation">College of Power and Energy Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, P.R.China</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper addresses some important issues in structural acoustic interactions. The structural-acoustic coupling characteristics, mechanisms, effect of structural-acoustic coupling on natural mode and natural frequencies of the coupled system are analyzed theoretically and numerically from a new point of view. Certain interesting results are presented, especially regarding the effect of coupling on the modal behaviour of the coupled system. The results show that the strongly coupled system indicates obvious closed-loop feedback characteristics, whereas the weakly coupled system indicates obvious feedforward characteristics, and it is due to the presence of the feedback loop that the natural characteristics and natural frequencies are changed. Cluster coupling characteristics between the structural and acoustic modes for the regular cavity and panel system are revealed, which determines the structural acoustic interactions between the flexible panel and cavity.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p504" class="affilation"></a>Investigation on the cause of instability in time domain acoustic BEM by using the wave vector concept</h2>
<h3>Jang, Hae-Won
, Ih, Jeong-Guon</h3>
<p class="affilation">NOVIC, KAIST, Korea</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Time domain acoustic boundary element method (TBEM), which is based on the Kirchhoff integral equation, employs the time marching field integral algorithms. This method would be useful in solving various transient acoustic problems, but it usually suffers from the instability. Errors increase exponentially at each time step and the calculation finally diverges. Various attempts to treat such an instability problem have been attempted, but the onset time of instability is only delayed and the instability still occurs under some conditions. This paper describes our recent effort to stabilize the TBEM calculation by the wave vector filtering. Using the implicit formulation and the state space modeling, TBEM formulation is expressed as a single geometric progression. This approach is applicable to the problems with all types of boundary conditions except the impedance one, which is modeled by the IIR filter. The response wave vector is the time-varying distribution of surface variables within the maximum retarded time. Time domain wave vectors are obtained from the real and imaginary part of eigenvectors of the transfer matrix of geometric progression. Time responses are composed of the sum of wave vector components which are amplified with the magnitudes of their eigenvalues at each time step. As a simulation example, the sound propagation from a point source in a rigid box was taken. Instability occurred by the numerical error in the resonant modes. Stabilization of TBEM calculation could be achieved by excluding wave vectors, of which eigenvalues were larger than one.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p504.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p981" class="affilation"></a>Three formulas of generalized gamma functions occurring in analytical acoustics</h2>
<h3>Jeon, Wonju</h3>
<p class="affilation">National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon, Korea</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A wide range of problems concerning important areas of analytical acoustics are associated with applications of special functions. For instance, Bessel function plays a key role in acoustic problems defined in cylindrical coordinate, and therefore has been enormously studied and used by physicists and engineers as well as mathematicians. In this paper, the author presents a special function called generalized gamma function occurring in mathematical theory of diffraction.<br>
<br>
The paper consists of two parts. In Part One, the generalized gamma function is defined in its original form firstly introduced by Kobayashi in 1991. And then, the appearance of this special function in analytical acoustics is briefly explained by formulating the Wiener-Hopf integral equation for a famous diffraction problem by a finite strip or a single slit. Part Two is started with the derivation of a new and exact formula of the generalized gamma function in its specific form occurring in finite diffraction theory. The characteristics of present formula is graphically illustrated and numerically compared with existing two formulas. Firstly, the present formula is compared with the Kobayashi's asymptotic formula with a discussion about the lower bound of available argument yielding the relative error less than 0.0001. Secondly, the present formula is compared with the Srivastava's exact formula(2005) from the viewpoint of computational accuracy and efficiency for large argument. And, finally, the author discuss about the limitation of present formula and the future work concerning a further mathematical improvement as well as the practical applications of the generalized gamma function.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p981.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p616" class="affilation"></a>FDTD techniques applied to acoustic propagation in vegetable tissue</h2>
<h3>Jiménez, Noé
, Picó, Rubén
, Redondo, Javier
, Camarena, Francisco
, Roig, Bernardino</h3>
<p class="affilation">Instituto para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The plant tissues, in particular the orange's skin, are essentially aqueous-filled structures of varying density and elasticity composed by fat and acids substances, as well as areas of intercellular air. In recent years many techniques have been developed for ultrasonic characterization of fruit and vegetables in postharvest processes. All have found common macroscopic acoustic parameters: a slow propagation speed and a large absorption. It is intended therefore to obtain a prediction model of ultrasounds propagation in this viscoelastic heterogeneous media by FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) techniques. Thus, this paper presents a time domain numerical model for simulating acoustic propagation in plant tissue. This model correctly describes the special characteristics of wave propagation experimentally detected in these biological tissues, emphasizing the need for elastic frequency dependent characteristics: a frequency dependent elasticity modulus. These simulation results have been compared with measures obtained from an experimental device to validate the numerical model. Thus, the validation of a model of mechanical wave propagation in heterogeneous media has a great interest because it allows the understanding and development of new techniques for characterization of complex materials, providing tools for predicting propagation processes in this kind of media. In addition, this work is a compilation of different numerical methods for acoustic simulations in heterogeneous viscoelastic tissues, describing its implementation in cartesian, polar, cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p616.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p381" class="affilation"></a>Measurement and prediction of the acoustic performance of poroelastic foam filled mufflers for sleep apnoea devices</h2>
<h3>Jones, Peter
, Kessissoglou, Nicole</h3>
<p class="affilation">The University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Mufflers are incorporated into continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) devices to reduce noise in the air paths to and from the flow generating fan. The mufflers are very small, irregularly shaped and are required to attenuate noise up to 10 kHz. The acoustic performance of these predominantly reactive mufflers can be enhanced with the inclusion of dissipative materials. It is important that the acoustic performance of these mufflers is reliably predicted and optimised, in order to improve the user experience and maximise compliance with the CPAP therapy. In this study, the acoustic properties of two polyurethane foams were determined using a two-cavity method. Acoustic models of two muffler designs, having dimensions similar to those used in CPAP devices and incorporating foam-filled regions, have been developed using a commercial finite element analysis software package. Experimental results for the mufflers have been obtained using the two-microphone acoustic pulse method. Results of the transmission loss of the muffler designs obtained from the finite element models are presented and validation of the computational results is discussed.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p381.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p1028" class="affilation"></a>A review on prediction models for the acoustic performance of pipe lagging</h2>
<h3>Kanapathipillai, S.
, Lacis, M. J.</h3>
<p class="affilation">School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Pipe laggings are used as a means of inhibiting the transmission of sound radiated from pipes. They are usually formed of porous jackets of high flow resistivity and impervious sheets usually made from metals and plastics. The acoustic performance of a lagging system is usually quantified in terms of its frequency dependent insertion loss. Papers in the readily available literature relating to acoustic performance of pipe lagging are generally concerned with presenting experimental results with some prediction models. This paper looks at the merits of the available prediction models of insertion loss associated with the lagging of cylindrical pipes.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p1028.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p841" class="affilation"></a>On decreasing the calculation time in multi-dimensional acoustic numerical simulation by multi-GPU parallel computing</h2>
<h3>Kawada, Naoki (1)
, Okubo, Kan (1)
, Tagawa, Norio (1)
, Tsuchiya, Takao (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
(2) Doshisha University, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
To date, numerical analysis for sound wave propagation in time domain has been investigated widely as a result of computer development. Acoustic simulation in time domain is an effective technique for the estimation of time-series sound pressure data (e.g., nonlinear acoustic propagation phenomenon). Now, the development of accurate numerical schemes in time domain is an important technical issue. The finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is the most popular scheme used in acoustics. However, we know that, using Yee's leapfrog algorithm, finite difference approximation certainly causes error owing to numerical dispersion. In the past study, the authors have proposed an acoustic simulation technique using generalized constrained interpolation profile method (GCIP method), which is an expanded CIP method. It is a method of characteristic with very high accuracy; i.e., it enables the calculation with less-numerical dispersion. However, this method requires more calculation time than the conventional dispersive schemes. When we analyze large-scale sound wave propagation, the reduction of the calculation time is a necessary requirement. Generally, calculation time and computational cost are proportional to the number of grid points. Additionally, more accurate schemes also require more computational cost. Recently, GPU (Graphic Processing Unit) is used as an acceleration tool for the calculation in various study fields. This movement is called GPGPU (General Purpose computing on GPUs). In the last few years the performance of GPU keeps on improving rapidly. That is, a PC (personal computer) with GPUs might be a personal supercomputer.<br>
<br>
This study makes an examination on decreasing the calculation time in acoustic field numerical analysis using GPU. We implement time-domain acoustic simulation (FDTD method, CIP method, and GCIP method) on GPU by CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture). We examine suitable algorithm and efficient thread models of CUDA for single- and multi- GPU computing. As a result, it is clarified that the multi-GPU FDTD calculation is 32 times faster than the multi-CPU FDTD calculation. On the other hand, the multi-GPU GCIP calculation needs about 1/100 times less calculation time than the multi-CPU calculation. That is, we obtain 526 GFLOPS performance using 8-GPU parallel computation in 2-D GCIP simulation. Therefore, for large-scale acoustic simulation, these results show the feasibility of high-speed and high-precision simulation analysis by hardware acceleration using multi-GPU calculation.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p841.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p715" class="affilation"></a>Time-domain computation of broadband noise due to interaction of a rectilinear cascade of flat plates with inflow turbulence</h2>
<h3>Kim, Daehwan
, Cheong, Cheolung</h3>
<p class="affilation">School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In this paper, time-domain computational aeroacoustic (CAA) methods are developed to predict broadband noise generation and propagation by a rectilinear cascade of flat plates interacting with ingesting turbulent gust. Utilizing three-dimensional time-domain CAA model, the three-dimensional characteristics of inflow turbulence noise due to the turbulence-cascade interaction are investigated with an emphasis placed on the effects of wavenumber components of ingesting turbulence in the span-wise direction. Through the comparison of three-dimensional results with two-dimensional ones, the characteristics of sound pressure spectrums obtained from the three-dimensional results are revealed, which is mainly due to the different dispersion relations of acoustic waves in two- and three-dimensions. These differences between two- and three-dimensional results become more significant in the lower frequency com-ponents. In addition, some preliminary numerical results on the effects on the broadband noise of a rectilinear cascade of leaned or swept flat plates are illustrated, which can provide basic principle for the low-noise design of the stator in turbo-fan engines.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p715.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p847" class="affilation"></a>Use of CFD to calculate the performance of microperforated materials </h2>
<h3>Kim, Nicholas
, Bolton, J. Stuart</h3>
<p class="affilation">Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Purdue University, Indiana, USA</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The classical Maa theory for microperforated materials was initially formulated for constant diameter cylindrical holes. Since then, a number of ad hoc corrections have been suggested to account for different hole shapes, in particular, rounding of the aperture. Here it is shown that the resistance and reactance of small apertures may be calculated using relatively simple CFD models in which a single hole is modeled. The fluid is assumed to be viscous but incompressible, and the holes are assumed to be axisymmetric. It will be shown that this approach reproduces the classical theory of Maa for circular, sharp-edged apertures. However, it will also be shown that classical theories lack a static end correction which limits their accuracy at low frequencies.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p847.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p1031" class="affilation"></a>Vibro-Acoustic Characterisation of Thermoplastic Fibre Reinforced Composites</h2>
<h3>Klaerner, Matthias (1)
, Marburg, Steffen (2)
, Kroll, Lothar (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Chemnitz University of Technology, Institute of Lightweight Structures and Sports-Engineering, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
(2) Universitaet der Bundeswehr Muenchen, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Institute of Mechanics, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Improving efficient products and processes, endless fibre-reinforced composites offer a high potential in adjustability of material parameters and aptitude for mass production at the same time. Due to high material costs and complex manufacturing techniques, a widespread application has not started yet. Dynamic properties, however, are essential in requirement specifications for newly developed devices caused by an increasing dynamic and acoustic sensitivity of lightweight structures. The shortage of natural resources demands for efficient and low-cost materials with excellent mechanical properties, both, for dynamic and for static load cases. In this paper, static and dynamic material properties of thermoplastic composites with glass- and carbon-fibre reinforcements are determined. In detail, the investigations are based on the experimental modal analysis of plate specimens to examine the elastic engineering constants and characterise the damping behaviour of the composites. Furthermore, the acoustic analysis, tests of free oscillation of thin beams and Finite-Element-Models of experimental setups are for the validation of the material parameters. The results of all investigations are compared to state-of-the-art metal-based composites with plastic midsurfaces being typically used for reduction of structure born noise and vibration.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p1031.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p488" class="affilation"></a>FDTD modelling of frequency dependent boundary conditions for room acoustics</h2>
<h3>Lam, Yiu Wai
, Jeong, Hyok</h3>
<p class="affilation">University of Salford, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
FDTD has become a popular tool in acoustic modelling in recent years. A main attraction of FDTD is that it can be implemented in computer code easily using simple straightforward marching algorithms and finite difference equations. However, this simplicity comes at a price. Dispersion errors, source scattering, and frequency dependent boundary reflections are just a few of the problems that FDTD has to deal with. Generally the former two are artificial problems of the numerical scheme. The last one, however, is a key component in any room acoustics applications. In theory, the boundary condition can be presented as an impulse response to be convoluted with the FDTD update equations. Unfortunately, this is a rather time consuming process. There are various approximations that can be used to represent a frequency dependent boundary condition in the time domain to speed up the calculation, but their suitability for room acoustics applications has rarely been properly validated. In particular, a practical problem faced in real room acoustics application is that full bandwidth data on a boundary's impedance value is rarely available. In fact, in most cases one may only have information on the absorption coefficient of the boundary in octave frequency bands. Hence it will be of interest to see if an approximation based on the absorption coefficient alone can be used in a FDTD scheme to produce acceptable results. The purpose of this paper is to compare different ways of modelling frequency dependent boundary condition in a FDTD scheme to predict the sound field in a room. In this study, the accuracy of these methods will be validated against calculations by the more accurate boundary element method to assess their applicability in terms of room acoustics criteria.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p488.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p713" class="affilation"></a>Experimental and theoretical investigation into
aerodynamic noise sources of large upwind
horizontal-axis wind turbines</h2>
<h3>Lee, Gwangse (1)
, Shin, Su-Hyun (1)
, Cheong, Cheolung (1)
, Jung, Sung-Soo (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Korea
(2) Fluid Flow/Acoustics & Vibration Group, Division of Physical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science,
Daejeon, Korea</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In this paper, the aerodynamic noise sources of upwind horizontal-axis wind turbines are experimentally and theoretically<br>
<br>
investigated. First, dominant noise sources on the rotor plane of wind turbines are localized by using the beamforming<br>
<br>
techniques. These visualized acoustic fields reveal the dominant source locations on the wind turbine. Then,<br>
<br>
theoretical predictions for identifying the dominant source locations are made by using the empirical noise prediction<br>
<br>
model of Brooks et al. (1989) for the airfoil self noise. Through the comparison of the predicted results with the experimental<br>
<br>
data, it is shown that predictions using the formula for laminar boundary layer vortex shedding (LBLVS)<br>
<br>
noise do not match the measurements, which urges the need for improving its present empirical prediction formula.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p713.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p17" class="affilation"></a>Efficient handling of parameter uncertainties in coupled fluid-structure finite element computations</h2>
<h3>Lippert, Stephan
, von Estorff, Otto</h3>
<p class="affilation">Institute of Modelling and Computation, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The vibro-acoustic optimisation of technical components gains more and more in importance, as customers are increasingly sensible regarding the impact of noise and vibration on subjective well-being. Especially within vehicle engineering, considerable efforts are made to design and to optimise the vibro-acoustic performance, and the significance of numerical investigations and predictions in this area is continuously increasing. Unfortunately, the vibro-acoustic characteristics of complex technical system are observed to vary in a wide spectrum of several dB for supposedly identical products. Among others, production tolerances and varying environmental and operating conditions have a considerable impact on the vibro-acoustic behaviour, which is essentially based on resonant effects. Additionally, numerical models often suffer from a lack of knowledge regarding single model parameters, which may be caused, among others, by generally limited information or not finally determined specifications in early design stages. A reliable numerical model should be able to reproduce these influences and allow for an estimation and evaluation of the vibro-acoustic variations. Various methods based on probability theory, fuzzy sets, and other approaches exist to take such uncertain parameters into consideration. However, a major drawback of the methods that are most universal and relevant to real-life applications, like Monte Carlo simulation or the fuzzy transformation method, is their need to repeatedly evaluate a basic numerical model, which is continuously manipulated regarding its uncertain parameters. Keeping in mind the traditionally high computational cost of vibro-acoustic finite element models, the calculation of hundreds or even thousands of model evaluations sets a practical limit to the applicability of these methods. As a way out, a novel approach called iterative method for multiple evaluations (IMME) has been formulated, which is a structured methodology to efficiently perform an uncertain finite element analysis based on multiple evaluation runs. Its general philosophy is the fragmentation of the vibro-acoustic system into different structural and fluid substructures with few or no uncertainties. To evaluate the overall system, the different substructures are reconnected by component mode synthesis and an iterative coupling of fluid and structural parts.<br>
<br>
The high advantage of the IMME for uncertain vibro-acoustic analysis regarding computation time is exemplified for representative investigations of different components of an aircraft cabin. Depending especially on the system size, the number of evaluation runs, and the number of examined load cases, a decrease of the overall computation time down to about 1% of the direct-coupled solution is possible.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p17.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p272" class="affilation"></a>The ultra-weak variational formulation for the 3D elastic wave problems</h2>
<h3>Luostari, Teemu (1)
, Huttunen, Tomi (1)
, Monk, Peter (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
(2) Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, USA</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Wave modeling at high frequencies is usually time consuming and computationally demanding, especially, for the elastic wave problems. For example, in the standard polynomial finite element method (FEM) dense meshes are needed to approximate the elastic wave problems accurately. Therefore, it is needed to develop more efficient and accurate methods, such as non-polynomial finite element methods, for solving these problems. We will focus on the ultra weak variational formulation (UWVF) that uses physical basis functions. However, methods based on non-polynomial basis functions may have challenges with ill-conditioning at low frequencies.<br>
<br>
In this talk we shall consider the UWVF for the 3D elastic wave problems. The UWVF was first developed for the Helmholtz equation and Maxwell's equations by Cessenat and Després. The UWVF is a volume based method that uses non-polynomial basis functions such as plane waves or Bessel basis functions. In the case of a plane wave basis the integrals in the variational formulation can be computed efficiently in closed form. In addition, the UWVF has shown to be a special case of the discontinuous Galerkin method (DGM). Therefore, it shares same properties with the DGM. For example, discontinuities on the element edges (in 2D) or the faces (in 3D) are allowed. This study is a continuation of the 2D elastic-UWVF. We show that the UWVF is a potentially attractive method for solving the 3D elastic wave problems. We shall show results using the UWVF with different wave numbers in a cubic domain. In addition, we shall discuss the accuracy and ill-conditioning issues in 3D. In future we shall apply the UWVF for more complex problems and fluid-solid problems in 3D. In addition, one of the main practical applications will be the simulation of the focused ultrasound surgery.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p272.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p192" class="affilation"></a>Blind source separation and localization in case of one reflection problem of one source signal</h2>
<h3>Miyakawa, Yusuke
, Sasaki, Fumio
, Iiyama, Kahori
, Tanaka,Osamu
, Yasuoka, Masahito</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Architecture, Tokyo University of Science, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The cocktail party effect is known as auditory ability to distinguish particular sound signal from other sounds like noise signals or reflected signals. The cause of cocktail party effect is tried to solve from various fields and various point of view. The blind source separation is used one of the methods to solve the cocktail party effect. Authors proposed the methods for specification of the locations of source signals and the separation of the source signals using time-frequency information and time lags of source signals as a technique of blind source separation. However, in our method, the reflected signals can not be considered, so in the case of actual problem, it is somewhat not practical. In this paper, we propose the method which can be conducted the complete separation of source signal and the complete specification of location of source signal from the observation signal in case of one reflection problem of one source signal.<br>
<br>
First of all, mathematical formulation is shown. The observation signals are transformed to Fourier domain, and the relationship between observation signals is introduced by dint of elimination of source signal. The relationship is represented by attenuation coefficients and time lag coefficients. We make use of the characteristics of time lag coefficients which is represented by the term of exponential in discrete Fourier domain. For instance, the term of exponential yields 1 or -1 when the Nyquest frequency substitute to the term of exponential, and 1, -1, i ,-i(i denote imaginary unit) when the half of Nyquest frequency substitute to the term of exponential. And the characteristics are used continuously. Then, by use of relationship between the real value of attenuation coefficients and the complex value of Fourier domain, the attenuation coefficients and time lag coefficients are completely specified. Then the location of source signal and source signal are specified.<br>
<br>
Moreover, the numerical test is conducted to confirm our method. Then, the location of source signal and source signal are specified within the numerical error.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p192.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p35" class="affilation"></a>Numerical methods for simulating disc brake squeal noise </h2>
<h3>Oberst, S.
, Lai, J. C. S.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Acoustics and Vibration Group, School of Engineering and Information Technology, UNSW@ADFA, Canberra, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Due to significantly reduced interior noise as a result of reduction of noise from internal combustion engine and tyre-road contact noise and the use of lightweight composite materials for the car body, disc brake squeal has become increasingly a concern to automotive industry because of the high costs in warranty related claims. While it is now almost standard practice to use the complex eigenvalue method in commercial finite element codes to predict unstable vibration modes, not all predicted unstable vibration modes will squeal and vice versa. There are very few attempts to calculate the acoustic radiation from predicted unstable vibration modes. Guidelines on how to predict brake squeal propensity with confidence are yet to be established. In this study, three numerical aspects important for the prediction of brake squeal propensity are examined: how to select an appropriate mesh; comparisons of methods available in ABAQUS 6.8.-4 for harmonic forced response analysis; and comparisons of boundary element methods (BEM) for acoustic radiation calculations in LMS VL Acoustics and ESI VA. In the mesh study, results indicate that the mesh has to be sufficiently fine to predict unstable modes that are mesh independent. While linear and quadratic tetrahedral elements offer the best options in meshing more realistic structures, only quadratic elements should be used for solutions to be mesh independent. Otherwise, linear hexahedral elements represent an alternative but are not as easy to apply to complex structures. In the forced response study, the modal, subspace and direct steady-state response analysis in ABAQUS are compared to each other and with the FRF synthesis in LMS/VL Acoustics. Results show that only the direct method can take into account of friction effects fully and is the most accurate method. In the numerical analysis with acoustic boundary elements, the following methods are compared in terms of performance and accuracy for a model of a sphere, a cat-eye radiator,a pad-on-disc model and a simplified brake system: plane wave approximation, the LMS`s direct & indirect BEM LMS`s indirect fast multipole BEM (FMBEM) and fast multipole BEM with Burton Miller (FMM) implemented in ESI/ VA. These results suggest that for a full brake system, the plane wave approximation or the FMM are suitable.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p35.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p423" class="affilation"></a>Uncertainty modelling in metecting friction-induced pad-mode instabilities in disc brake squeal</h2>
<h3>Oberst, S.
, Lai, J. C. S.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Acoustics & Vibration Unit, School of Engineering and Information Technology, UNSW@ADFA, Canberra</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Since the early 1930`s brake squeal has been a problem for NVH departments and the high-pitched noise causes customers to log costly warranty complaints. Due to its friction-induced nature, material properties and operating conditions, the problem is non-linear and highly complex. In the past, research has been focussed on mode-coupling instability, predicted by the complex eigenvalue analysis (CEA). However, for unstable modes not detected by CEA, friction-induced energy fed-back by pad modes due to friction coefficient, pressure-variations and non-linear material properties has been shown by means of non-linear time series analysis and the acoustic boundary element method to cause friction-induced pad squeal or to amplify mode-coupling of brake components for a pad-on-plate system. It is suggested to treat pad mode instabilities as a stochastic process defined by a random 3-parameter-space: the mean changes in kinetic energy, frequency and acoustic power caused by changes in pressure or friction coefficient. It is shown, that for a pad-on-plate system and for a pad-on-disc simplified brake system, this stochastic approach enables the probability to be calculated for a specified increase in kinetic energy or a specified change in frequencies, thus allowing assessment of brake squeal propensity and strategies for controlling brake squeal.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p423.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p823" class="affilation"></a>Basic investigations on boundary shape modeling for sound field analysis of rooms using time domain finite element method</h2>
<h3>Okuzono, Takeshi (1)
, Otsuru, Toru (1)
, Tomiku, Reiji (1)
, Okamoto, Noriko (2)
, Naoya, Kitamura (3)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Faculty of Engineering, Oita University, Oita, Japan
(2) Venture Business Laboratory, Oita University, Oita, Japan
(3) Graduate School of Engineering, Oita University, Oita, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
With the rapid progress of computer technology, numerical simulations based on the wave equation such as FEM and BEM have come to be powerful tools for acoustical design process. The authors have been developing a system of large scale finite element sound field analysis in both time and frequency domains in order to analyze sound fields in rooms with complicated boundary conditions. One of the problems to use the numerical simulations for design process is how to model the complicated geometries of architectural spaces. Typically, architectural spaces have several uneven structures like window, door and light fixture and so on. Although it is possible to model geometry of the structures including small details such as a window frame, a simulation using FE model with detailed room geometry requires a large computational cost. From a practical point of view, therefore, the use of simplified FE model that does not affect acoustics of rooms is desired. <br>
<br>
In this paper, a series of simulations using FE model with different approximation level of room geometry are conducted to reveal the influence of the use of FE models with different geometry representations on the simulated sound field of rooms. A small office with the volume of 55 m^3 is selected for the simulation and four FE model are created. The impulse responses and several room acoustical parameters such as T30, EDT and D50 obtained from each simulation are compared at frequencies of 125-1k Hz.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p823.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p862" class="affilation"></a>Critique of Biot-related theories of acoustic waves in porous media</h2>
<h3>Pierce, Allan D.
, Carey, William M.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The papers on propagation in a fluid-saturated porous solid which Biot published in the Journal of the Acoustical Society in 1956 rank among the most highly cited papers in the history of acoustics. The Google Scholar web site (March 2010) shows 2662 citations for the first paper. These papers, along with a third in 1962, can be taken as what is called the Biot theory. This, plus modifications described in several papers by Stoll, the first with Bryan, published in 1970 and later, have come to be be known as the Biot-Stoll theory. The present paper argues that the apparent current whole-hearted acceptance of the Biot theory, and especially of the later modifications associated with Stoll, has been made with insufficient critical thought. The derivations, while appealing, are heuristic, and there is little reason to expect broad applicability. The first of Biot's 1956 papers, the low-frequency-range paper, contains 8 parameters, three density parameters, four elastic modulus parameters, and one frictional parameter (b) analogous to a dashpot constant. The present paper contends that the equations as derived with eight adjustable parameters is sufficient, and perhaps more than sufficient, to predict all three types of disturbances which can be rationally expected for a porous medium in the limit of very low frequencies: a propagating longitudinal wave, a propagating shear wave, and a disturbance governed by the diffusion equation (Darcy mode). Biot, however, did an analysis in this paper that was inconsistent with the low-frequency limit, threw away the terms involving b, and in so doing came up with a prediction of a second propagating longitudinal wave rather than a disturbance governed by a diffusion wave. The present paper questions whether such a propagating slow wave with small attenuation would ever exist,in any frequency range,in any realistic porous medium. The experimental confirmation reported by Plona in 1980 is argued to be contrived in that the artificial porous medium was perfectly periodic. Also, while the low-frequency Biot model predicts a plausible quadratic frequency dependent attenuation for both the compressional and shear waves, it is argued that it is unlikely that the 8 parameters can be simultaneously adjusted to yield realistic predictions of the attenuation constants as well as the other basic parameters for the three types of disturbances. A principal component of Stoll's modifications, in which the elastic moduli are replaced by complex elastic constants, is shown to violate causality considerations.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p862.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p213" class="affilation"></a>A method to calculate the acoustic intensity near an open end of a flanged round pipe</h2>
<h3>Prisutova, Jevgenija
, Horoshenkov, K.</h3>
<p class="affilation">University of Bradford, Bradford, England, UK
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The behaviour of the acoustic intensity field near an open end of a round pipe is complex and poorly understood. In this paper we propose an efficient method to study the acoustic intensity in a pipe with the Neumann boundary conditions on its walls. We assume that the sound field in this pipe is excited by a plane wave that is incident from the far field on its open end. We also assume that this end of the pipe is flanged in a rigid baffle. We present the total sound field in the pipe as a superposition of propagating and evanescent modes. We use the Huygens-Fresnel principle to formulate the radiation conditions at the open end of the pipe. We adopt the orthogonality condition for normal modes to derive the equation for the modal coefficients in the reflected sound field. We compute accurately the singular integrals which appear in the equation for the modal coefficients using the Telles numerical integration scheme. Finally, we validate the proposed model against experimental data obtained for a 150mm PVC pipe.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p213.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p139" class="affilation"></a>Sound production and radiation of resonator-controlled edge tones</h2>
<h3>Richter, Andreas
, Fuss, Stefanie</h3>
<p class="affilation">Technische Universitaet Dresden, Germany</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Nonlinear interactions between a free jet and an acoustic field play a major role in the sound production of musical instruments like recorders, flutes and organ pipes, but also in different technological applications. Solving the compressible and unsteady Navier-Stokes equations allows to resolve both the sound production mechanism and also the sound propagation in the nearly linear resonator and in the far field. Thereby the different length scales between the vortex shedding at the labium and the acoustic wave lengths and the resulting computational effort avoid an efficient optimization of the resonator. To overcome these limitations we separate sound production and propagation. Here the resonator is assumed linear and described in the frequency domain by the Helmholtz equation. The sound production mechanism is modeled by acoustic sources. These sources result from unsteady, compressible RANS calculations. According to the vortex theory by Howe the sound production is modeled by acoustic dipole sources that result from interactions between the jet and the acoustic field. This approach allows the efficient calculation of different resonator geometries, without the necessity to solve the complete sound production mechanism again. We present results based on this approach as well as experimental validation data.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p139.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p426" class="affilation"></a>Spatial data structures for dynamic acoustic virtual reality</h2>
<h3>Schröder, Dirk
, Ryba, Alexander
, Vorländer, Michael</h3>
<p class="affilation">Institute of Technical Acoustics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Over the last decades Virtual Reality (VR) technology has emerged to be a powerful tool for a wide variety of applications such as rapid prototyping, evaluation, therapy, or training tasks. For high quality auralizations (in analogy to visualization) of virtual environments, methods of Geometrical Acoustics (GA) are mostly applied to simulate the propagation of sound inside enclosures. By adapting acceleration algorithms such as BSP- and Octrees, current implementations can manage the computational load of moving sound sources around a moving receiver in real-time -- even for complex scenarios. However, insertion, modification and extraction of geometrical objects are basic operations in many real-world experiences, but hierarchical spatial data structures do not support them efficiently. For this purpose the concept of Spatial Hashing was introduced, which is usually applied to collision detection tests of deformable objects in Computer Graphics. This contribution describes the design, implementation and integration of a dynamic object controller in the real-time room acoustics simulation software RAVEN. By adapting the concept of Spatial Hashing to the simulation algorithms, RAVEN is able to handle geometry modifications in real-time. The performance of the newly implemented data handling- and simulation routines is briefly discussed and compared to that of Brute Force and BSP-based algorithms.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p426.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p276" class="affilation"></a>Theory and Phenomenology of the Acoustic Vector Field</h2>
<h3>Smith, Kevin B.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Physics, Naval Postgraduate School, USA</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In this paper, a review of several features of the acoustic vector field will be presented. The theoretical foundation for the acoustic energy flow will be used to describe the concepts of the active and reactive components of the complex acoustic intensity field. Recently established phenomenology associated with the flow of acoustic intensity near planar boundaries via the visualization of streamlines will also be discussed. Features of the complex field scattered from simple objects will be presented, along with phenomenology found in multipath environments such as channels and waveguides. Methods for validating vector field extensions of existing numerical models in the field of underwater acoustics are defined, and some specific examples of the properties of the complex field in ocean environments is provided. Methods for extracting information about the seafloor (e.g., geoacoustic inversion) are also described. Finally, a brief overview of common beamforming techniques is presented.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p276.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p840" class="affilation"></a>Computing diffraction integrals with the numerical method of steepest descent</h2>
<h3>Svensson, P. (1)
, Asheim, Andreas (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
(2) Department of Mathematics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A common type of integral to solve numerically in computational room acoustics and other applications is the diffraction integral. Various formulations are encountered but they are usually of the Fourier-type, which means an oscillating integrand which becomes increasingly expensive to compute for increasing frequencies. Classical asympotic solution methods, such as the stationary-phase method, might have limited accuracy across the relevant frequency range. The method of steepest descent is known to offer efficient evaluation of such integrals but for most diffraction integrals, the optimum deformed integration path might be impossible to find analytically. A recent numerical version of the method of steepest descent finds an approximate path numerically and this paper will show the application of this method to one specific edge diffraction integral which is valid for infinite and finite edges. The required integration path sections are found numerically via applying a Taylor expansion of the integrand oscillator function, involving up to the fourth-order derivative for this example, and a subsequent series inversion. Once the path is avaliable, two efficient quadrature methods are used for the exponentially decaying integrands, Gauss-Laguerre and Gauss-Hermite. The method is compared with brute-force numerical integration using Gauss-Kronrod quadrature in the Matlab implementation. Numercial examples demonstrate that the new method has a computation time which is independent of frequency and of edge length, whereas that of the brute-force method depends heavily on frequency as well as edge length. It is shown that the accuracy of the new method decreases for low frequencies and for geometrical cases where the receiver point is near a zone boundary. Methods to tackle these limitations are outlined.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p840.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p653" class="affilation"></a>Wavefront modelling and low frequency ray theory</h2>
<h3>Tindle, Chris</h3>
<p class="affilation">Physics Department, University of Auckland, New Zealand</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Wavefront modelling arises from a solution of the wave equation which expresses the acoustic field as a sum of a series of phase integrals. Each phase integral is directly linked to ray paths with a given sequence of reflections or turning points. Asymptotic evaluation of the phase integrals gives the amplitude, phase and arrival time of pulses from an acoustic source which can be used to construct the waveform at a receiver. The results apply everywhere including near caustics and acoustic shadow zones and show that ray theory can be used at low frequencies. Recent developments in wavefront modelling including reflection from moving surface waves will be discussed.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p653.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p230" class="affilation"></a>Prediction by the finite-difference time-domain method for vibroacoustic problems</h2>
<h3>Toyoda, Masahiro (1)
, Takahashi, Daiji (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Kyoto University Pioneering Research Unit, Japan
(2) Dept. of Architecture and Architectural Eng., Graduate School of Eng., Kyoto University, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The finite-difference time-domain method considering longitudinal and shear waves and two types of damping terms has been proposed as a prediction method for structure-borne sound. In the method, both solids and fluids are assumed to be governed by a unique set of motion equations and viscoelastic constitutive equations using averaged material parameters. Herein the formulation of the method for inhomogeneous anisotropic media is presented and some numerical examples are shown. The comparison between predicted and measured data of floor impact noise in a two-story concrete building is first introduced from the viewpoints of energy decay and frequency characteristics. Next, to investigate the accuracy of the prediction method, the numerical results for a simple vibroacoustic system of a circular plate clamped in a duct are compared with analytical ones obtained by the thin-plate theory. In the comparison, discrepancies in eigenfrequency can be observed because the considered plate is rather thick. However the predicted eigenfrequencies in vacuo well correspond with those derived from the thick-plate theory. Last, propagation of waves in a wooden block and the radiated sound are calculated and the numerical results are compared with the measured ones. Although the material parameters need to be identified by use of the measured data, the calculated results can be in good agreement with the measured ones.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p230.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p496" class="affilation"></a>Acoustic properties of double-porosity fibrous materials</h2>
<h3>Venegas, Rodolfo
, Umnova, Olga</h3>
<p class="affilation">University of Salford, Salford, UK
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Double-porosity materials have been proved to provide considerable higher sound absorption when compared to single-porosity materials. In this paper, the acoustic properties of double-porosity fibrous materials are studied analytically. Two models that consider the multiscale nature of the materials along with the slip and temperature-jump boundary effects at the microscopic level are introduced. The first model corresponds to a regular array of microporous fibres. An array of solid regularly-arranged microfibre clusters is considered in the second model. A hybrid analytical-numerical approach is used for the case when the solid microfibres are spatially-randomly distributed within the clusters. A detailed parametric analysis and optimal parameters for maximizing sound absorption calculated using the differential evolution algorithm are also presented. It is concluded that double-porosity fibrous materials present both reduced weight and remarkable sound absorption enhancement with respect to its single-porosity counterpart.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p758" class="affilation"></a>Frequency-domain computation of inflow broadband noise due to interaction of a rectilinear cascade of flat plates with incident turbulence</h2>
<h3>Wei, Dingbing
, Cheong, Cheolung</h3>
<p class="affilation">School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper deals with the broadband noise due to the interaction between convected turbulent gusts and a rectilinear Cascade of Flat Plates bounded by two parallel walls. We derived the formula for the acoustic power spectrum due to turbulence-cascade interaction. This three-dimensional theory is deduced based on the two-dimensional theory of Cheong et al. The predictions using this three-dimensional model are compared with those using the previous two-dimensional model. These comparisons make it possible to make clear the effects of incident turbulent gust components in the span-wise direction on the inflow broadband noise, which is essential for understanding the broadband noise reduction by using a rectilinear cascade of leaned or swept flat plates.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p758.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p503" class="affilation"></a>The fast multipole BEM for low-frequency acoustic problems based on degenerate boundary formulation</h2>
<h3>Yasuda, Yosuke (1)
, Oshima, Takuya (2)
, Sakuma, Tetsuya (3)
, Gunawan, Arief (4)
, Masumoto, Takayuki (4)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Yokohama, Japan
(2) Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, Japan
(3) Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
(4) Cybernet Systems Co., Ltd., Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The fast multipole boundary element method (FMBEM), which is an efficient BEM with the use of the fast multipole method (FMM), is known to have instability at low frequencies when the well-known diagonal form for translation of multipole/local coefficients is employed. To overcome this problem, we have already developed a low-frequency FMBEM (LF-FMBEM), which is based on the original multipole expansion theory with translation techniques proposed by Gumerov and Duraiswami for avoiding the low-frequency instability. In the present paper, the degenerate boundary formulation, which is often referred to as the dual BEM, is discussed in the framework of the LF-FMBEM. The degenerate boundary formulation enables not only analyzing degenerate boundary models which have unknowns on both sides of the boundaries, but also avoiding well-known fictitious eigenfrequency difficulties for exterior problems. A concrete computational procedure of the LF-FMBEM based on the degenerate boundary formulation is described in details, which results in O(N) operation counts and memory requirements. The computational accuracy and efficiency are validated through numerical experiments. Moreover, practically appropriate numerical settings on truncation numbers for multipole/local expansion coefficients and the lowest level for the hierarchical cell structure used in the FMM are investigated. Numerical results and computational efficiency of the LF-FMBEM are compared with those of the high-frequency FMBEM (HF-FMBEM), in which the diagonal form is employed.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p503.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p10" class="affilation"></a>An acoustic comfort model for dwellers in high-rise built environment in the tropics </h2>
<h3>Alam, Sheikh Mahbub (1)
, Eang, Lee Siew (1)
, Alan, Tan Hock Seng (2)
, Tiong, Tan Sze (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore
(2) Housing and Development Board, HDB Hub, Singapore</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Researchers in past few decades investigated on the negative evaluation of the noise environment (i.e. annoyance). Despite of an extensive and rich literature on human noise annoyance experiences, there has been very limited research effort in the investigation of acoustic comfort among residential dwellers. With the technological advancement in many aspects of our living environment in recent years, quality of life issues become prime concern. Acoustic comfort is such a key aspiration of our living environment. Acoustic comforts among high-rise dwellers, especially in the dense urban residential environment in the tropics have not been investigated yet. Since research on acoustic comfort is nascent, there is a quest for a comprehensive evaluation framework and an acoustic comfort model, developed on sound theoretical basis. The current study endeavors to expand the conceptualization of the acoustic comfort among high-rise dwellers in the tropics. A novel acoustic comfort model based on the theory of noise annoyance by Stallen (1999) is proposed in this paper.To evaluate acoustic comfort among the high-rise dwellers in the tropics, a comprehensive noise survey, using stratified sampling technique (based on major environmental noise sources), among 604 households was conceived. Evaluation of acoustic comfort in the high-rise built environment was investigated with respect to major environmental and neighbour noise sources. Perceived acoustic comfort responses were correlated to several acoustical and non-acoustical factors related the indoor noise exposure due to major environmental noise sources. Besides, subjective acoustic comfort responses were also correlated to the perceived neighbour noise and associated disturbance. Factor analysis and multiple regressions analysis of the data from the noise survey resulted in the development of an acoustic comfort model which demonstrates that acoustic comfort is dependent on the perception of noisiness and associated perceived disturbance by major environmental noise sources in the high-rise residential environment in the tropics. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique was then used to investigate the relationships between variables that influence acoustic comfort.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p10.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p613" class="affilation"></a>Study of elastic modulus for viscoelastic absorption materials</h2>
<h3>Bai, Guofeng
, Zhou, Chengguang
, Liu, Bilong
, Liu, Ke</h3>
<p class="affilation">Key Laboratory of Noise and Vibration Research, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Based on wave propagating theory of multi-layered medium and the optimizing algorithm, the complex elastic modulus of viscoelastic materials are optimized with different physical conditions to improve material absorption performance. Isoclines of absorption coefficient on complex elastic modulus of absorption materials are presented with certain boundary conditions. Assuming the absorption coefficient is larger than 0.8, the scope of elastic modulus and loss factor of the viscoelastic materials with different boundary conditions are given and discussed. The results show that the sound absorption performance can be improved effectively by adjusting complex elastic modulus of viscoelastic materials. The scope of elastic modulus is found to be very sensitive to the boundary conditions while the absorption coefficient is larger than 0.8. The difficulty of adjusting complex elastic modulus can be reduced with cer-tain steel backing, but the absorption performance of viscoelastic materials become worse with water backing.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p613.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p339" class="affilation"></a>Estimating urban natural ventilation potential by noise mapping and building energy simulation</h2>
<h3>Barclay, Michael
, Sharples, Stephen
, Kang, Jian
, Wang, Bo
, Du, Hu</h3>
<p class="affilation">The University of Sheffield, UK
Northumbria University, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Maximising the natural ventilation of a building can be beneficial in terms of comfort and reduced reliance on air conditioning. In noisy urban areas this can conflict with the need to reduce the ingress of external noise. In this study the effect of building exposure to noise on natural ventilation potential is investigated. The occurrence of window openings on a building façade was adjusted according to road traffic noise levels. Road traffic noise levels at the building façade were modelled using a noise map of Manchester in CadnaA. Window openings were adjusted in representative DesignBuilder/EnergyPlus building energy models with calculated natural ventilation and opening schedulings. This enabled acoustic considerations to be quantified in terms of building ventilation and chiller energy use at the whole building level over a summer time period.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p339.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p615" class="affilation"></a>Stochastic computational methods for broadband fan noise</h2>
<h3>Dieste, M.
, Gabard, G.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A major source of aircraft noise is the broadband noise that is generated by the turbulent wakes of the fan interacting with the stator guide vanes. This can be modelled using analytical techniques if the geometry and flow properties are simplified, or by using large-scale computational fluid dynamics simulations which are currently too expensive for engineering design purposes. This paper describes the use of stochastic computational techniques to represent the turbulent flow and to reduce the computational costs. It is used to predict noise generated by an airfoil interacting with a turbulent flow.<br>
<br>
With this stochastic approach a model for sound propagation in non-uniform flows (the linearized Euler equations) is used together with a stochastic description of the turbulence. This uses a set of point vortices with random strengths to represent the turbulent velocity field impinging on the airfoil. These vortices are convected with the mean flow and the energy spectrum and correlation function of the turbulence are controlled by the choice of velocity field induced by a vortex. The loss of correlation in time of the vortex strengths is modelled using first- or second-order Langevin equations. In this paper, the computational method will be described and several validation test cases will be presented using comparisons with an existing analytical solution for a flat plate interacting with homogeneous isotropic turbulence. Then the influence of evolving turbulence will be studied. Finally the stochastic method will be used to model the effect of non-stationary turbulence properties on interaction noise.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p615.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p706" class="affilation"></a>Measurement methodology for the acoustic scattering of a single tree</h2>
<h3>Ding, L.
, Van Renterghem, T.
, Botteldooren, Dick</h3>
<p class="affilation">Acoustic Group, INTEC, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Scattering of sound by trees is either wanted or unwanted, depending of the application. Behind noise barriers, trees have a positive effect on the wind field, but could decrease barrier performance in absence of wind. In a street canyon, the presence of trees increases the diffusivity of the sound field. However, little is known about the inter-species differences with respect to scattering. In this paper, an in-situ and easy-to-deploy measurement methodology is presented to estimate the amount of acoustic scattering by a single tree, by using a pulse generator (e.g. alarm pistol) and a single microphone. By performing time-domain analysis, the direct sound path and scattered waves can be separated. Furthermore, early and late scattering by the tree crown can be distinguished. Example measurements are presented, and the degree of scattering is linked to geometrical crown properties.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p706.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p756" class="affilation"></a>Speech referenced limiting of noise</h2>
<h3>Fisher, Michael (1,2)
, Chong-White, Nicky (1,2)
, Dillon, Harvey (1,2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) The HEARing CRC, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
(2) National Acoustic Laboratories, Sydney, NSW, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Electronic communications equipment such as telephones, two-way radios, computers, amplified hearing protectors and hearing aids can reproduce noise with a loudness in excess of the speech they reproduce. Noise that is louder than conversational speech is typically perceived as being less comfortable and in some cases can cause injury to the listener, such as producing an acoustic shock injury or a hearing loss. The conventional approach to controlling loud noise is to use a sound level limiter however conventional sound level limiting suffers from several shortcomings. Firstly, there is always a compromise when setting a limiting level: if it is set to a high level then the listener can be subjected to loud sound; but if it is set to a low level the speech will be limited, which will reduce its quality and intelligibility. Secondly, conventional methods of sound level limiting do not adapt to the sound to which the listener is acclimatised. A new approach to sound level limiting is to use the loudness of the speech that the listener is hearing as a reference and reduce the loudness of non-speech sounds with respect to this reference. This novel method is called Speech Referenced Limiting (SRL). The limiting level is adaptive and automatically set by the loudness of the speech to which the listener is acclimatised. When done on a frequency specific basis an umpires whistle is reduced to the maximum level of the treble of a recent conversation and the rumble of a truck to the maximum level of its bass. This is achieved by estimating the maximum loudness of speech at different frequencies to produce a speech reference and limiting sound that exceeds this reference. A digital signal processing algorithm has been developed to perform the method. Details of the SRL scheme and experimental data on the effects of SRL on speech and noise are presented.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p756.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p321" class="affilation"></a>Highly uncomfortable Mosquito Signal based on subjective evaluation</h2>
<h3>Ishimaru, Fumihiro
, Morise, Masanori
, Nishiura, Takanobu</h3>
<p class="affilation">Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In recent years, the mosquito signal has been increasingly used as a method of dispersing noisy groups of young people from public spaces. The mosquito signal is a high-frequency signal around 17 kHz that is audible to young people but not to older adults. A recent study on an acoustic system using the mosquito signal indicated that it was able to disperse young people gathered at a park in Japan in around three minutes, which clearly shows that the mosquito signal is both effective and useful. In our study, we have attempted to design a highly uncomfortable mosquito signal for the dispersal of human noise sources. We focused on three mosquito signals: sine signals, environmental signals, and signals based on the auditory sense. First, we designed the sine signals. We used a highly pure sine wave because conventional reports have suggested that highly uncomfortable signals tend to hold a sharper attenuation from the main peak in frequency. Next, we designed the environmental signals. We used a combination of three different signals: a motor noise to simulate a cleaner, a crying noise to simulate an infant, and a scrub noise to simulate foamed styrol. We then convoluted a high-pass filter to these signals. Finally, we designed the signals based on the auditory sense. We used the same three signals as in the previous design but shifted from a lower frequency (1-5 kHz) to a higher frequency band, because humans tend to mainly hear the signal transmitted on 1-5 kHz. We used the mean opinion score (MOS) to conduct a subjective evaluation. Results demonstrated that the new mosquito signals were more uncomfortable than the conventional ones, and that the pure sine mosquito signal at 15 kHz was the most uncomfortable of the proposed signals. In future work, we intend to design an even more uncomfortable mosquito signal based on complex sine waves. We will also focus on controlling the signal's output area to reduce the negative effects on local citizens and animals.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p321.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p486" class="affilation"></a>An adaptive approach to enhance damping in a two dimensional feed forward active noise control system using velocity microphones</h2>
<h3>Kleinhenrich, Christian
, Weigler, Tobias
, Krahé, Detlef</h3>
<p class="affilation">University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A well known method to build a feed forward active noise control (ANC) system for the damping in a certain area is based on the Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integral. The setup uses a combination of pressure and velocity microphones to measure the primary field (noise) and to reproduce a phase turned secondary field resulting in the attenuation of the noise. This paper presents a method to find a control input for an adaptive algorithm to enhance damping effects. This is achieved by the decomposition of the incident and the reflected waves on the system's borderline.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p486.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p694" class="affilation"></a>Estimating the sound-absorption coefficients of oblique micro-perforated panels by using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis</h2>
<h3>Lai, Rong-Ping
, Chiang, Chung-Chiech</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Architecture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The oblique micro-perforated panel (OMPP) is distinct from micro-perforated panel (MPP) in terms of structure, such as non-circular form appearance and oblique holes. We employ multiple linear regressions (MLR) to estimate the sound-absorption coefficient of OMPP with various setting of structure factors. The analytical results indicate that the MLR exhibits satisfactory reliability of a correlation between estimation and measured sound absorption coefficients.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p694.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p440" class="affilation"></a>Active noise control at a virtual acoustic energy density sensor in a three-dimensional sound field</h2>
<h3>Moreau, Danielle J.
, Cazzolato, Ben S.
, Zander, Anthony C.</h3>
<p class="affilation">School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A common problem in local active noise control is that the zone of quiet centered at the physical microphone is too small to extend to the desired location of attenuation, such as an observer's ear. The physical microphone must therefore be placed at the desired location of attenuation, which is often inconvenient. Virtual microphones overcome this by shifting the zone of quiet away from the physical microphone to a desired location of attenuation, referred to as the virtual location. In an effort to extend the zone of quiet generated at the virtual location, a virtual acoustic energy density method is developed in this paper for use in a three dimensional sound field. This virtual energy density method uses a modified version of the remote microphone technique to estimate the total acoustic energy density at a virtual location. Experimental results of active noise control at a virtual acoustic energy density sensor and a virtual microphone in a three-dimensional sound field are presented for comparison. Minimising the total virtual acoustic energy density with the active noise control system is shown to create a spatially extended zone of quiet at a fixed virtual location compared to virtual pressure control.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p440.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p411" class="affilation"></a>The insertion loss of thick barriers with rectangular and circular vertical edges</h2>
<h3>Piippo, K
, Tang, S. K.</h3>
<p class="affilation">The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A model study of a thick barrier of finite length on a hard reflecting ground is presented. One of the vertical edges is isolated so diffraction only occurs from the top edge and one of the side edges. The reference case is when the side edge angle is 90° (rectangular edge) which is compared to several cases with increasing angle from 90 to 180 degrees (circular edge). In this paper the reference case is presented and compared with the 180 degree case. The measurements were conducted in a semi-anechoic chamber using a line source for the frequency range 250 Hz to 20 kHz. The barrier thickness was 150 mm which corresponds to a characteristic frequency of about 2 kHz. The measurement results show that the insertion loss is basically broadband. It increases with frequency and the rate of increase is relatively rapid at 2 kHz which is the characteristic frequency of the edge. However, there is a dip in the insertion loss at about 8 kHz for the circular edge.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p411.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p768" class="affilation"></a>Active noise reduction: performance of personal devices</h2>
<h3>Rudzyn, Ben (1)(2)
, Fisher, Michael (1)(2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) The HEARing CRC, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
(2) National Acoustic Laboratories, Sydney, NSW, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In recent years active noise reduction (ANR) technology has become more commonly available in personal hearing devices such as earmuffs, headphones, headsets and earphones. In the absence of ANR technology these personal devices are less effective at reducing low frequency environmental noise compared to reducing high frequency environmental noise. ANR technology is a well suited addition to these devices as it is best at reducing low frequency environmental noise and hence improves the performance of these devices in an area in which they are normally poor performers. An experiment was conducted which involved performing objective tests on 13 devices that incorporated ANR technology (earmuffs, headphones, headsets and in-ear earphones) using an acoustic test fixture (ATF). The devices were divided into four groups based mainly on structure. The characteristics of the passive and active performance of these devices are presented. Each device was examined on its attenuation of broadband noise, overload response, internally generated noise, impulse noise response, and stability to movement. The results show a large range of responses between devices in terms of attenuation and overload, and highlight distinctive differences between the device groupings. The maximum active noise attenuation was 19 dB on average (range 16-25 dB) for circumaural and in-ear devices; and 8 dB on average (range 5-11 dB) for supraaural devices. The industrial devices performed well in high noise conditions, maintaining their active noise reduction up to at least 125 dB SPL. The noise generated by the active electronics was 25 dBA on average (range: 19-32 dBA). Although the ANR technology in all the devices was found to reduce environmental noise in the lower frequency region it was also found to increase it in some other frequency regions. The addition of ANR technology did not offer any further reduction in impulse noise level and in many cases resulted in poorer impulse noise reduction.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p768.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p699" class="affilation"></a>Vibro-acoustic behavior of micro-perforated plate to sound absorption performance </h2>
<h3>Tanaka, Toshimitsu (1)
, Kusakari, Tatsuhiro (1)
, Tsugihashi, Kazuki (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Seikei University, Tokyo, Japan
(2) Kobe Steel Ltd., Kobe, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
As a new sound absorption material, micro-perforated aluminum thin plate has been developed, which is strong for water, oil, or heat. But thin plate is easily vibrated by sound pressure. And the vibration affects the performance of sound absorption. We experimented to make clear the relation between the coefficient of sound absorption and the vibration of micro-perforated plate. Natural frequencies and vibration modes of micro-perforated thin aluminum plate were observed by using the scanning laser Dopper vibrometer, and the sound absorption coefficient of that plate was measured by two microphone method. We found that the sound absorption performance was affected by natural vibration modes and that there was the special mode to decrease sound absorption performance remarkably when the phase of particle velocity of air and vibration velocity of the plate became same. We also found that damping is effective to improve the local depression of the sound absorption coefficient.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p699.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p226" class="affilation"></a>Sound transmission loss of expansion chambers with upper and lower chambers staggered</h2>
<h3>Tang, S. K. (1)
, Leung, R. C. K. (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Building Services Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, P.R.China
(2) Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, P.R.China
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The sound transmission losses across expansion chambers with the upper and lower chambers offset (or staggered) inside a duct were studied experimentally in the present investigation. The sound transmission losses were measured using the four microphone method (one pair upstream and one pair downstream of the chambers). Pressure transducers were used to record the pressure fluctuations within the chambers. An anechoic termination was included in order to minimize the acoustic reflection at the exit of the test rig. Compared to the conventional expansion chamber, the staggered chamber setting results in a higher sound transmission loss at higher frequencies (below the first duct cut-off) and such increase in the sound transmission loss increases with the degree of chamber offset. Such rise in the sound transmission loss is abrupt showing that there exists a critical frequency at which the change is excited. The increase in the sound transmission loss is also relatively broadband, though it drops as the forcing frequency is further increased. The critical frequency appears weakly dependent on the degree of offset. On the low frequency side, the increase in the chamber offset does not result in significant change in the sound transmission loss, except that a larger fluctuation of the latter can be observed at increased offset.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p226.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p162" class="affilation"></a>Noise suppression method for a high-realistic reproduction system with active noise control </h2>
<h3>Triki, Takayuki
, Morise, Masanori
, Nishiura, Takanobu</h3>
<p class="affilation">Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Kyoto, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Recently, the use of sound field reproduction systems for a high-realistic sensation has been increasing. A binaural system and a transaural system have been proposed as potential sound field reproduction techniques, but both systems exhibit flaws. The binaural system gives some listeners an oppressive feeling because headphones must be used, and the transaural system, although it bypasses the oppression problem with its use of multiple loudspeakers instead of headphones, suffers a distortion of realistic sensation caused by spatial crosstalk. We therefore propose a "semi-transaural" system to address these flaws. Our system can reduce the spatial crosstalk because the loudspeakers for the left ear are located near the left ear and those for the right ear are located near the right ear. It can effectively reduce spatial crosstalk while simultaneously avoiding an oppressive feeling because the loudspeakers are not located on the ears. However, this system is more sensitive to environmental noises than the binaural system, and the realistic sensation is distorted because environmental noises are easily picked up by the listener. To overcome this problem, we first tried to suppress the environmental noises and next tried to create a stronger high-realistic sensation system. The N-1-1 ANC system, which has already been proposed as a noise suppression method, can effectively suppress non-directional noises by using reference microphones, and we have thus applied this system to our proposed semi-transaural system. Our system is composed of three reference microphones, one canceling loudspeaker, and one error microphone. The reference microphones capture non-directional noises in the room, the left/right loudspeakers for the semi-transaural system are used as the canceling loudspeaker, and the error microphone is located at the listening point. First, the proposed system captures non-directional noises with the reference microphones. Next, it calculates the canceling signal for the noises based on captured signals and emits it with the canceling loudspeaker. Finally, it suppresses the noises in the point of the error microphone. A secondary pass, which shows the transfer function between the canceling loudspeaker and the error microphone, can be simply estimated due to the short distance between them. We conducted evaluation experiments with a white noise, a pink noise, and a server noise and evaluated the suppression level for these noises in the point of the error microphone. Results showed that on average the noises were suppressed at 3.79 dB from the range of 50-1000 Hz.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p162.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p165" class="affilation"></a>A study of a comfortable sound design for higher-frequency noise based on auditory masking</h2>
<h3>Tsujikawa, Misaki
, Morise, Masanori
, Nishiura, Takanobu</h3>
<p class="affilation">Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Kyoto, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The methods for noise suppression based on noise-power reduction are generally employed to overcome some noise problems in all over the world. It is very important to reduce the louder noises such as traffic noises, construction noises and so on. However, we may often perceive as unpleasant feeling in quiet surroundings even if these are small-power noises. On the other hand, they also report that a general case which quiet surroundings without a certain power of noise causes an unpleasant and an anxious feeling. Thus, our research focuses on reducing an unpleasant feeling without noise-power reduction by adding "artificial source" based on auditory masking to noises. We especially try to convert higher-frequency noise to a comfortable sound by adding the artificial sources. In this paper, we first generate the higher-frequency noises based on the wind noises or air-conditioning noises and then automatically design the artificial sources for them based on auditory masking. The higher-frequency noises consist of three kinds of frequency band and seven kinds of center frequency from 2000-6000 Hz. The artificial sources are also designed by calculating the frequency band and the power level which can mask the high-frequency noises according to the theory based on auditory masking. And we finally realize a comfortable sound by adding artificial sources to the noise. We carried out two evaluation experiments with the higher-frequency noises added the artificial sources. One is the relative evaluation experiment to evaluate whether unpleasant feeling is reduced. The subjects should compare with the higher-frequency noises before / after the artificial sources addition. The other is the absolute evaluation experiment to evaluate the absolute value for the unpleasantness of each sound source. The subjects should also evaluate each sound source with the rating scale of five grades. As a result of two evaluation experiments, we confirmed that the more narrow higher-frequency noise band, the more difference of unpleasant feeling between after / before the artificial source addition. Therefore, the more narrow higher-frequency noise band, the more we could reduce unpleasant feeling of the higher-frequency noises without reducing the sound pressure level regardless of center frequency of the higher-frequency noises.　In future work, we should try to achieve more comfortable sound based on the auditory sense analysis in more detail.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p165.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p513" class="affilation"></a>Improvement of active noise control performance by changing reference signal</h2>
<h3>Yang, Inhyung (1)
, Jeong, Jae-Eun (1)
, Oh, Jae-Eung (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Graduate School, Hanyang University, Korea
(2) School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Korea</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The LMS(Least-Mean-Square) type algorithm is the most widely used algorithm for active noise control. The LMS algorithm can easily obtain the complex transfer function in real-time, so modified LMS algorithms that can improve performance have been developed. Especially, the Filtered-X LMS (FXLMS) algorithm has been applied to Active Noise Control (ANC) and Active Vibration Control (AVC).In this paper, FXLMS algorithm is applied to the experiment on the ANC of the 3D enclosure system.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p513.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p22" class="affilation"></a>Music and outdoors: Are they meant to work together?
</h2>
<h3>Asselineau, Marc
, Serra, Maud</h3>
<p class="affilation">Peutz & Associates, Paris, France</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Outdoor spaces, or very large venues for that matter, often offer a seducing way of hosting large events without undue complications regarding security and fittings. However, they usually do not provide the audience and the performers with as high a level of comfort than enclosed venues. More to the point, community noise control of such facilities can really be tricky.<br>
<br>
What can be expected of such facilities? This paper intends to submit a few hints, looking at recent projects and developments.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p22.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p1009" class="affilation"></a>The Fortaleza noise mapping project - A tool for the strategies of knowledge and control of noise in the municipality and the new perception for the control of big music events</h2>
<h3>Aurélio Chaves Brito, F. (1)
, Bento Coelho, J. L. (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) SEMAM - Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente e Controle Urbano, ECPS - Equipe de Controle da Poluição Sonora, Fortaleza, Brasil
(2) CAPS, Instituto Superior Técnico, TULisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The Fortaleza noise mapping project was set up for the spatial representation of environmental noise indicators to obtain an essential tool to analyze and define strategies for Noise Pollution control in Fortaleza, Brazil. This is the first large scale noise map drawn for a large city in Brazil. Noise emissions from the most important sources contributing to the sound environment of the city, namely road traffic, railway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise, and noise from entertainment areas were included. The method followed a hybrid approach, essentially calculation complemented with experimental measurements for validation and calibration. The large scale noise assessment allowed detailed studies of the noise impact of the Fortaleza International Airport, located well within the urban city area, the impact of the passage of the underground access light rail tunnel on the local soundscape and the impact of the Ceará Musical Event, which, though being part of the city cultural programme, takes place in central and seaside areas close to a public hospital. These studies will be presented and discussed, in the context of a geographical area where the fair climate allows long hours spent outdoors.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p1009.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p445" class="affilation"></a>A 70 dB(A) limit proposal for façade exposure to urban noise, based on research</h2>
<h3>Baring, João</h3>
<p class="affilation">USP-University of São Paulo, Brazil</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Growing cities face environmental noise increase in some areas due to the expansion of transportation infrastructure and concentration of noisy activities. Authorities need guidance, based on research, to balance development needs with the capacity of the urban environment to accept resultant noise effects. Prevention needs investment and both, government and building constructors must share expenses in a reasonable base. Reason means that sources can be controlled individually or in a certain assembling, but not in the large multiplicity of an urban area. Consequently average noise levels can increase to some values that must be accepted by building constructors as an environmental parameter to be considered in their projects. The government of the city of São Paulo, asked an evaluation of the maximum capacity of normal building façades to isolate external noise. IPT-Institute for Technological Research performed several laboratory and field measurements of the Weighted Sound Reduction Index of windows with simple monolithic 3mm glasses, easily found in commerce. The best result were Rw=31 dB. For an average protection seeking an acoustic comfort of 40 dB(A) in sensible rooms, even on positions close to the window, the external noise level shouldn't exceed 71 dB(A). The value was chosen as a reference limit to noise impact over façades in the city in consequence of any government intervention. This article reports details of the research, possibly useful for other cities with similar environmental profiles.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p445.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p356" class="affilation"></a>The H.U.S.H. project - Database of noise reduction measures for city noise action planning</h2>
<h3>Bellomini, Raffaella
, Luzzi, Sergio
, Recenti, Sara</h3>
<p class="affilation">Vie En.Ro.Se. Ingegneria - Via Stradivari, Florence, Italy</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The H.U.S.H. (Harmonization of Urban noise reduction Strategies for Homogeneous action plans) project moves from the evidence that harmonization of noise action planning methods is needed, not only in Italy but also in all the European countries where a former Legislation about noise planning was present at the moment of END Directive adoption. The general objective is harmonizing national noise management standards with European Directive 49/2002 to obtain homogeneous noise Action Plans, contributing to the more general need of transposing, implementing and enforcing a common or harmonized environmental legislation among EU countries. Specific Objectives of the project are: 1. to point out unsolved conflicts among current standards at Regional, National and European level, and to define common methods for designing strategic and specific solutions; 2. to define a new development system (procedures and database) for action planning by testing it in a pilot case; 3. to design guidelines in order to build a system for action plan applications, to support Regional, National and European Law reviews.<br>
<br>
In this paper the results coming out from action 5 of HUSH project will be described. This specific action focus to collect a database of solution cases for the reduction of noise in urban areas. Such collection will provide a significant contribution to further development of the Action Plan work platform. Collected data have been analysed and compared with the state of art. Starting from both data analysis and collected experiences, problems encountered during the acoustic design phase will be catalogued and solved.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p356.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p301" class="affilation"></a>The H.U.S.H. project - The geographical data platform for city noise action planning</h2>
<h3>Borchi, Francesco
, Carfagni, Monica</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Mechanics and Industrial Technology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The H.U.S.H. (Harmonization of Urban noise reduction Strategies for Homogeneous action plans) project moves from the evidence that harmonization of noise action planning methods is needed, not only in Italy but also in all the European countries where a former Legislation about noise planning was existing at the moment of Environmental Noise Directive (END) 49/2002/EC adoption. The general aim is harmonizing national noise management standards with END for obtaining homogeneous noise Action Plans, in order to give contribution to the more general need of transposing, implementing and enforcing a common or harmonized environmental legislation among EU countries. Specific aims of the project are the following ones: a) to point out unsolved conflicts among current standards at Regional, National and European level; b) to define common methods for designing strategic and specific solutions; c) to define a new development system (procedures and database) for action planning by testing it in a pilot case; d) to design guidelines in order to build a system for action plan applications supporting Regional, National and European Law reviews. In this paper the results coming out from a specific action of HUSH project carried on by the University of Florence are described. This specific action focuses to build up the geographical data platform for city action planning. To achieve this aim, a few of city Action Plan data platforms - available in Italy and in European countries - were analyzed and compared referring to address the requirements set out by National, Regional and European regulations.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p301.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p562" class="affilation"></a>Multisource industrial plant inverse noise modelling and assessment against ISO 8297</h2>
<h3>Castro-Cirac, Daniel (1)
, Reverter-García, Jorge (2)
, Kidner, Michael (3)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) VIPAC Engineers & Scientists Ltd., Sydney, Australia
(2) Planifica Urbanismo y Gestión S.L., Castelló, Spain
(3) VIPAC Engineers & Scientists Ltd., Adelaide, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A number of situations may occur where multiple industrial noise sources combine to produce troublesome acoustic environments. In some cases, industrial activity develops adjacent to residential areas creating the need for control of noise propagation to its surroundings. In addition, the same industrial site could have a noise issue within the facility that may be of interest for health and safety of personnel. In the former scenario, ISO 8297 "Determination of acoustic power levels of multisource industrial plants for evaluation of sound pressure levels in the environment" has been used to predict the far field noise generated by industrial plants. This approach has proven to be useful where the required criteria are set in terms of acoustic power levels and only one single result value is expected for the whole plant. However, in the event that mitigation is required to control noise at residential receivers or for health and safety reasons, a more detailed method is needed to enable source identification and ranking of the relevant noise sources. This paper presents an alternative method that allows obtaining the acoustic power levels of the individual noise sources using inverse theory applied to noise modelling. This process is achieved by means of measurements of sound pressure levels around the noise sources and noise propagation modelling. Even though this method is well known, its application to real cases relies heavily on a combination of the quality of the measured data and the physical conditions of the problem. Thus, the numerical process usually involves the solution of ill-conditioned matrices that require regularisation in order to achieve stable results. This paper presents a practical example of the application of both methods in a real scenario highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of the two.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p562.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p654" class="affilation"></a>Noise assessment of a desalination plant</h2>
<h3>Evenden, Craig
, Chavand, Vincent</h3>
<p class="affilation">GHD Pty. Ltd., Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Several desalination plants have been developed in Australia in the last few years. A thorough noise and vibration assessment has been undertaken for the reference design of the largest desalination plant in Australia, which is currently being constructed near Wonthaggi, Victoria. The plant is to deliver 150 billion litres of water a year by 2011, with capability to expand to 200 billion litres a year in the future. Operation of the plant also necessitates the construction of an approximately 80 kilometre pipeline and 80 kilometre power supply line. This development is an opportunity to review the environmental noise constraints associated with desalination plants and, in this case, major infrastructures in Australia. The aim of this paper is to discuss the path to approval of a large-scale industrial noise assessment, from the noise monitoring regime to the iterative modelling process and the identification of noise control measures to meet the project noise targets. Victorian legislation currently in force to control environmental noise impacts is also discussed, in particular the possibility of applying different guidelines and/or policies at different periods of the day. In this case, noise modelling was undertaken using Cadna-A noise modelling software. This is also the opportunity to present a modelling software package, which is not widely used in Australia at present. Modelling results outlined the noise control measures to be integrated in the plant design in order to meet a set of stringent noise criteria at the nearest sensitive receivers.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p654.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p363" class="affilation"></a>Satisfactory background noise levels in naturally ventilated buildings - Challenging acoustic criteria used in the past</h2>
<h3>Field, Chris</h3>
<p class="affilation">Arup Acoustics, Sydney, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper presents a review of acoustic criteria currently used in office buildings with the aim of determining more satisfactory indoor noise level criteria for naturally ventilated office buildings. Indoor air quality standards related to the use of natural ventilation in buildings conflict with the control of ingress of external noise through ventilation openings to meet internationally recognized background noise limits for building use. These noise standards generally assume, however, that buildings are sealed and air-conditioned, which contributes to meeting the stated recommended indoor noise levels. It is not feasible that these noise standards can be expected or are appropriate to be achieved in naturally ventilated buildings. Therefore, to account for the thermal comfort benefit of natural ventilation and the ability to locally control natural ventilation and noise levels by closing of windows, a controlled increase of the currently recommended indoor noise levels is explored, based on a review of typical conditions found in existing naturally ventilated buildings. To develop appropriate acoustic criteria for naturally ventilated buildings, consideration is given to adequate speech intelligibility of conversations and also to distraction to typical office activities.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p363.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p998" class="affilation"></a>Are Western noise policies appropriate for developing and emerging countries?</h2>
<h3>Finegold, Lawrence S.(1)
, Schwela, Dieter(2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Finegold & So, Consultants, Centerville, Ohio, USA
(2) Stockholm Environment Institute, Heslington, York, UK
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper examines the issue of whether current Western noise policies would be effective and appropriate for use in developing and emerging countries. Differences in noise sources, available finances and noise control technologies, cultural norms, climate, views concerning the role of the government, etc. make it possible that different approaches might be needed in developing countries and emerging countries in order for their noise policies to be effective. It describes the current status of an international consortium of scientists and engineers, government representatives, and key stakeholders which are being organized to address this important topic. The World Health Organization and the International Commission on Biological Effects of Noise will be major partners in implementing the envisioned consortium. This paper presents a concept for a Strategic Approach to Environmental Noise Management in Developing Countries which has been developed by the Swedish Environmental Institute (SEI) to provide a foundation for the proposed international consortium. It also describes the 2010 and future plans for annual Workshops, synmposia and special sessions at acoustics Congresses, and to promote the evolving SEI concept with the governments of developing countries. The 2010 effort includes a web-based Forum sponsored by Tsinghua University in Beijing and additional projects are being planned.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p998.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p127" class="affilation"></a>Ventilation system noise control</h2>
<h3>Gross, Neil
, Lawrence, Ben</h3>
<p class="affilation">Wilkinson Murray, Sydney, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Large industrial ventilation fans were causing complaint at nearby residential receivers. This paper discusses the various approaches to minimising noise levels, including a 12Hz infrasound, ultimately reduced using a tuned quarter wave tube. Part of the process involved building a 10th scale model, where various solutiuons were trialled before implementation on site.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p789" class="affilation"></a>Development of noise control measures on construction site
</h2>
<h3>Im, Jung-Bin
, Chung, Jin-Yun
, Lee, Sung-Chan</h3>
<p class="affilation">Daewoo Engineering & Construction, Seoul, Korea</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Disputes caused by construction noise has been increased in Korea especially Seoul metropolitan city. In this study, current status of noise level and noise control measures on construction sites were investigated. Acoustical performance of developed temporary noise barrier to reduce construction noise was evaluated in the construction site as well as laboratory.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p391" class="affilation"></a>Improving environmental noise predictions</h2>
<h3>Ishac, Najah</h3>
<p class="affilation">EMGA Mitchell McLennan Pty. Ltd., Sydney, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In 2009 we embarked on a field study to ensure that the accuracy of our predictions of a future large scale industrial facility is improved on standard techniques. Noise propagation is significantly affected by prevailing meteorological conditions. Several standard modelling methods rely on measured meteorological data and estimation techniques. We decided to obtain realistic and actual noise level data including the effect of atmospheric conditions by conducting an experiment on sound propagation. Loud speakers were placed at a central location on a site, and used as an artificial sound source. A constant sound signal of a set of pure tones with varying sound intensity levels between each frequency is constantly producing sound at a fixed emission level for several hours at a time each night. The primary frequencies in the source signal were chosen to adequately simulate the main frequency range of machinery typical of the facility. The transmitter consists of a CD player with a CD containing the source noise, a power amplifier and four large loud speakers. The arrangement is powered by a petrol generator, all located in an open area. The sound was recorded by acoustic consultants at distant off-site locations, as well as at near-filed positions to the speakers. There were three personnel conducting measurements simultaneously, each with a Type1 narrow band analysers. The operators collected random samples of at least 5-minute duration at various locations and times through each monitoring period. Meteorological data is continuously collected by a three weather stations near by. Each narrow band sample was then analysed to filter the discrete pure tones from the ambient noise recorded. In the first instance the fluctuation of absolute source contribution at each monitoring site is quantified. The meteorological and noise data is correlated and analysed to quantify the effects of weather on noise propagation. These measurements are compared to predictive output from a detailed three-dimensional model. The comparison shows interesting divergence of results but with encouraging correlation in noise levels on average.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p391.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p874" class="affilation"></a>Acoustical indicators and indexes for urban quality evaluation
</h2>
<h3>Magrini, Anna (1)
, D'Ambrosio, Francesca (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Dept. of Environmental and Hydraulic Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
(2) Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In the urban health evaluation, the environmental comfort (thermo-hygrometrical, acoustical and lighting comfort) represents a fundamental aspect to quantify the influence of the climate and of the human activities on the men's health. The correlations among outdoor comfort, urban landscape and architectural features offer wide perspectives, as they could represent very useful means to give a qualitative and quantitative judgment on the existing real estate or to choose the major actions for the restoration of the urban environment. To obtain urban health global judgment, all the playing factors must be correctly weighted and associated. An analysis based on homogeneous quantities is needed, avoiding multiplying judgment scales and using, for example, one scale for each involved parameter comparable with the others. To quantify and correlate the various environmental elements, a first attempt was performed aimed at a global assessment on the basis of a mutual judgment system. Therefore, a proposal of schematisation based on indicators and indexes has been developed. With the definition of them, relating to the acoustical outdoor comfort evaluation, it is possible to obtain a global quality environment evaluation considering other aspects like, for example, thermo-hygrometrical and atmospheric pollution effects. First analyses to validate the method on the basis of experimental sound pressure level data have been developed. Moreover, experimental data about noise levels, traffic and population density were considered as basic parameters on which it is possible to develop single indicators and a global outdoor environmental index. In the meantime a subjective investigation was performed, to correlate the values of the acoustical index to the individual sensation of the people living in the surroundings.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p874.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p147" class="affilation"></a>Managing the cost of noise exposure in transport corridors</h2>
<h3>Marchuk, Alex
, Henry, Frank</h3>
<p class="affilation">Brisbane City Council, Queensland, Australia
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In order to develop socially relevant noise policy it is necessary to understand the health effects of noise exposure and the corresponding cost of these effects. These social costs can then be considered against the economic costs of implementing noise mitigation measures. The study presented in this discussion illustrates a method of cost benefit analysis for noise mitigation. The response relationship between transport noise (road, rail and aircraft) and health effects (annoyance and sleep disturbance) are well documented. These health effects place a burden on society.<br>
<br>
Recent health studies have enabled quantitative analysis of the burden of disease on populations. The World Health Organization's ‘Disability Adjusted Life Year' metric can be used for this purpose. In the case of transport noise, it is necessary to quantify the ‘disability' caused by noise related annoyance and sleep disturbance. Preliminary studies have made attempts at using this approach. A basic economic analysis is considered in this study by attributing a ‘human capital' value to Disability Adjusted Life Years. The benefits in terms of human capital can then be compared to the economic costs of providing noise mitigation measures. The techniques discussed above allow policy makers to attempt to determine a ‘triple bottom line' where environmental, social and economic outcomes are taken into account. This study has considered: (1) The annoyance and sleep disturbance effects of road traffic noise; (2) The health effects related to road traffic noise in terms of Disability Adjusted Life Years; (3) The costs associated with including noise mitigating construction materials in new buildings; and (4) The economic benefits associated with improved levels of health and improvements to property values. A case study of how this has been used in Brisbane for planning residential development near transport corridors will be presented.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p147.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p832" class="affilation"></a>Statistical patterns of the noise levels of a town</h2>
<h3>Moraes, Elcione (1)
, Simon, Francisco (2)
, Moscoso, Cristiany (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Universidad da Amazônia - UNAMA, Brazil
(2) Instituto de Acústica de Madrid - CSIC, Spain</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
At present, noise maps are the most powerful tool available to assess the acoustical environmental state in inhabited areas. Although they are usually based on calculation, their complexity makes it necessary to use a set of measurements to "calibrate" the calculation. As a general rule, the more points measured the more accurate the model will be. When applying this technique a regular grid of measuring points has little sense. Only a small set of points will be used and they have to be chosen according to how representative there are within the set. Currently, methods for selecting of the measuring points are based on the type or category of the street. From a statistical point of view, these methods can be interpreted as a kind of stratified sampling of the acoustical population where the strata are defined in terms of the land use. In this way, one can focus on relevant town areas that will have a significant effect on the efficiency and accuracy of the estimation. However, the street categories will not always be directly related to the noise levels, as the strata levels depend not only on acoustical parameters but on other qualitative parameters (for example, street activity). Assuming that each noise level can be assigned to a category and that the set of all noise levels can be divided into categories, the noise level distribution can be defined as a mixture of distributions from the different categories. In this paper, a set of "describing" distributions within the noise levels of a town are identified (on a district-by-district basis). Patterns from the noise levels distribution based on these distributions are identified. These patterns could be useful in identifying the street categories within a town, so that a more accurate stratification sampling could be implemented and, in addition, the selection of relevant stratification variables will be improved.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p917" class="affilation"></a>Airport noise environmental impact assessment including affected communities perception: description of social survey on neighborhoods of Santos Dumont Airport - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</h2>
<h3>Nogueira, Rita de Cássia Cordeiro
, Mansur, Webe João</h3>
<p class="affilation">1. Civil Engineering Graduate Program - Rio de Janeiro Federal University - PEC/COPPE/UFRJ, Rio Janeiro, Brazil
2. Federal Center of Technological Education of Rio de Janeiro - CEFET-RJ</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This work is concerned with development and application of methodology including the affected communities' noise perception as a parameter for airport noise environmental impact studies. In Brazil, until now, airport noise environ-mental impact studies have been based firstly on Noise Zoning Plans and simulated noise contours from the Integrated Noise Model software as well as on noise measurement at external selected points aiming to characterize aircraft noise contribution related to background noise guidelines of Norm ABNT 10151 must be followed. To date, the airport noise perception of affected residents is not included as a parameter for environmental impact assessment. Since March 2009 the neighborhoods communities annoyed by the landing and takeoff noises from Santos Dumont Airport have been insisting actively joint to environmental control state institutions to solve the problem that was becoming worse due to the expansion of airport operations. At that same time this author began the implementation of noise annoyance social research on Santos Dumont Airport neighborhoods. In the first stage of the work interviews were conducted in about 70 different addresses distributed on five distinct districts as a purposeful sample of residents contacted through residents associations. The interviews were conducted by undergraduate students trained by this first author throughout 40 hours lessons course for developing field research skills. A carefully elaborated questionnaire applied during interviews and the data collecting methods are described in this paper. At the second stage of this work noise measurements at selected points will be carried out according to the noise annoyance social survey collected data results tabulation and analysis aiming to configure a complete social-acoustic survey in the near future.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p917.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p283" class="affilation"></a>New techniques in noise prediction</h2>
<h3>Probst, Wolfgang</h3>
<p class="affilation">DataKustik GmbH, Greifenberg, Germany</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Noise prediction methods must include the mathematical description of many physical phenomena influencing sound propagation. More scientific based methods approximate the solution of the wave equation with given boundary conditions, while the engineering methods simulate the wave propagation by geometrically defined rays. The first mentioned scientifically based methods are powerful to investigate certain effects as propagation in a layered atmosphere or diffraction over a complex barrier in a simple and clear defined environment, while the engineering methods are clearly superior in realistic complex scenarios like industrial facilities or built up areas in cities with thousands of traffic sources. The techniques applied have been improved in the last years and the most important of these improvements are presented and explained.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p283.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p460" class="affilation"></a>Construction noise management guideline for major transport infrastructure projects</h2>
<h3>Roberts, Cedric</h3>
<p class="affilation">Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads, Queensland, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper presents an overview of the Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads (TMR) draft Construction Management Code of Practice: Part 1 Noise 2010. The Guideline sets noise and vibration limits for the contractor and provides guidance on source, pathway, and receptor noise control options. One of the biggest challenges facing urban roadway and tunnelling construction projects at present is the need to mitigate environmental noise and vibration impacts. The general approach adopted by this guideline is one of minimising overall disruption from road and tunnel construction operations. Disruption refers to effects on people, their activities, property and environment associated with road and tunnel construction activity and can occur as a result of works within the road reserve, materials processing at temporary fixed facilities, truck movement on off-site haul routes and effects on general traffic and utilities within the wider area. A two level hierarchy of controls is adopted - standard controls and project specific controls. The guideline's intent is to address noise and vibration pro-actively whenever possible; to anticipate and avoid creating undue noisy and undesirable vibration conditions, but also to allow proper mechanisms to control noisy conditions without sustaining costly claims from contractors.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p460.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p987" class="affilation"></a>Assessment of low frequency noise from transportation sources</h2>
<h3>Roberts, Cedric</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Transport and Main Roads, Qld, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Low frequency noise (LFN) is common as background noise in urban environments and as an emission from many artificial sources: road vehicles, aircraft, industrial machinery, artillery and mining explosions, and air movement machinery including wind turbines, compressors, and indoor ventilation and air conditioning units. LFN may also produce vibrations and rattles as secondary effects. The effects of LFN are of particular concern because of its pervasiveness due to numerous sources, efficient propagation and reduced efficacy of many structures (dwellings, walls, and hearing protection) in attenuating LFN compared with other noise. Current transportation noise impact assessments are usually based on broadband A-weighted noise indicators. Over the past 50 years, the A-weighted sound pressure level (dB(A)) has become the major measurement descriptor used in noise assessment. This is despite the fact that many studies have shown that the use of the A-weighting curve underestimates the role that LFN plays in loudness perception, annoyance, and speech intelligibility. The de-emphasizing of LFN content by A-weighting can also lead to an underestimation of the exposure risk of some physical and psychological effects that have been associated with low frequency noise. As a result of this reliance on dB(A) measurements, there is a lack of importance placed on minimizing LFN impacts. A more complete picture and better correlation with annoyance and health effects may result from indicators that include temporal aspects and frequency character. This paper presents an overview of some examples of low frequency indicators applied to transportation sources</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p987.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p217" class="affilation"></a>Acoustical insertion loss of plenum window at different sound incidence angles</h2>
<h3>Tong, Y. G.
, Tang, S. K.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Building Services Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong,
P.R.China</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Natural ventilation and acoustic protection are two conflicting issues. In densely populated cities, open window is nearly not possible because it can provide a path for noise to break-in from external into the buildings. A special win-dow system, namely the plenum window, was investigated in this study for its acoustical insertion loss when the win-dow was not parallel to the road in the urban environment whilst allowing a certain degree of natural ventilation. The acoustic performance of plenum window was studied using a 1:4 scale model and a 5m long source array consisted of 25 six-inch aperture loudspeakers. The positions of sound source from the window are found to be significant in pro-tecting transportation noise based on the trend of insertion loss spectra. The insertion loss of the device was defined by the difference of the average noise level inside the receiver room between opened window and plenum window. There was around 7dBA variation in the insertion loss over the range of source angle studied. The highest insertion loss was about 11dBA and was obtained when the window was nearly parallel to the simulated line source. Plenum window was believed to be a good acoustic window with high practicality in the densely populated urban environ-ment.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p217.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p444" class="affilation"></a>Are there more definitive ways to manage environmental noise?</h2>
<h3>Wilson, C. W. (Bill)</h3>
<p class="affilation">Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Environmental noise, the name given to sound produced by the activities of humans, is regulated by legislation that aims to achieve an acceptable balance between activities that emit sound energy and activities or situations that exhibit sensitivity to sound. Much of this legislation, or its legal instruments, draws on quantification provided by A-weighted sound pressure levels. There are many instances where the A-weighted level does not provide a particularly realistic measure of impact and there have been some adjustment schemes established to account for attention-attracting characteristics such as tonal features and various forms of modulation.<br>
<br>
This arrangement has been used over many decades and currently forms the basis of much environmental noise impact assessment. The ultimate intent, to either minimise sound pressure levels or the annoyance that it causes, is still somewhat unclear. There are situations where the apparent level of impact appears to be inconsistent with the appropriately adjusted A-weighted sound pressure level and there have been some strong criticisms directed at the approach. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of this approach are discussed, particularly in relation to sound emitted from industrial activities. The assessment of highly complex sounds and sound propagation regimes in relation to a range of noise sources and receiving environments suggests the need to draw on a wider range of analysis methods. This has ramifications for the formulation of legislation intended to control the sources of environmental noise.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p444.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p69" class="affilation"></a>Compressor noise control for a large underground natural gas storage station in China</h2>
<h3>Yan, Xiang (1)
, Luo, Qiang (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R.China
(2) Beijing Zhongya Kangyuan Environment Protection Co. Ltd., Beijing, P.R.China</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The underground storage stations are routine facilities in pipeline natural gas transportation for pressure balance nowadays in China, which employ compressors generating tremendous noise often disturbing the neighborhoods. This paper introduces a noise control case in the largest natural gas storage station in the east China. There are three 3560kW gas-driven compressors with 910km3/s ventilation air coolers, which manufactured by Caterpillar. The legal noise limitation at 1m from station boundary (nearest distance from the compressors and the coolers is 14 m) was constrained under 45dB(A) while the noise level of the each compressor(1m distance) is 105 dB(A) and that of air cooler is 85dB(A). To reduce the noise, the compressors were covered by a sound reduction workshop with both light weight constructions and enough compulsive ventilation, and the coolers were surrounded by both parallel absorb panels and sound barriers, as well as the engine tail pipes were mounted new quiet mufflers. The final noise level was reduced to 43dB(A) without any influence on the station normal running. This paper discusses more details in the balance of the noise reduction, the lightweight sound isolation constructions (for exploding discharge) and the favorable ventilation, which had been designed rationally and examined through scientific simulation experiments.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p73" class="affilation"></a>Consideration of new environmental noise evaluation index</h2>
<h3>Yoshida, Junji</h3>
<p class="affilation">Osaka Institute of Technology, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Setting and keeping an environmental noise evaluation index is essential to realize comfortable environment. The index should be easy to handling and express sensation of human beings well. LAeq is employed as a standard index for environmental noise evaluation at present. This index is useful index because the value is calculated by averaging the energy of sound pressure level and could be obtained from an integrating averaging sound level meter. However, this index is sometimes reported not to express sensation of human beings so much. In this study, we considered a new environmental evaluation index which can express the sensation better than LAeq and could be calculated as easy as LAeq.<br>
<br>
In the experiment, we measured 7 kinds of traffic noise using a standard microphone and calculated LAeq. Next, we reproduced the measurement traffic noise to a subject for subjective evaluation test of loudness. As results the correlation coefficient between LAeq and subjective loudness was not high enough (0.65). Then, we considered the signal percept by a subject is affected by the head shape (head related transfer function), so the signal measured by the standard microphone is not the same as the signal percept by the subject exactly. And we used headset type microphones instead of using standard microphone to obtain the signal affected by the head shape. Also, we considered when the subject evaluates loudness of an environmental noise, the feeling of annoyance affects the loudness sensation. Then, we employed 40-noy frequency weighting filter (D characteristics) in equal noisiness contour, which expresses how degree a human being feels annoyance to a noise according to the noise frequency band instead of employing A weighting filter. We calculated a new index (LhDeq) using headset type microphones and employing D characteristics filters. The calculation method was the same as that of LAeq except for using standard microphone and applying A weighting filter. As results, the correlation coefficient between the loudness and LhDeq was 0.92. The value was much higher than that of LAeq (0.65).</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p73.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p769" class="affilation"></a>Quantitative assessment of noise reduction following building treatment to dwellings affected by traffic noise</h2>
<h3>Chung, Michael</h3>
<p class="affilation">Renzo Tonin & Associates, Surry Hills, NSW, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Road traffic noise impacting the occupants of residential dwellings has become a major concern for the community in recent years. Given that in many existing situations there are often many physical constraints which prevent noise mitigation measures from being applied at-road or along property boundaries, reliance is placed upon reducing noise at a building's envelope to achieve acceptable internal levels for building occupants. Therefore, a better understanding of how and to what extent a building is able to reduce traffic noise intrusion, is imperative if one is to successfully design suitable noise controls for the benefit of building occupants, in particular in sleeping and living areas of dwellings. Determining the level of reduction in traffic noise achieved between external and internal areas of a building following the installation of a range of acoustic treatments applied to various residential buildings, can assist designers in selecting suitable types of acoustic treatment for a range of building constructions impacted upon by noise from roads with varying traffic carrying capacities.<br>
<br>
Noise surveys were undertaken at various residential sites in NSW with measurements conducted concurrently both externally and internally for buildings of various constructions (eg light-framed, brick veneer, double brick, etc). The results were used to determine the degree of noise reductions achieved from the building envelope before and after acoustic treatments were implemented. The results of noise measurements are presented herein to provide an understanding on the level of noise reductions achievable with certain types of acoustic treatments for different types of building constructions as impacted upon by noise from a range of roads with varying traffic carrying capacities.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p128" class="affilation"></a>Limit of predicted road noise emissions due to traffic constraints - Part 2</h2>
<h3>Hall, Benjamin</h3>
<p class="affilation">Parsons Brinckerhoff, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
There is a limit to the number of vehicles that can travel on a road section per hour. Vehicle speed will decrease as the road becomes congested. In Queensland, road traffic noise emissions are based on the Calculation of Road Traffic Noise method (CoRTN). This method is dependent on both traffic volumes and speed, among other parameters, how-ever in the current calculation method, speed is assumed to be constant. By incorporating the inherent traffic speed constraints a more accurate method of calculating the L10, 1hr is obtained.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p128.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p848" class="affilation"></a>Tire surface vibration and sound radiation resulting from the tire cavity mode</h2>
<h3>Jessop, Andrew M.
, Bolton, J. Stuart</h3>
<p class="affilation">Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Purdue University, Indiana, USA</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
It is well-known that acoustical modes exist in tire cavities. Previous research on tire cavity modes has focused on the transmission of structure-borne noise to the vehicle interior due to the force that the tire cavity mode exerts on the wheel hub. In contrast, here the major concern is the identification of the tire surface vibration and the sound radiation from the tire surface that can be attributed to the tire cavity mode. The surface normal vibration of a point-driven tire has been measured over a complete circumference by using a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer. When the space-frequency data is transformed to the wavenumber-frequency domain, a clear feature that can be attributed to the tire cavity mode becomes visible. Although the magnitude of the surface vibration resulting from the tire cavity mode is small, its radiation efficiency is high owing to the high phase speed of the acoustical waves that create the tire cavity mode. It has also been found, that, as expected, tire vibration features associated with the tire cavity mode disappear when the tire is filled with fibrous, sound absorbing material. Finally, measurements of sound radiation from a tire driven by a steady-state-, point-input, and from a tire driven by a uniform impact over the contact patch area are presented, and the features associated with the tire cavity mode are highlighted.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p848.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p730" class="affilation"></a>Further comparison of traffic noise predictions using the CadnaA and SoundPLAN noise prediction models</h2>
<h3>Karantonis, Peter
, Gowen, Tracy
, Simon, Mathew</h3>
<p class="affilation">Renzo Tonin & Associates (NSW) Pty Ltd, NSW, Australia
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper provides an update of information presented in a paper written for the AAS Acoustics 2008 conference in Geelong, Victoria. In particular this paper presents results of traffic noise modeling using CadnaA and SoundPLAN and compares both to noise measurements for three large recent road projects in NSW. CadnaA is a well known and internationally accepted noise modelling package, and its acceptance and use in Australia amongst acoustic profes-sionals is growing fast. To assist the Australian acoustical profession, the appropriateness and accuracy of CadnaA under Australian conditions is currently being verified, and this paper presents actual project results for this purpose. <br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Unlike CadnaA, the SoundPLAN noise prediction model is extensively used in Australia, particularly for road traffic noise predictions, and has been recognised and accepted nationally by various regulatory authorities including the major road authorities and environmental agencies. The aim of this paper is to provide additional comparative data for predicted traffic noise levels using the Calculation of Road Traffic Noise (CoRTN) algorithms as implemented by SoundPLAN and the CadnaA noise models for three large recent road projects in NSW. These three projects offer features and characteristics that differ significantly from the projects reported in the 2008 paper. Results from this study re-confirm that the CadnaA noise modeling package is accurate and effective for modelling road traffic noise in Australia.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p730.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p888" class="affilation"></a>Deployment of the binary traffic in the city of Maringa, PR, Brazil: acoustic adequacy of the surroundings of educational institution</h2>
<h3>Lisot, Aline (1,2)
, Bertoli, Stelamaris Rolla (2)
, Soares, Paulo Fernando (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Brazil
(2) Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The city of Maringa, Parana State, Brazil, recorded in recent years a large increase in its fleet of vehicles. As consequences it were observed, among other problems, the loss of traffic flow in certain regions and the increase in the noise generated by vehicular traffic. To mitigate these problems the city government implemented the binary system of traffic in these regions which brought changes to the acoustic urban scenery. On campus of the State University of Maringa, is installed a language school, which is distant about thirty meters of an street that had its sense of traffic changed to the adequacy of the binary system of traffic. This research consisted initially on monitoring and mapping of noise in surroundings of this language school before and after the change of the direction of traffic. It aims to determine what were the changes in the acoustic setting of the site. Besides was determined whether these changes were beneficial to the establishment of greater acoustic comfort to the people who live or go to this space. With this analysis it was found that the changes in traffic led to an increase in noise level measured at the site, and it does not meet the criteria established by the city. A study was conducted to adapt the sound level that reach the school of languages through simulations of noise barriers. Finally, it was presented a proposed acoustic barrier to be built on the site in order to provide to the users a place with a noise level appropriate to its activities.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p224" class="affilation"></a>Directivity of the CoRTN road traffic noise model</h2>
<h3>Moore, Simon
, Stead, Matthew
, Cooper, Jonathan</h3>
<p class="affilation">AECOM, Adelaide, SA, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
When predicting noise emissions from a road utilising the CoRTN model, including as implemented in SoundPlan software, unexpectedly high noise results can occur due to a receiver located on the outside of a curved section of road. This can impact on traffic noise barrier designs, and may result in unnecessarily high traffic noise barriers for a potentially unintended consequence of the CoRTN model. Reducing the search radius from the default distance in the SoundPlan calculation module can result in a significant decrease in the noise level predicted for these receivers. This paper presents a brief overview of the implementation of the CoRTN model and the results of measurements undertaken on vehicles travelling at 100 km/hr. It seeks to determine the difference in sound power level between cars travelling head-on versus side-on relative to a receiver. Furthermore, the results were used to determine an appropriate search radius to use when implementing the CoRTN model in SoundPlan software.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p224.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p156" class="affilation"></a>A geometric method to determine feasible noise barrier locations</h2>
<h3>Naish, Daniel</h3>
<p class="affilation">Road Planning and Design Branch, Engineering and Technology Division, Department of Transport and Main Roads, Queensland, Australia
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Feasibility and reasonableness of noise barriers are terms commonly found in road traffic noise management protocols of various road authorities. They arise in road traffic noise management in recognition that is not always possible build a noise barrier that attenuates road traffic noise to be within project criteria at all noise sensitive receivers. Feasibility is related to engineering perspectives such as safety (for example, road users, pedestrians and cyclists), maintenance, space limitations, drainage, road access locations, locations of services and structures and most importantly topography. Reasonableness reviews the practicality of a noise barrier under site specific circumstances and includes data from acoustic assessments, cost considerations, community consultation and aesthetics of the streetscape. This paper does not consider reasonableness. The feasibility test must be passed prior to consideration of reasonableness and this paper presents a geometric method which can be used during the acoustic assessment and road design process to assist in determining feasible locations for noise barriers. The use of such a method during the road design process will improve road geometries to assist in road traffic noise management. This paper reviews, (a) the acoustic fundamentals of noise barrier design, (b) some structural engineering aspects of noise barrier design, (c) combined effects on noise barrier location from acoustics, structural engineering and road design; and (d) the proposed geometric method of determining a noise barrier feasibility rating followed by some examples.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p156.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p155" class="affilation"></a>A study on the sound power level of Queensland road vehicles</h2>
<h3>Naish, Daniel</h3>
<p class="affilation">Road Planning and Design Branch, Engineering and Technology Division, Department of Transport and Main Roads, Queensland, Australia
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A sound power level survey was conducted of vehicles on Queensland roads to produce a database of vehicle sound power levels categorised on vehicle classification, speed, pavement surface type and driving conditions. The purpose of the study was to compare the local vehicle sound power levels with similar surveys conducted in Europe in appli-cation of the Nordic and Harmonoise prediction methods. This paper presents the methodology employed in the study and the locations measured and also outlines the results and analysis.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p155.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p965" class="affilation"></a>Enhancements to noise barrier design standards for European highways</h2>
<h3>Parker, Giles</h3>
<p class="affilation">IOA, Institute of Acoustics, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper is an update of recent proposed enhancements to the noise barrier design specification standards for road highways in the European Union. With the growing importance of value management and ongoing barrier mainte-nance becoming an increasingly costly exercise, the use of durable low maintenance noise barrier systems is becom-ing essential. These proposed changes would be made to ensure that the reduction in noise emissions from highways can be sustained for the life of a barrier through the specification of effective and durable noise barrier designs. Changes include: 1) Defining higher categories for the specification of acoustic performance for tall barriers both in terms of sound absorption and airborne sound insulation, 2) Requiring outdoor noise testing of all barriers under di-rect sound field conditions instead of the classical indoor laboratory test regime, 3) The potential use of in situ acoustic testing of barrier durability as a tool for barrier maintenance and asset management</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p965.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p395" class="affilation"></a>Relationships between noise indices, road traffic noise and criteria in NSW</h2>
<h3>Parnell, Jeffrey (1)
, Wassermann, John (2)
, Samuels, Stephen (3)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) NSW Department of Planning, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
(2) JW Acoustic & Air Consultancy, Sydney, NSW, Australia
(3) TEF and Visiting Fellow, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
A number of 'rules of thumb' exist which allow quick and simple comparison between different noise indices associated with road traffic noise, for example L10 (18h) = Leq(24h) + 3.5 dB (Brown, 1989). Most of these rules of thumb were established many years ago and it is an objective of the present paper to assess if these are still valid in 2010. In addition, an extensive data set has been interrogated to investigate the morning shoulder period between 6am and 7am when there is a significant increase in road traffic noise on many urban roads. The implications of including the morning period as part of an Leq(9h) night or an Leq(16h) day are discussed.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p395.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p751" class="affilation"></a>Road traffic noise pollution in Vietnam</h2>
<h3>Phan, Hai Yen Thi
, Phan, Hai Anh Thi
, Yano, Takashi
, Lan, Nguyen Thu</h3>
<p class="affilation">Kumamoto University, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Noise pollution due to road traffic is a major global concern because of its negative impact on the quality of life in communities. Vietnam is a developing country in Southeast Asia, and its environment has been seriously affected by industrialization and urbanization. In large cities like Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, noise emission from road traffic has been found to be a serious concern among general public. Nevertheless, Vietnam has not yet developed a practical noise policy and countermeasures to cope with the situation. Two large-scale socio-acoustic surveys of community response to road traffic noise were conducted in order to investigate people's reactions to road traffic noise in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City in 2005 and 2007, respectively. One of the main objectives of this study was to accumulate noise and social survey data for Vietnam and to investigate the dose-effect relationship for community noise annoyance. This study also enriches the global discussion on noise and its effects on humans.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p571" class="affilation"></a>An environmental noise mapping study for heterogeneous traffic conditions</h2>
<h3>Ramasamy, Kalaiselvi
, Alur, Ramachandraiah</h3>
<p class="affilation">Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Traffic noise characteristics in cities belonging to a developing country like India are varied slightly by virtue of the fact that the composition of the traffic is heterogeneous associated with variance in road geometrical features, surface characteristics, honking conditions and varying density of the building on the either side of the road. To study the propagation and spread of the traffic noise in some of the areas a noise mapping study has been attempted along with field measurements of L10, L50, L90 and Leq. In the noise mapping parameters such as Ld, LN, Lden have been arrived at by taking into consideration the geometrical features of the roads and varying heights of the buildings. In this study noise mapping through computer simulation model (soundplan software) is used by considering several noise sources and propagation of noise to the receiver point. Some of the prediction models such as U.K's CRTN, U.S's TNM and their modified versions have a limited applicability for heterogeneity. Therefore a separate multiple regression model is discussed to suit the heterogeneous traffic conditions for noise mapping purposes.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p571.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p997" class="affilation"></a>Are vehicles driven in electric mode so quiet that they need acoustic warning signals?</h2>
<h3>Sandberg, Ulf (1)
, Goubert, Luc (2)
, Mioduszewski, Piotr (3)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Linköping, Sweden
(2) Belgian Road Research Centre (BRRC), Brussels, Belgium
(3) Technical University of Gdansk (TUG), Gdansk, Poland</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
It has been suggested recently that vehicles, driven in electric mode, either hybrid or pure electric vehicles, are so quiet that they constitute a safety hazard for pedestrians and bicyclists in traffic. It is claimed that such vehicles are not acoustically perceived due to the power unit being exchanged from a combustion engine to electric motors; something that essentially cuts away all power unit noise and leaves tyre/road noise, the latter of which is the same as for similar-sized vehicles with combustion engines. There are currently a number of fast and concerted actions by the US and Japanese governments as well as within international bodies such as UN/ECE and ISO, with the expected outcome that "minimum noise" of vehicles shall be measured with a standard method and legal limit values for such "minimum noise" shall be established. The paper present findings regarding possible traffic safety effects of quiet vehicles and concludes that only a US study has identified such effects. A critical review leads to the conclusion that this study may be biased and needs confirmation by further research. After reviewing data from noise measurements in Japan, the authors present own previously unpublished data on noise emission levels for road vehicles which may be considered as "quiet". Special concern is given to noise at speeds below 20 km/h where it is expected that the problem might be the worst and where previous data are missing. It is concluded that already a significant number of our present internal combustion engine vehicles are so quiet at low speeds that normally one cannot hear any difference between an electric and a normal vehicle in an urban area. Tyre/road noise is the dominating noise in most cases where a light vehicle is driven at speeds at or above 15-20 km/h (heavy accelerations are the exceptions), and this is the same whether the vehicle is electric or not. Thus, it is a property of our vehicle fleet which we have had for more than a decade, and few have considered that as a safety problem. Therefore, there is not enough justification for equipping our future quiet vehicles with extra artificial noise or warning sounds. If needed at all, there are better options which are non-acoustical.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p997.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p183" class="affilation"></a>In situ measurements of reflection index and sound insulation index of noise barriers</h2>
<h3>Tronchin, Lamberto (1)
, Venturi, Andrea (1)
, Tarabusi, Valerio (1)
, Farina, Angelo (2)
, Varani, Christian (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) DIENCA-CIARM, University of Bologna, Italy
(2) IED, University of Parma, Italy
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Barriers employed for road traffic noise reduction can be characterized by two indices: reflection index for sound reflection and insulation index for airborne sound insulation. They can be measured following the method described in CEN/TS 1793-5 standard, based on impulse response measurements employing a pressure microphone. The method mandates for averaging results of measurements taken in different points in front of the device under test and/or for specific angles of incidence, employing the obsolete MLS signal for performing the measurements.<br>
<br>
However, the CEN/TS 1793-5 standard presents some geometric problems, which could arise if the barrier does not reach a minimum height or if it has a very rough (scattering) surface. During the reflection index measurement on a barrier of limited height, the sound signal can hit the ground or go over the edge of the barrier, compromising the fairness of the whole result. Also the insulation index can be affected by the height of the noise barrier, since the sound could pass above the device under test, if it does not meet minimum geometrical bounds. It has been noticed how these practical problems, jointly with the assumption of a surface reflecting specularly in the final formula, can significantly over/under estimate the laboratory values of both the indices. Results of in situ tests based on CEN/TS 1793-5 will be shown in comparison with results obtained through a different approach, based on sound intensity measurements, and with the traditional tests performed in the lab.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p183.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p527" class="affilation"></a>How to measure the effectiveness of low-noise pavements in urban situations?</h2>
<h3>van Keulen, Wim</h3>
<p class="affilation">VANKEULEN advies bv, The Netherlands
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Low-noise pavements have proven to be very effective and efficient reducers of traffic noise. This reduction is normally expressed in (spectral) noise level differences with unit dB(A). However, noise reductions of low-noise pavements can differ significantly from the net noise reductions measured at the adjacent facades. On the other hand, recent research has shown that the subjective impressions of low-noise pavements roads often seem to contradict objectively measured noise level reductions. A criterion derived from psychophysics has been developed to determine the effectiveness of low-noise pavements. In two cities in the Netherlands, (test) tracks with low-noise pavements have been constructed. First, standard SPB and CPX measurements have been carried out along with measurements outside and inside the adjacent dwellings. Second, psychophysical analyses based on the normalised CPX results have been carried out. Third, all inhabitants in this street filled in a questionnaire concerning their impression of the improvement of their situation due to the low-noise pavements. The results of the psychophysical analyses and questionnaire seem to corroborate well, however, in one case the questionnaire has led to biased results due to changed safety conditions and acoustical conditions caused by sources other than road traffic.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p527.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p431" class="affilation"></a>Towards improving the characterisation of aircraft and background noise</h2>
<h3>Adams, Keith</h3>
<p class="affilation">Lochard Ltd, Caulfield North, Victoria, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Aircraft noise monitoring involves separately distinguishing and characterising the sound produced by aircraft from the residual (background) sound. The standard process involves the application of a threshold to divide the two classes of sound. Many authors have pointed out the various possible errors in this process and have endeavoured to find estimates for the errors. It has also been pointed out that an important element in the process is to recognise that there is always a third class - the "uncertainty class" - for which it is not possible to ascribe the sound either to aircraft or to background. Such sound must be accepted as unknown and unknowable. In this paper we investigate some of the methods that can be applied to improve the accuracy of characterisation. These include the application of neural networks for recognition of individual one- or half-second samples, dual and fuzzy thresholds in relation to the uncertainty class, spectrally derived information and dynamic loudness to distinguish aircraft from other sound. Comparisons with results based on recordings from installed noise monitoring systems under normal operating conditions will be presented.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p431.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p354" class="affilation"></a>Applying Computational Aero-Acoustics (CAA) to turbofan liner optimisation. </h2>
<h3>Astley, R. Jeremy
, Sugimoto, R.
, Achunche, I.
, Deane, E.
, Kewin, M.
, Mustafi, P.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Acoustic liners placed in the intake and bypass ducts of turbofan aeroengines have played a significant role in mitigating fan noise over many decades. In the case of large commercial aircraft powered by high bypass ratio turbofan engines, the fan stage is the principal source of turbomachinery noise, and a principal contributor to whole aircraft noise. Typically a turbofan liner is formed from single or double layers of honeycomb material which are separated from the flow and from each other by porous sheets, and fixed to a rigid backing sheet. The performance of installed liners is assessed by the extent to which they reduce whole aircraft noise, as measured by Effective Perceived Noise Level (EPNL) at three noise certification points. The selection of physical liner parameters (depth, hole size, open area etc) to reduce EPNL is a complex task which requires the following components: 1) An impedance model which can translate physical liner parameters, such as honeycomb depth, facing sheet percentage open area, hole diameter etc, into resistance and reactance at the surface of the liner. 2) A source model for the fan stage which defines the modal content of the sound field propagating away from the fan stage. 3) A propagation model that predicts sound levels in the intake and bypass duct taking into account absorption by acoustically treated segments of the duct wall. 4) A radiation model which propagates the acoustic disturbance to the far field, and predicts the directivity of the resulting sound field. 5) An optimization procedure which embeds steps 1,2,3 and 4 within an EPNL calculation for the whole aircraft (including other noise sources) and determines the optimal values for the liner physical parameters at each certification point. <br>
<br>
The study presented in this paper reviews the extent to which it is now practicable to use CAA tools to perform steps 3 and 4 in optimizing real liners on industrial timescales. The main obstacle in doing so is the time required to compute the large numbers of radiated sound fields which are needed for liner optimization. Such solutions must be generated for multiple frequencies extending large Helmholtz numbers, for multiple engine operating conditions and must span a large design space in terms of liner construction variables. Two different approaches will be demonstrated and an automated procedure using current CAA codes and optimization tools will be shown to be feasible</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p849" class="affilation"></a>Sound power radiation due to an isolated airfoil in a turbulent stream.</h2>
<h3>Blandeau, Vincent P.
, Joseph, Phillip F.</h3>
<p class="affilation">ISVR, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper presents an analytical study of the sound power radiated from a two dimensional flat plate airfoil in a turbulent stream. A classical approach for describing analytically the response of a flat plate, with a finite chord, to the<br>
<br>
impingement of turbulence is extended to be valid at all frequencies. Analytical asymptotic expressions, valid at low and high frequencies, are provided for the upstream, downstream and total sound power. A study of the effects of chord length on the total sound power at all reduced frequencies is presented. The isolated airfoil model presented in this paper will be subsequently used as a benchmark to study the effects of cascade in broadband interaction noise of fans.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p849.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p324" class="affilation"></a>INM - getting it to work acoustically </h2>
<h3>Cooper, Steven</h3>
<p class="affilation">The Acoustic Group, Lilyfield, NSW, Australia. </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In Australia persons preparing aircraft noise impacts utilising the INM are not normally acoustically trained. Therefore they do not necessarily know what the output means noisewise. It is up to the acoustician to train the INM programmers. Over the last ten years the author has had to get INM to agree with actual measurements thereby overcoming the failings of INM. This paper looks at the various modifications to the NPD dataset that have been required to get INM to work. What about ANM, will it work or is it too expensive?</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p324.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p325" class="affilation"></a>Alternative aircraft metrics - Useful or like moving the deck chairs on the Titanic?</h2>
<h3>Cooper, Steven</h3>
<p class="affilation">The Acoustic Group, Lilyfield, NSW, Australia.</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Widespread criticism of the ANEF system to predict aircraft noise impacts has lead to the use of supplementary tools (N70,N70 X+ ,TA, daily ANEF). Do these tools work? Are they of benefit to the community or the aviation industry? Do they add confusion? Are they appropriate for military aircraft or general aviation?</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p325.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p326" class="affilation"></a>Military aircraft noise and the community</h2>
<h3>Cooper, Steven</h3>
<p class="affilation">The Acoustic Group, Lilyfield, NSW, Australia.</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The Australian Department of Defence has a responsibility to provide accurate noise predictions and verification of same. Noise and Flight Path Monitoring Systems (NFPMS) have recently come on line for two bases. These systems have to be superior to general NFPMS so as to track military aircraft and circuit operations. The exciting possibilities of the NFPMS to validate INM/NoiseMap predictions and ascertain variations in noise exposure are discussed.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p59" class="affilation"></a>Aircraft noise management in New Zealand
</h2>
<h3>Dickinson, Philip J.
, Brown, Michael J.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
Wellington International Airport Ltd, New Zealand</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
New Zealand has a protocol for aircraft noise management that really works and has public acceptance. It is based on the "airnoise boundary" concept, which was conceived by the lead author in 1987, and in 1992 was incorporated into a New Zealand Standard for airport noise management and land use planning. While designed specifically for aircraft noise control around airports, the concept has been successfully utilized also for the management of noise from shipping ports, quarries, transport hubs, and other industries.<br>
<br>
The protocol is simple: If the industry cannot keep, within its property boundary, all its daily sound emission above the level recommended by the World Health Organization as requisite for the protection of public health, it has to ask the local territorial authority for permission to have a larger area in which to contain the sound. The request is discussed in the public domain and eventually an area of land is designated for this purpose and its boundary - the "airnoise boundary" - defined on a map of the area. The industry is then legally bound to keep all the excess noise within this boundary and a series of noise monitoring stations ensure this is done. In return the land inside the airnoise boundary is subject to strict land use control. Since the airnoise boundary concept was adopted for New Zealand's capitol city, Wellington, complaints that in the late 1980s numbered several hundred a year, now number less than 20, while passenger numbers have more than doubled.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p59.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p285" class="affilation"></a>An airline approach to community noise: assessing the noise exposure in case of CDA implementation at TAROM
</h2>
<h3>Dimitriu, Delia (1)
, Dumitru, Dragos (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Centre for Air Transport and The Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
(2) TAROM, Romanian Air Tarnsport, Romania</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Several papers assess the implications of the airport stakeholders in managing the community noise, while the airlines are considered just a ‘source' of noise. This paper explains a way an airline can be actively involved in reducing the noise around airports, while implementing new arrival procedures, assessing the noise exposure and optimizing flight trajectories when necessary. The airline selected is TAROM operating at its home airport, Bucharest Henri Coanda. The way an airline operates its fleet, changes flight paths or introduces new procedures will always have an impact on the airport environmental capacity. In order to understand better how an airline can fly more efficiently, a research is needed, to quantify its potential using several techniques. <br>
<br>
Thus, TAROM decided to get involved in several projects on noise and emissions reduction, starting from 2002. The present paper reflects the analysis of some flight data collected during one of these initiatives, sponsored by Airbus. Assessing the implementation of a new landing procedure (CDA-Continuous Descent Approach) through FDR (flight data recorded) data implies a team work and extensive analysis. Trials preparation and execution involves both pilots and controllers, while the assessment of data collection is both technical (quantitative) and opinon-based (qualitative). The paper focuses on identifying the influence of optimized trajectory in reducing the noise exposure around Bucharest Henri Coanda Airport. Difficulties with CDA implementation, data availability and gaps in knowledge are also highlighted. The potential to reduce noise is also analysed, and the importance of keeping a permanent dialogue with the community, as part of a joint team airline-airport is explained.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p596" class="affilation"></a>A measurement method to discriminate aircraft fly-over noise</h2>
<h3>Genesca, M.
, Romeu, J.
, Pamies, T.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Acoustic and Mechanical Engineering Laboratory(LEAM), Technical University of Catalonia, Terrassa, Spain</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Currently aircraft noise monitoring systems use a mesh of single microphones distributed around an airport to continuously sample the noise level. This fact requires a manual process of aircraft noise event detection and classification in order to distinguish aircraft events from the rest of noise events in the recording. In the present paper a 3-meter-long 12-microphone linear array is used to automatically obtain a background noise free aircraft noise recording. The beamforming process separates the noise impinging in the array from above (potential aircraft noise) and the noise impinging from below (urban noise and reflections), the results are enhanced by the use of a trigger condition on the difference between both. The theoretical results reveals that the background noise in the aircraft noise recording can be attenuated by about 8 dB if the microphone array is optimally placed. The experimental tests shows that even in non optimal placements the array still provides better results than a single microphone if the threshold value in the trigger condition is properly set.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p596.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p686" class="affilation"></a>Airfoil trailing edge noise reduction by the introduction of sawtooth and slitted trailing edge geometries</h2>
<h3>Gruber, Mathieu
, Azarpeyvand, Mahdi
, Joseph, Phillip</h3>
<p class="affilation">Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Southampton, UK
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper compares the measurements of the trailing edge self noise reduction obtained using sawtooth and slit ser-rations on a NACA651210 airfoil. This work is relevant to reducing the noise from aircraft engines, aircraft wings and wind turbines. A detailed experimental study conducted in the ISVR's open-jet wind tunnel reveals noise reduc-tions of up to 5 dB over a large frequency range by the introduction of these trailing edge designs. This paper presents the noise measurements for a range of jet speeds and sawtooth and slit geometries. The airfoil is at 5o angle of attack and the boundary layer has been tripped so as to become turbulent. Measurements of the static pressure coefficient distribution along the chord of the airfoil are also reported. This is to allow the effects on lift to be assessed. Noise measurements for the sawtooth serrations are compared to the theory derived by Howe. Howe's theory is extended to include a series of slits and compared to experiments. It is shown theoretically that for a sawtooth profile high levels of noise reduction can be achieved, either when the serration wavelength ï¬ is smaller than the boundary layer thick-ness ï¤ or when the root-to-tip distance h is larger than ï¤. It is shown theoretically that the slit serrations are not an ef-fective noise reduction treatment since the noise reduction asymptotes to zero at high frequencies. Experimental measurements of the noise reduction obtained using trailing edge sawtooth and slits are shown to be significantly less than that predicted. The noise is shown to increase at frequencies above some critical frequency, which is shown to depend only on and independent of serration geometry.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p686.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p249" class="affilation"></a>Conversion relationship of aircraft noise indices between WECPNL and DENL</h2>
<h3>Kim, Taehyung (1)
, Kim, Kyutae (1)
, Kim, Jaehwan (1)
, Lee, Soogab (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Aeroacoustics and Noise Control Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
(2) Center for Environmental Noise & Vibration Research, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The movement to improve the aircraft noise index from WECPNL to DENL has been arisen in the recent days in Korea. It is indispensable to determine a conversion formula of the aircraft noise index in order to bring up the outlines of the current aircraft noise regulations and guidelines for modification as a function of the revised noise index. It is essential to make full use of the past aircraft noise measurements data and aircraft noise maps in WECPNL during about 20 years in order to save the additional expense. Japan suggested that the relationship between WECPNL and DENL via unattended noise monitoring around various airports. But the airport environments and the noise level range distributions in Korea are different from those in Japan because the percentages of joint-use airport are different each other. Therefore, the current paper derives a conversion formula between WECPNL and DENL which can be adaptable to the airport environments. In doing so, the noise levels of commercial and joint-use airports are calculated in WECPNL and DENL, and compared each other using the unattended noise monitoring data around various airports to investigate and clarify the relationship between WECPNL and DENL. The unattended noise monitoring data around Gimpo international airport was analyzed to investigate and to clarify the conversion formula ‘DENL= 0.7683WECPNL+2.2993' between WECPNL and DENL.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p249.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p134" class="affilation"></a>Policy and the evaluation of aircraft noise</h2>
<h3>Kroesen, Maarten
, Molin, Eric
, van Wee, Bert</h3>
<p class="affilation">Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In this paper, we hypothesize and test the ideas that (1) people's subjectivity in relation to aircraft noise is shaped by the policy discourse, (2) this results in a limited number of frames towards aircraft noise, (3) the frames inform people how to think and feel about aircraft noise and (4) the distribution of the frames in the population is dependent on structural variables related to the individual. To reveal subjects' frames of the noise situation a latent class model is estimated based on survey data gathered among a sample of 250 residents living near Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, a major international airport. In line with expectations, the results show that there are four evaluative frames of aircraft noise, three of which are strongly linked to the policy discourse. The frames are shown to legitimate different degrees of annoyance response. In turn, frame membership is influenced by two structural variables, namely aircraft noise exposure and noise sensitivity. The results indicate that in the explanation of subjective reaction to noise social factors operate discursively, while psychological factors operate within a traditional cause-and-effect model.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p134.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p113" class="affilation"></a>Semi-empirical prediction of tone noise due to counter-rotating open rotors</h2>
<h3>Lewy, Serge</h3>
<p class="affilation">CFD and Aeroacoustics Department, ONERA, France</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Counter-rotating open rotors were extensively studied to power aircraft in the 80s after the first increases in fuel costs. Indeed, their efficiency is greater than that of turbofans and of single propfans. They have again become a topical subject due to the recent increase of fuel costs and to the risk of oil shortage. They however raise a serious acoustic issue because loud noise can be generated not only by the two rotors but also by their interactions. A new semi-empirical method is proposed to estimate radiated sound levels. Firstly, some theoretical bases are reminded to explain that the tones which are efficiently radiated must have a supersonic circumferential phase Mach number. It is the reason why interaction tones are noisy in the certification conditions, i.e., at low advancing speed (take-off and approach). They generally exceed the sound levels due to each rotor. <br>
<br>
Three main topics are then addressed. (1) It is shown that directivity of a tone is mainly determined by a Bessel function. Interaction tones can strongly radiate near the centerline due to low-order Bessel functions, and this increases the duration of perceived sound levels. According to published experimental data, a parabolic directivity pattern is suggested for overall sound pressure levels. (2) The shape of third-octave spectra is derived from an original argument. It is based on the large number of interaction tones which are present in each spectral band. It is assumed that the squared sound pressure is proportional to the number of tones, each of them being weighted by the intensity of the loading harmonic at its source. To do that , the decrease of the blade loading harmonics versus frequency is described by an analytical law. Spectra have to be completed at low frequency by a broadband component, but this should not greatly modify the overall sound levels. (3) Finally, overall sound intensity varies as the thrust to the power 3 due to the dipolar type of the main sources. Some corrections based on other published works are also applied for pusher propellers or to take into account an angle of incidence. The main interest of the model is to rapidly assess if certification rules are fulfilled, and to predict the possible impact of a future fleet on noise contours around airports.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p113.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p680" class="affilation"></a>Thickness noise analysis of an uneven helicopter rotor configuration</h2>
<h3>Li, Donghong (1,2)
, Kang, Entao (3)
, Luo, Lunkai (1)
, Yang, Yichun (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R.China
(2) Institute of Electronics, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, P.R.China
(3) College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R.China</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In this paper, thickness noise of hovering helicopter is analyzed. Noise of helicopter caused by main rotor is calcu-lated according to Formulation 1A derived from FW-H. Shape and configuration modification has been discussed as a noise reduction method including different airfoil and tapered tip. An uneven helicopter rotor configuration with modified shape is proposed, which has less noise than ordinary rotor configuration. Meanwhile, the thickness noise of uneven rotor has been analyzed when different modulation ratio and different modulation type including sine and co-sine mode are selected. By analyzing different rotational rate, airfoil of blade, and numbers of blade, sound pressure level and noise spectra are calculated. In addition, the effect caused by different number of grid in the calculation is compared. By comparing with these calculation results data, it shows that the method used in this paper is proper. Some useful conclusions and advices are obtained consequently. These conclusions could be used as a direction for the helicopter's rotor acoustic design.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p680.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p523" class="affilation"></a>On the source modeling technique in Tam & Auriault's fine-scale turbulence jet noise theory</h2>
<h3>Li, X. D.
, Yang, T. X.</h3>
<p class="affilation">School of Jet Propulsion, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing, P.R.China
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In 1999, Tam and Auriault developed a theory capable of predicting the fine-scale turbulence noise from cold to moderate temperature jets. In this jet noise prediction theory, they proposed a Gauss noise source model function to represent the noise source time-space correlation function mathematically. In 2005, Tam and Pastouchenko modified the noise source model function of Tam and Auriault's theory to predict hot jet noise. The calculated results of Tam and Auriault's theory are in good agreement with experimental measurements over a wide range of directions of radiation, jet velocities and temperatures. However, some noticeable deviations still can be observed between the prediction results and experimental data for some cases of single and dual-stream jets. For example, for single-stream jet of low jet Mach numbers (0.3, 0.5) and 1.0 jet temperature ratio, the prediction results deviate from experimental measurements in the high frequency range.<br>
<br>
The main objective of this work is to improve the accuracy of the prediction results of Tam and Auriault's theory by modifying the noise source model function. Two alternative noise source model functions are considered here which were proposed by Khavaran and Harper-Bourne respectively. In addition, a frequency dependent length scale proposed by Morris is applied to the noise source model functions. The effects of above mentioned three noise source model functions are evaluated in Tam & Auriault's jet noise theory through comparison with experimental results at several jet Mach numbers and temperature ratios for single and dual-stream jets. The preliminary comparisons indicated that, for single-stream jet of low jet Mach numbers (0.3, 0.5) and temperature ratio of 1.0, in the high frequency range, the prediction results of Harper-Bourne's model function with frequency dependent length scale are in better agreement with the experimental measurements. Detailed investigation results will be provided in the full manuscript.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p523.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p696" class="affilation"></a>A paired comparison experiment to examine startle evoked by low level sonic booms and other transients.</h2>
<h3>Marshall, Andrew
, Davies, Patricia</h3>
<p class="affilation">Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
One important aspect of the operation of next generation supersonic aircraft is the potential impact that low amplitude sonic booms will have on people. Due to the quick rise of these sounds, startle responses are possible. In two previous semantic differential experiments, judgments of startle were found to be highly correlated with judgments of annoyance. In addition, judgments of loudness could not fully explain startle or annoyance ratings. The linear model predicting startle or annoyance that performed best was based on the maximum loudness and the maximum derivative of loudness, as calculated by using Glasberg and Moore's time-varying loudness algorithm. Research has been focused on improving this model of startle and to examine how physiological responses relate to subjects' ratings of startle. As part of an experiment, designed to look at repeatability of subjects' physiological responses and to examine more carefully the influence of loudness derivative on annoyance, a paired comparison test was designed. The maximum loudness and loudness derivative of the five low level sonic boom stimuli were controlled to cover a range in which the threshold where physiological responses associated with startle is found. Subjects completed two sessions, each 24 hours apart and in each session the paired comparison test was repeated three times. In each of the six paired comparison tests, subjects heard the 20 pairs of sounds and selected which sound was more annoying. The repeatability of subject judgments across all six paired comparison tests will be discussed as will the impact of loudness derivative on the judgments of the sounds.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p696.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p917" class="affilation"></a>Airport noise environmental impact assessment including affected communities perception: description of social survey on neighborhoods of Santos Dumont Airport - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</h2>
<h3>Nogueira, Rita de Cássia Cordeiro
, Mansur, Webe João</h3>
<p class="affilation">1. Civil Engineering Graduate Program - Rio de Janeiro Federal University - PEC/COPPE/UFRJ, Rio Janeiro, Brazil
2. Federal Center of Technological Education of Rio de Janeiro - CEFET-RJ</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This work is concerned with development and application of methodology including the affected communities' noise perception as a parameter for airport noise environmental impact studies. In Brazil, until now, airport noise environ-mental impact studies have been based firstly on Noise Zoning Plans and simulated noise contours from the Integrated Noise Model software as well as on noise measurement at external selected points aiming to characterize aircraft noise contribution related to background noise guidelines of Norm ABNT 10151 must be followed. To date, the airport noise perception of affected residents is not included as a parameter for environmental impact assessment. Since March 2009 the neighborhoods communities annoyed by the landing and takeoff noises from Santos Dumont Airport have been insisting actively joint to environmental control state institutions to solve the problem that was becoming worse due to the expansion of airport operations. At that same time this author began the implementation of noise annoyance social research on Santos Dumont Airport neighborhoods. In the first stage of the work interviews were conducted in about 70 different addresses distributed on five distinct districts as a purposeful sample of residents contacted through residents associations. The interviews were conducted by undergraduate students trained by this first author throughout 40 hours lessons course for developing field research skills. A carefully elaborated questionnaire applied during interviews and the data collecting methods are described in this paper. At the second stage of this work noise measurements at selected points will be carried out according to the noise annoyance social survey collected data results tabulation and analysis aiming to configure a complete social-acoustic survey in the near future.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p917.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p668" class="affilation"></a>Helicopter noise propagation characteristics in the refracting atmospheric conditions</h2>
<h3>Son, Eunkuk (1)
, Lee, Seungmin (1)
, Lee, Soogab (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Korea
(2) The Institute of Advanced Aerospace Technology, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Korea</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Noise prediction during a flight is one of the important research themes in a helicopter as it radiates a higher noise level toward a ground. There are several attempts to predict the noise level with various attenuation effects. However, since ray's path and magnitude radiating from the helicopter are changed due to a temperature profile and a wind speed profile in a refracting atmosphere, the propagation model has to contain not just air absorption but also effects of the atmospheric stability. In this paper, effective sound speed profiles are calculated according to Monin-Obukhov length, an atmospheric stability, and it is used for the prediction of ray path. There are also reflected wave and diffracted wave considerations in the model. Noise sources from the helicopter are built by HeliPA code developed in AeroAcoustics and Noise Control Laboratory (AANCL). The noise sources from HeliPA are applied to the propagation model as input data and EPNdB can be obtained from the predicted SPL results. Moreover, noise levels near a practical airport region are simulated with GIS terrain profile.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p668.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p575" class="affilation"></a>Low frequency liners for turbofan engines</h2>
<h3>Sugimoto, R.
, Astley, R. Jeremy
, Murray, Paul B.</h3>
<p class="affilation">ISVR, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Reducing aircraft noise is critical to the growth of air transport and for quality of people's life. The aircraft noise is composed of contributions from various source mechanisms and fan noise is one of the dominant components at take-off and landing for aircraft with modern high bypass ratio turbofan engines. Fan noise is generated at the fan, propagates through engine intake and bypass duct and is radiated to the outside. Acoustic liners are applied on the internal walls to attenuate the fan noise while it propagates through the engine ducts. Typical engine duct liners are either so-called single degree of freedom (SDOF) or double degree of freedom (DDOF) liners. SDOF liners consists of a porous facing sheet backed by a single layer of cellular separator such as honeycomb cells with solid backing plate, and in case of DDOF liners two cellular layers are separated by porous septum sheet. The acoustic performance of such liners is strongly dependent on the depth of the cell(s). Generally these liners are selected to be most effective to reduce community noise measured with EPNL(dB) and typical liner cell depth is around 1 to 2 inches. In order to increase the attenuation by the liners at lower frequencies the cell depth must be made larger, which is often prohibited by the mechanical design constraints. One remedy can be the acoustic liners having L-shaped geometry so that it can fit in a shallower space.<br>
<br>
In this study a potential of folded cavity liners is investigated. Such liners have the potential to behave like a mixture of deep and shallow liners. They have more complex frequency characteristics due to the fold compared to conventional liners and can be used to reduce noise over wider frequency range. Finite element models are used to assess the acoustic performance of liners. Parametric studies are performed and the noise reduction capability when installed in an engine intake is demonstrated.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p575.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p335" class="affilation"></a>Airport noise model taking account of soundproofing embankment and aircraft ground operation</h2>
<h3>Yamada, Ichiro</h3>
<p class="affilation">Airport Environment Improvement Foundation, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
When calculating noise contours, we usually take account of only fly-over noise after the start of take-off roll or before the end of engine reversal after landing. In the end of 2008 in Japan, however, the national noise guideline "Environmental Quality Guidelines for Aircraft Noise" was revised to use Lden as noise index instead of WECPNL. The revised guideline also requires taking account of noise contributions of aircraft ground operations such as taxi, use of APU and engine run-up on the apron when impact of such noise sources is expected important. In such cases, soundproofing embankment is sometimes constructed to obstruct over-ground sound transmission outside the airport. This paper discusses the way of airport noise modeling which takes account of soundproofing embankment and noise exposure due to aircraft ground operations.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p335.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p553" class="affilation"></a>Factors affecting the harmonious coexistence of the airport and local communities</h2>
<h3>Yoshioka, Hisashi (1)
, Goto, Kyoich (1)
, Morinaga, Makoto (2)
, Yamada, Ichiro (1)
, Kuwano, Sonoko (3)
, Namba, Seiichiro (3)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Aviation Environment Research Center AEIF
(2) Defense Facilities Environment Improvement Association
(3) Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper describes a result of preliminary survey toward the co-existence of the airport and local communities. The relationship between the airport and local communities has been improved by the advancement of noise mitigation at source and by the implementation of countermeasures such as soundproofing of houses around the airport. Nevertheless, impact of aircraft noise still continues to be a matter of serious concern for residents in the neighborhood of the airport due to the continuing increase in aircraft movements. An influential solution we believe is that the airport must grow into an invaluable resource to local communities, out of a subject of complaints, i.e., one of NIMBY facilities. To search for the coexistence of the airport with local communities, we performed a trial perspective survey about compatibility　between life convenience and environment protection, using two kinds of method questionnaire survey and Picture-Frustration (P-F) study. Respondents were university students. The result of the questionnaire survey suggests that they placed priority on avoiding the negative burden for their life environment and they may have some hesitation in accepting inconvenience and/or few opportunities of employment in country life, although they have no objection to the preservation of the natural environment. The result of PF study also suggests that respondents tend to have a negative attitude toward living in the country without convenience, at the same time they tend to clearly go negative against obvious noise damage. We can conclude that they are strongly aware of the importance of the nature environment, but at the same time they wish that life convenience would be compatible with the nature environment.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p553.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p33" class="affilation"></a>A new wind farm noise standard for New Zealand, NZS 6808:2010</h2>
<h3>Chiles, Stephen</h3>
<p class="affilation">URS New Zealand Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
New Zealand Standard NZS 6808 provides methods for the prediction, measurement, and assessment of sound from wind turbines. The 1998 version was written prior to significant wind farm development in New Zealand, and while the basic methodology proved robust, experience and research over the following decade brought to light numerous refinements and enhancements which are now addressed in the new 2010 version. This paper describes the revision process, and explores the technical issues addressed and key areas of debate. This was a challenging project, with wide ranging views both within the committee and from hundreds of public submissions.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p33.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p41" class="affilation"></a>Wind induced aerodynamic noise on microphones from atmospheric measurements</h2>
<h3>Cooper, Jonathan (1)
, Leclercq, Damien (2)
, Stead, Matthew (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) AECOM, Adelaide, SA, Australia
(2) Cyclopic Energy, Adelaide, SA, Australia
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Wind induced noise is a problem that can affect outdoor acoustic measurements. This issue is particularly relevant in the context of wind farm assessments, where the dependency of ambient noise as a function of the local wind speed is of primary importance when determining the noise criteria for surrounding residences. This paper is a continuation of work presented at the 2008 Australian Acoustical Society conference, which examined the factors that alter the wind generated microphone noise using wind tunnel measurements. This paper presents the results of atmospheric meas-urements of wind generated microphone noise, and provides a relationship between wind speed and microphone gen-erated LAeq noise level for a range of wind shields. A method for predicting LA90 noise levels due to wind generated microphone noise is also provided and the results compared to those noise levels predicted using the average wind speeds. Field measurements were necessary to determine the relationship between wind speed and microphone noise as it was previously determined that incident wind turbulence alters the induced aerodynamic noise levels, such that wind tunnel measured noise levels were not able to be applied to environmental noise measurements.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p41.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p587" class="affilation"></a>Economics on wind farm noise mitigation by power limitation</h2>
<h3>Cotana, Franco
, Rossi, Federico
, Filipponi, Mirko</h3>
<p class="affilation">University of Perugia, Italy
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Noise is the main factor which contributes to environmental pressure produced by wind farms. People living nearby wind farm often complain annoyance which is proven to be given both by noise and visual impact. In the hypothesis that annoyance is tolerable when law limits are respected, noise levels may be kept under such a limits by a changing the configuration of fan parameters with respect to wind velocity and direction. However changing on fan parameters determines a reduction on the produced electrical power. In this paper a wind farm managing plan has been proposed which allows to respect noise limits in any nearby human settlement; the plan has been determined by correlating: wind speed statistics, fan noise emission characteristics, fan configuration parameters and propagation equations. Adoption of the proposed managing plan determines a reduction on the produced electricity and on earnings; thus a comparison between environmental benefits and economical losses is finally proposed</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p587.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p20" class="affilation"></a>Noise generated by wind farms: ISPRA experience of measurements</h2>
<h3>Curcuruto, S.
, Atzori, D.
, Betti, R.
, Marsico, G.
, Sacchetti, F.
, Silvaggio, R.</h3>
<p class="affilation">ISPRA - Institute for the Environmental Protection and Research, Rome, Italy</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The in force Italian legislation does not provide specific rules concerning noise produced by turbines in wind farms; such lack entails uncertainties in the adopting procedures, particularly about measuring standards. For example, on the basis of Italian rules, noise measurements should be performed at a wind speed lower than 5 m/s at microphone, while wind turbines give the highest acoustic impact above that wind speed value. Moreover, it is possible to have criticalities between measured noise levels in wind farms and limit values fixed for the zones hosting such plants, which often coincide with highly protected areas with noise limits very low.<br>
<br>
Given the need for a clear interpretation of existing legislation and pending a future revision, Ispra -Institute for the Environmental Protection and Research - has launched a project for defining standards of law for that specific source. This activity has begun with a campaign of measurements made to characterize the level of environmental noise and the specificity of the source, in order to assess its impact.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p725" class="affilation"></a>Assessment of the methods addressing atmospheric stability effects in the latest SA EPA "Wind farms environmental noise guidelines", New Zealand NZS 6808 and Australian AS 4959 </h2>
<h3>Kochanowski, Radek</h3>
<p class="affilation">Aurecon, Sydney, NSW, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Wind farms are an important part of the renewable energy strategy; however with the developments predominantly occurring in rural areas with low background noise levels, they can significantly alter the existing noise environment creating considerable impacts for the affected sensitive receivers. The South Australian EPA "Wind farm environ-mental noise guidelines" and New Zealand Standard NZS 6808 "Acoustics - Wind farm noise" are the predominant environmental noise assessment methods employed in Australia and New Zealand. Both of these documents have un-dergone recent revisions along with the introduction of Australian Standard AS 4959 "Acoustics - Measurement, prediction and assessment of noise from wind turbine generators". This paper investigates and assesses the recent changes in methods with a particular focus on addressing the effect of atmospheric stability on the developed noise criteria.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p725.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p713" class="affilation"></a>Experimental and theoretical investigation into
aerodynamic noise sources of large upwind
horizontal-axis wind turbines</h2>
<h3>Lee, Gwangse (1)
, Shin, Su-Hyun (1)
, Cheong, Cheolung (1)
, Jung, Sung-Soo (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Korea
(2) Fluid Flow/Acoustics & Vibration Group, Division of Physical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science,
Daejeon, Korea</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In this paper, the aerodynamic noise sources of upwind horizontal-axis wind turbines are experimentally and theoretically<br>
<br>
investigated. First, dominant noise sources on the rotor plane of wind turbines are localized by using the beamforming<br>
<br>
techniques. These visualized acoustic fields reveal the dominant source locations on the wind turbine. Then,<br>
<br>
theoretical predictions for identifying the dominant source locations are made by using the empirical noise prediction<br>
<br>
model of Brooks et al. (1989) for the airfoil self noise. Through the comparison of the predicted results with the experimental<br>
<br>
data, it is shown that predictions using the formula for laminar boundary layer vortex shedding (LBLVS)<br>
<br>
noise do not match the measurements, which urges the need for improving its present empirical prediction formula.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p713.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p53" class="affilation"></a>Statistical and curve fitting post-process of wind farm noise monitoring data</h2>
<h3>Lenchine, Valeri V.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Science and Assessment Division, Environment Protection Authority, Adelaide, SA, Australia
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Control of noise impact from proposed and existing wind farms becomes a priority in assessing environmental impact from the wind turbines in many cases. In accordance with regulatory procedures the noise limits are to be met statistically. It involves noise monitoring at the relevant receivers to collect sufficient amount of data at wind speeds of interest and consequent post- process comprising the data curve fitting or averaging of the data in the bin at the particular wind speed. When the total noise in the vicinity of the wind farm exceeds the regulatory limits the measured level is corrected for background noise to calculate the wind farm noise. Generally the background data acquisition is performed before the wind farm construction and the result of the logarithmic subtraction can be doubtful. For example, at some wind speeds the background levels can be higher than the total noise. Change in the background noise or just peculiarities of the data post- process may create difficulties in implementing the correction for background method.<br>
<br>
The paper suggests performing statistical analysis of the total noise and background data gathered at the particular wind speed on the basis of arbitrary combination of the measured levels and their probability analysis. Process of the data rectification is considered to eliminate the improbable combination of the measured parameters. The method enables calculating more realistic wind farm noise magnitude and is statistically more viable.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p53.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p607" class="affilation"></a>The contribution of leisure noise to overall noise exposure</h2>
<h3>Beach, Elizabeth
, Williams, Warwick
, Gilliver, Megan</h3>
<p class="affilation">National Acoustic Laboratories, Sydney, NSW, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Maximum allowable noise exposure levels are well established for the workplace. For example, Australian occupational health and safety regulations mandate a maximum allowable daily workplace noise exposure level (LAeq,8h) of 85 dB (INCE: 1997). However, a person's day extends beyond the 8 hours spent at work, and thus noise exposure during non-working hours (leisure time) also contributes to a person's overall noise exposure. To investigate the levels of noise experienced during leisure activities, a long term study is under way to document noise levels of a wide range of leisure activities. Measurements are being undertaken in 7 main categories: attendance at entertainment venues, attendance at sports venues, active recreation and sport, arts and cultural activities, travel, domestic activities, and other activities. In conjunction with these measurements of individual activities, a group of participants has been recruited to measure their personal noise exposure levels over a 4-day period, including 2 work days and 2 weekend (leisure) days. The data collected thus far reveals that, while many leisure activities are below the allowable noise levels and are thus ‘safe', there are other leisure activities which, if engaged in regularly over a long period of time, have the potential to shift a person's noise exposure beyond allowable limits and thus increase the risk of acquiring a hearing loss at a relatively early age.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p607.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p515" class="affilation"></a>Effects of noise on sleep in shift workers</h2>
<h3>Griefahn, Barbara
, Marks, Anke</h3>
<p class="affilation">Leibniz-Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Austria</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This study focused on the effects of noise on sleep at night and at day and on after-effects i.e. sleepiness and impaired performance during a following 8-h work shift. Forty-eight persons (23 male, 25 female; 19-30 yrs) slept in a balanced order four consecutive nights (2300-0700 h) and four consecutive days (1400-2200 h) in the laboratory and performed thereafter 8-h work shifts in the morning or in the night respectively. Sleep was recorded polysomnographically to derive the Sleep Efficiency Index (SEI) and the Sleep Disturbance Index (SDI). Subjective sleep quality (SSQ) and sleepiness were estimated after awakening. Sleepiness was rated hourly during the work shifts, followed by four performance tests (Go/Nogo, Divided Attention, Working Memory, Psychomotor Vigilance). The first and another randomly chosen sleep period were noise-free. During the six other sleep periods the participants were exposed to railway and to road traffic noise with equivalent noise levels between 41 and 56 dBA.<br>
<br>
The physiological sleep parameters SEI and SDI indicated worse sleep during days than during nights but were not additionally affected by noise. SSQ was the only variable where noise and shift type showed an interaction. Concerning sleep in quiet SSQ was rated worse after day than after night sleep but was similar after day and after night sleep with noise exposure meaning that noise has a greater impact night sleep than on day sleep. Soon after awakening sleepiness was, probably due to sleep inertia, rated significantly higher after night than after day sleep and rated higher after noise exposure during sleep. Sleepiness increased during the second half of the night shifts and was after sleep in noise throughout the work shifts higher than after sleep in quiet. Performance decrements during night shifts consisted mainly of an increase of errors/missings where noise exposure during sleep was followed by prolonged reaction times. Overall noise exposure during sleep caused irrespective of the temporal location of sleep similar effects on physiological sleep parameters, on sleepiness and on performance thereafter. However, as day sleep was worse than night sleep and as the related after-effects were then stronger the effects of noise are regarded as relatively stronger. In the real life situation noise effects are expected to be much stronger as the equivalent noise levels are by about 8 to 15 dBA higher during the day than during the night.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p515.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p110" class="affilation"></a>Comparative analysis of methods to evaluate people exposure and annoyance</h2>
<h3>Licitra, Gaetano (1,2)
, Brambilla, Giovanni (2)
, Ascari, Elena (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) ARPAT - Tuscany Environmental Protection Agency, Florence, Italy
(2) CNR IDASC IA "O.M. Corbino" (National Research Centre - Institute for Acoustics and sensoristic Science) Rome, Italy</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The availability of strategic noise mapping at European scale allows comparing people exposure of each country, where unfortunately different methods were used. This paper will focus on uncertainty sources that arise in exposure estimation depending on method used to calculate noise levels at receivers and to assign level to the buildings and population to each building.<br>
<br>
Results show that inaccurate estimations can lead to wrong action plans (wrong found destinations) and it can also affect results of epidemiological studies: therefore, the choice of the method should consider the aim of the study before assigning levels. A simple method, considering only the maximum level at the façade, is not suitable for epidemiological studies or action plans. Before managing calculation, it's necessary to establish noise scoring indicators and choose the most accurate method to determine it: in fact, noise scoring based upon highly annoyed curves (and curves it selves) can vary according methods.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p110.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p247" class="affilation"></a>A night noise index on the basis of the integration of awakening potential</h2>
<h3>Matsui, Toshihito
, Takashima, Tomoya
, Tagusari, Junta
, Hiramatsu, Kozo</h3>
<p class="affilation">Kyoto University, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Existing community noise indices are mostly proposed to predict community response, especially annoyance response, based on the information of sound level being correlated with the response. As to night noise, indices such as LAE, LAmax and Lnight have been used to predict sleep disturbance due to noise as well as adverse health effects probably caused by the sleep disturbance without firm evidence for using these indices. This paper proposes a noise index based on neuro-physiological facts of awakening process. Recent neuro-physiology has revealed that wakefulness and sleep are dominated by the nuclei in the brainstem where the potential causing awakening is considered to be integrated. From this evidence, a night noise index, Nawake,year, was derived on the basis of integration of awakening potential. The potential as a function of sound level was estimated from the existing dose-response relationship between LAE and the percentage of awakening due to a single noise event. The index gives the total number of awakenings per year, and is robust for a wide variety of the number of noise events during night time. Simulated calculation of awakening due to night noise showed that the index, Nawake,year, had a sufficiently linear relationship with the number of night-time awakenings, while Lnight brought about remarkable variation in the relationship. Some examples of the application of Nawake,year are presented on the basis of the sound level measurements of traffic noise.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p247.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p652" class="affilation"></a>Introducing aircraft noise characteristics into models that predict sleep structure</h2>
<h3>McGuire, Sarah
, Davies, Patricia</h3>
<p class="affilation">Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Most models that predict the effect of aircraft noise on sleep relate the percent awakened to the indoor noise level of the event as measured using either LAmax or SEL(A). However, results from laboratory and field studies indicate that nighttime noise events do not only increase the number of awakenings but also changes an individual's sleep structure. The duration of awakenings increases with noise level and there is a reduction in slow wave and rapid eye movement sleep. These changes may cause next day effects such as decreased performance and increased sleepiness as well as long-term health problems such as hypertension. Therefore, in order to predict the effect that noise-induced sleep disturbance has on health more sophisticated models of sleep disturbance may be needed. Markov and nonlinear dynamic models have been developed to predict changes in sleep structure during the night. The nonlinear dynamic models predict non-noise disturbed sleep. A discussion of whether these nonlinear models could be be used to predict sleep disturbance due to aircraft noise is provided.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p652.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p443" class="affilation"></a>Economic valuation of sleep disturbance due to traffic noise: A questionnaire study applying CVM in Urayasu, Chiba, Japan</h2>
<h3>Miyakawa, Masamitsu (1)
, Matsui, Toshihito (2)
, Hiramatsu, Kozo (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan
(2) Kyoto University, Japan</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In the present study, the economic value of sleep disturbance due to traffic noise was examined by means of the contingent valuation method (CVM). In 2009, we conducted a questionnaire study in an area in Urayasu, Chiba, Japan; residents of this area are expected to be affected by the expansion of the Tokyo International Airport, which is scheduled for 2010. Residents were asked about their willingness to accept compensation (WTA) per month for once-a-month and once-a-week sleep disturbance due to traffic noise. Although open-ended CVM was employed to gather residents' opinions on WTA, two choices ("I do not need compensation because it does not bother me" and "I need more than money, and do not accept the disturbance") were also offered. Two versions of the questionnaire, one asking about aircraft noise and the other asking about road traffic noise, were prepared. Each version of the questionnaire was sent to 1,600 residents in the study area. As a result, 1,947 responses with a signature on the consent form were collected and the number of valid responses obtained was 1,829 (906: aircraft noise, 923: road traffic noise). It was found that respondents' WTA did not seem to differ depending on whether the disturbance was due to aircraft noise or road traffic noise. It was also found that there were great differences between individual WTAs for sleep disturbance due to traffic noise. The median value of the WTA for once-a-month sleep disturbance was 26,000 JPY/month (25-75th percentile: 3,000-"More than money"). The median value of the WTA for once-a-week sleep disturbance was "More than money" (25-75th percentile: 15,000-"More than money"). Furthermore, it was revealed that respondents' WTA varied significantly according to their basic attributes, such as age, socio-economic status, and subjective noise sensitivity.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p443.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p65" class="affilation"></a>Work and non-work noise exposure</h2>
<h3>Williams, Warwick</h3>
<p class="affilation">National Acoustic Laboratories, Sydney, Australia</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Most, if not all, industrialised countries now have in place occupational health and safety regulations with regard to hazardous noise exposure in the workplace. The challenge now is how to account for exposure to non-work and leisure noise and how to determine if this is a potential problem replacing or in addition to workplace noise. Recent studies undertaken by the National Acoustic Laboratories indicate that non-work and leisure noise exposure can have a significant effect compared to workplace noise thus compounding the problem of maintaining good hearing health. These studies have also provided a straight forward method for the comparison of the overall effects of all noise exposure using a noise exposure profile.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p65.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p114" class="affilation"></a>Noise as a cognitive impairment factor: a case study amongst teachers</h2>
<h3>Arezes, P. M.
, Barbosa, M. S.
, Miguel, A. S.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Ergonomics Laboratory, University of Minho, Guimaraes, Portugal
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Noise is widely recognized as one of the most important risk factors in occupational environments, in particular in what concerns the risk of hearing loss development. However, noise exposure might cause also other important effects, namely at a cognitive level. Teaching activities with young students, due to its own nature, can be a very demanding job in what regards cognitive requirements. Considering this, this study aims at finding out the possible relationship between classroom noise exposure and teachers' cognitive performance. As this relationship will be analyzed from the cognitive impairment point of view, it is important to bear in mind also the individual noise sensitivity. Accordingly, this study also includes the application of the Weinstein's Noise Sensitivity Scale (WNS). The study sample includes 16 teachers, which were divided into 2 different groups, one related with practical teaching activities (P) and the other related with theoretical teaching activities. Subjects were also divided according to obtained WNS score of each of them, into a Noise Sensitive (NS) and a Non-Noise Sensitive (NNS) groups. Noise exposure was measured in all classrooms considered during four weeks, and the corresponding noise equivalent level was registered. In order to test and register teachers' cognitive performance, all the teachers performed a cognitive test, applied in a personal computer, during four weeks and in two different moments within the same day. The obtained results indicate that, in terms of noise exposure, the highest registered one-hour equivalent levels were 73.0 and 84.3 dB(A), for the P and T groups respectively. The results from the cognitive performance tests show that the P group had a better performance than the TP. However, both groups showed a decrease in their performance after being exposed to classroom noise. When analyzing performance in both noise sensitivity groups, it is possible to notice that the NNS group had a better performance, but both groups showed also a decrease in their cognitive performance under the same exposure circumstances. The results showed that there is a statistical significant relationship between noise exposure and cognitive performance for the considered teachers, although this may not occur in all the analysed scenarios. Finally, it is important to mention that these results show the need to consider noise exposure risk in cognitive demanding jobs, such as a teacher job.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p114.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p382" class="affilation"></a>Control of noise exposure for employees in the music sector</h2>
<h3>Brockt, Georg</h3>
<p class="affilation">Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Dortmund, Germany
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Music means pleasure and passion to both consumers and performers. However there are potential risks of hearing damage for those workers in the music and entertainment sector who are repeatedly exposed to loud music over years of their working life. According to this the European Directive 2003/10/EC on occupational noise refers to all workers expressly including those in the music and entertainment industry. In addition to the national conversion by the European member states the directive required to provide national guidelines to support the practical implementation. The German guideline was published by the BAuA and developed within a working group including different professional associations and social partners.<br>
<br>
The crux of the matter in this sector is that sound is an absolutely intended and essential feature but it may be harmful at the same time. Nevertheless, the fundamental principles of noise control e.g. the general obligation for noise reduction at source or the priority of collective protection measures over individual protection measures are implemented in the directive. Where noise exposure exceeds action levels further measures have to be applied: implementation of noise reduction programmes, marking of noisy work places, use of hearing protection and health surveillance. Moreover a limit of 87 dB(A) for the noise exposure level, taking into account the attenuation of hearing protection, shall be complied. The approved way of noise control corresponding to these regulations is noise reduction at source, on the transmission path, by organizational measures and the application of hearing protection. But this procedure appears to be a challenge in music and entertainment. This contribution covers the sectors of orchestra musicians and workers in music clubs. The sound exposure of these employees and options for exposure limitation are described, in particular with regard to technical measures. Options for noise control directly at the source are often limited and have to follow the audiences' expectations. Thus measures on the transmission path from the sound sources to the individual workers get relevant. Principles as suitable setups, distance to sound sources, screenings, suitable absorption and room acoustics should be considered in both cases an ensemble or a music club. The fundamental goal is to protect workers but guide the sound to the audience. Nevertheless, there exists no general solution, but often only a combination of several individually adapted measures can yield an applicable exposure control.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p382.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p495" class="affilation"></a>The European Regulation 2003/10/EC and the impact of its application to the military noise exposure</h2>
<h3>Buck, Karl
, Hamery, Pascal
, Zimpfer, Véronique</h3>
<p class="affilation">Acoustics and Protection of the Soldier Group, French German Research Institute of Saint-Louis (ISL), Saint-Louis, France
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The European Regulation 2003/10/EC, voted by the European Parliament in 2003, is implemented in most of the countries of the European Community since 2008. This regulation defines different actions to be taken by the employer, when the employees are submitted to continuous or impulse noise which exceeds the lower or upper exposure action value. It also defines maximum exposure levels to which employees can be exposed. For continuous noise, these levels are given as daily noise exposure levels (Lex,8h), for impulse noise only the peak pressure level is relevant. The actions to be taken are: - at the lower action level (Lex,8h ≥ 80 dB(A) or Lpeak ≥ 135 dB(C)) hearing protectors have to be made available to the worker and - at the upper action value (Lex,8h ≥ 85 dB(A) or 137 dB(C)) the hearing protectors have to be used. The exposure limit values (including the hearing protection) are Lex,8h = 137 dB(A) for continuous and Lpeak = 140 dB(C) for impulse noise. As the noise environment to which the soldiers are exposed are often exceeding these values, it is important to analyze the impact of this regulation on the efficiency in training and/or combat. The presentation will present the principal types of noise to which the soldiers are exposed. The exposure criteria which are used for weapon noise in different countries will be discussed and compared to the European regulation.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p495.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p774" class="affilation"></a>Noise levels in UAE dental clinics and its effect on dental professionals and patients </h2>
<h3>Elmehdi, Hussein M</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Applied Physics, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates </p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the noise levels encountered in dental clinics located in various United Arab Emirate (UAE) cities, including professionals working in these clinics and patients visiting the clinics. Out of the one thousand surveys that were distributed, we have collected 860. Six hundred and twenty three (623) completed surveys were collected from patients and 137 from dental professionals from 27 dental clinics located in various UAE cities. For dental professionals questions focused on examining effects of noise encountered in the clinic on their hearing and interference of noise with their communication with patients and dental assistances. For the patients, the questions focused on the effect of noise patients' decision to visit the dental clinic and undergo subsequent or follow up treatment. In addition, for both dental professionals and patients, surveys included questions on annoyance level using a scale from 1 (not at all annoyed) to 5 (extremely annoyed). The results showed that 17% of the dental professionals reported hearing related problems since they have joined the clinic, and 32% among them reported experiencing communication problems with their patients because of noise. On the 1-5 annoyance level scale, 29% of the dental professionals felt "extremely annoyed" by the noise in the dental clinic, while only 3% felt "not at all annoyed". For patients, and on the most annoying experience during their visit, the sound of the drill came first with 47% of the patients felt "extremely annoyed" with it. On the effect of noise on their decision to come back for follow up treatment, 35% (adults) and 53% (children 10-14y) reported that it plays a role in their decision. This came second only to waiting time. Gender and age gabs, as well as other survey results will be presented. <br>
<br>
In conclusion, noise levels in UAE dental clinics, which were found to reach values up to 94 dB(A) for compressed air blasts and 91 dB(A) for some cutting activities, steam cleaning, and sandblasting, appears to have an effect on UAE dental professionals as well as patients visiting these clinics. Even though these levels are below the limit of risk of hearing loss, extended exposure may become a real risk if proper ear protection is not considered. For patients, the noise appears to be a determining factor on their decision to undergo dental treatment. Recommendations on how to deal with this will be discussed.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p774.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p116" class="affilation"></a>Earmuffs comfort</h2>
<h3>Gerges, Samir N. Y.</h3>
<p class="affilation">EMC, UFSC - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In many industrial and military situations it is not practical or economical to reduce the noise to levels that do not present either a hazard to hearing or annoyance. In these situations, personal hearing protection devices are capable of reducing the noise by up to around 40 dB. Although the use of a hearing protector is recommended as a temporary solution until action is taken to control the noise, in practice, it ends up as a permanent solution in most cases. Therefore, hearing protectors must be both efficient in noise attenuation and comfortable to wear. Comfort in this case is related to the acceptance of the user to wear the hearing protector consistently and correctly at all times. The purpose of this paper is to review publications related to earmuff comfort, most of which are based on measurement of the total headband force and subjective evaluation using questionnaires. Most of the results of blushed results show a week correlation between total headband force and subjective evaluation.This paper presents new quantitative indices based on the comfort parameters, mainly measurements of the contact pressure distribution between the earmuff cushions and circumaural flesh of the human head. The comfort parameters were investigated and equations developed to calculate comfort indices and overall quality indices. The calculated indices are correlated with subjective evaluations. Measurement results for the pressure distribution of ten earmuffs, show good correlation with subjective evaluation.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p116.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p727" class="affilation"></a>Validation of a temporary threshold shift (TTS) detector for use with portable listening devices</h2>
<h3>Giguère, Christian (1)
, Laroche, Chantal (1)
, Végiard, Chrystal (1)
, Blomberg, Les (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Hearing Research Laboratory, Noise and Communication Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
(2) Noise Pollution Clearinghouse, Montpelier, VT, USA.</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Recent studies on the use of portable audio listening devices indicate that while sustained listening at the maximum output volume of the unit is potentially hazardous with most devices, personal habits and listening preferences during actual use are such that only a 5-10% fraction of users may be at high risk of developing permanent hearing damage. Given the explosive increase in sales for these devices in recent years, this nevertheless represents a very large number of individuals worldwide. In this project, self-administered auditory temporary threshold shift (TTS) measurements are investigated as a possible tool to raise user awareness on the potential risks of portable listening devices when used at excessive levels. Users are presented with a sequence of 10 tones varying in levels near threshold using their device, and are asked to count the number of tones heard before and after the listening session. Counting less tones after the exposure indicates the presence of a TTS. Test-retest reliability measurements indicated that a TTS of 5 dB or more could be detected with this method. A validation study is currently being carried out in a laboratory setting with a group of users with normal hearing. Subjects must listen to music with their own devices for a one-hour session in a simulated bus noise environment. Thresholds are measured prior to and after exposure using the proposed method of counting and a fixed-frequency adaptive tracking method as control. Listening levels are also monitored using a KEMAR manikin. Preliminary results indicate that a fraction of subjects develop a TTS of 5 dB or more, which is typically shown with both threshold methods. Interestingly, these subjects all listened to music at levels exceeding 90 dBA during the session. It is hoped that such a tool could help users self-detect potentially hazardous situations and foster safer listening practices.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p727.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p858" class="affilation"></a>The effect of wearing earplugs on the level and spectrum of performed music</h2>
<h3>Kozlowski, Emil (1)
, Zera, Jan (1,2)
, Mlynski, Rafal (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute, Warszawa, Poland
(2) The Fryderyk Chopin University of Music, Warszawa, Poland</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Exposure of musicians to sound was measured during rehearsals and at a concert of a wind symphony orchestra. The measurements were made with the use of eight microphones in various locations on stage and averaged over the duration of 10 musical pieces. It was found that the LAeq values ranged from 83.0 to 106.5 dB. The daily noise exposure levels LEX,8h, corresponding to the measured levels exceeded 85 dBA in 8, 5, and 6 microphone positions during a rehearsal, the dress rehearsal and at the concert, respectively. Peak C-weighted SPLs ranged from 119.0 to 132.1 dB. These results suggest that musicians are exposed to sound levels that are hazardous to hearing. To study the effect of sound exposure of musicians on hearing an experiment was conducted in which subjects were exposed in the laboratory to recordings of sound that replicated the conditions of exposure on stage. In five subjects, TTS measured after a 40-minute exposure to recordings of seven pieces reached 15 dB. It also was found that TTS could be prevented by using ER 20 Musicians earplugs. At the next stage of the study the feasibility of using earplugs during musical performances was examined. Seven soloists and three music assembles performed four pieces of music with custom moulded musician's earplugs, with acoustic filters designed to attenuate sound by 9, 15 or 25 dB. Results showed that the use of earplugs had a pronounced effect on the levels and spectra of played sounds. The effect of wearing earplugs was largest for brass players; the change in 1/3-octave-band levels exceeded 15 dB at high frequencies when musicians donned the earplugs. The levels of sounds played without and with earplugs differed by about 5 dB. It also was found that the changes in level and spectrum of sounds increased with earplug sound attenuation. In the case of woodwind instruments the effect of wearing earplugs was smaller than observed for brass instruments. The changes in 1/3-octave-band levels did not exceed 5 dB and the overall level differed by not more than 2 dB. All performances made with and without earplugs were recorded and judged for quality by six experts. The judgments demonstrated that the use of earplugs deteriorates the quality of performance. The influence of wearing earplugs on performance quality may probably be reduced by training.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p858.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p651" class="affilation"></a>Effect of hearing protection and hearing loss on warning sound design</h2>
<h3>Laroche, Chantal
, Giguère, Christian</h3>
<p class="affilation">Audiology and SLP Program, University of Ottawa, Canada</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Warning sound devices are commonly used in noisy workplaces to warn workers of potentially dangerous situations. Warning sound perception depends on many factors, including warning sound levels relative to the background noise, hearing protection and hearing status. Although national and international standards (i.e. ISO 7731) are available to guide the choice of warning sound devices, none appears to take into account all these factors within a comprehensive model. A software tool, Detectsound, was used to demonstrate the extent to which hearing protection can compromise the perception of warning sounds by workers with hearing loss. Detectsound yields desired target sound levels at different workstations for different workers using and for various conditions of hearing protection. Scenarios were constructed using a low-frequency noise spectrum from NIOSH database, different degrees of sensorineural hearing losses, and personal hearing protector attenuation measurements or estimates according to the manufacturer's data. Detailed analysis of realistic scenarios with Detectsound revealed that a flat and high frequency sensorineural hearing loss combined with hearing protection can compromise high frequency perception and lead to overprotection. Such realistic scenarios make it explicit that the configuration of warning devices can vary significantly depending on the hearing status of workers at a given workstation and the variability in attenuation provided by hearing protectors.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p651.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p77" class="affilation"></a>Hearing status among aircraft maintenance personnel in a Swedish commercial airline company</h2>
<h3>Lindgren, Torsten</h3>
<p class="affilation">Department of Occupational and Environmenal Medicine, Sweeden</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The aim was to study hearing loss in a population of aircraft technicians and mechanics and indentify predictors. Equivalent noise levels during a working day were measured and were 70-91 dB (A). Maximal noise level was 119 dB(A). A total of 336 aircraft maintenance personnel answered a self-administered work environment questionnaire (response rate 76%) and underwent audiometric test. The mean values for the hearing test at 3, 4, 6 kHz were used for the ear with the most hearing loss and was compared with a Swedish population data base of persons not occupationally exposed to noise. At younger ages (-40 y) aircraft technicians and mechanics had more hearing loss compared to the reference group. Through multiple logistic regression analyses associations were found between age and hearing loss, and between exposure to solvents and annoyance due to hearing loss. In conclusion, aircraft technicians and mechanics may be exposed to equivalent noise levels above the Swedish occupational standard and have a higher age matched hearing threshold level at younger age compared to a reference group.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p77.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p1030" class="affilation"></a>Military aircraft noise effects on crew's cognitive conditions</h2>
<h3>Méndez, Fredesvinda
, Recuero, Manuel</h3>
<p class="affilation">Applied Acoustics and Instruments Research Group (I2A2). Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. INSIA - Campus Sur UPM. Ctra. Valencia Km. 7. 28031 - Madrid, Spain</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
This paper aims to establish a relationship between subjects exposed to military aircraft noise and their cognitive skills. The sample is composed of 65 subjects, divided into pilots and maintenance staff. Data were collected between 2006 and 2009. FAA and ISO regulations were considered for the study of noise; whereas for psychoacoustic evaluation, the technique of survey was applied. Results show that low frequency noise ranging between 16 and 250 Hz is higher than 100 dB in laboring areas during all operational phases of aircrafts, being the take-off the phase with the highest level of pressure. Ground operations reach 125 dB. Meaningful changes regarding concentration and memory were not observed. As a conclusion, it is presumed that the brain transforms noise into electrical signs, modifying Betha and Delta brain waves, which generate irritability, fatigue, discomfort, and sleepiness.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p1030.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p800" class="affilation"></a>Noise in industrial workrooms</h2>
<h3>Piechowicz, Janusz</h3>
<p class="affilation">AGH UST University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Sound fields in industrial workrooms can be predicted well using numerical methods. Prediction models can be used in helping to predict the benefits of and to optimize control measures. Two main factors influence the sound propagation in workrooms - the boundary conditions of the room and the fittings in the room. These factors should be accounted for in prediction models. Prediction models are employed to predict the sound fields in the measured configurations. To investigate the propagation of the sound in real workrooms, experiments were performed. The noise, of an omnidirectional sound source, was measured in many points of the room space simultaneously using a multi channel signal acquisition system. This allowed the comparison of simulated results with the ones measured in real rooms.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p800.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p298" class="affilation"></a>Results of simulation tests of a global index proposed for the acoustic assessment of machines</h2>
<h3>Pleban, Dariusz</h3>
<p class="affilation">Central Institute for Labour Protection, National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
For the assessment of noise emitted by machines, a global index of machines has been elaborated. The global index is a function of the following partial indices: sound power index, index of distance between the workstation and the machine, radiation directivity index, impulse and impact noise index and noise spectrum index. Each partial index always adopts positive value. If the value of the global index does not exceed 1, the noise of the assessed machine will not exceed the admissible value of the A-weighted sound pressure level at the workstation. <br>
<br>
Simulation tests of the partial indices as well as the global index were carried out. The results has proved among other things that the value of the global index increases both with the increase of sound power and the decrease of distance between workstation and a machine. The correctness of the results of the simulation tests was confirmed by the results of the experimental tests. The experimental tests were carried out in order to determine values of the global index for a group of engine-generators with the use of inversion method allowing for the determination of sound power level. It required the modelling of each of the tested generators with one omnidirectional substitute source. The correctness of the determined values of indices was confirmed by the results of A-weighted sound pressure level measurements on hypothetically assumed workstations in simulated "in situ" conditions.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p298.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p709" class="affilation"></a>Noise and hearing loss in the metal manufacturing industry in New Zealand</h2>
<h3>Welch, David
, Grynevych, Alla
, John, Gareth
, Thorne, Peter</h3>
<p class="affilation">University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Noise induced hearing loss is widespread and debilitating, yet there has been little research of relevance to New Zealand in the present. We aimed to measure noise levels associated with processes and equipment in the metal manufacturing sector, to assess daily and lifetime noise exposures for individuals, to measure hearing, and to determine the current and lifetime use of hearing protection equipment. 27 metal manufacturing companies took part. Noise levels associated with equipment and processes were measured and employees were interviewed during a shift. Hearing tests (otoscopy, tympanometry, and pure-tone audiometry) were carried out and dosimeters were fitted to 160 employees before the shift began on a second day. Many processes produced sound levels above the legally-specified safe limits of 85 dB(A) Leq and 130 dB(C) Lpeak, and approximately half of production workers were exposed to more than 85 dB(A) Leq over an eight-hour shift. Some of the noises, particularly impact noises, may be avoidable without loss of efficiency by altering processes. Hearing protection equipment was widely worn, and there was little evidence of widespread noise induced hearing loss in younger workers. Older workers (>40 years) reported not having worn hearing protection during noise exposure earlier in their lives, and had hearing losses consistent with noise induced loss, though the influence of age could not be ruled out. Disposable foam earplugs were often poorly fitted, to the extent that little or no protection was afforded by them, and poor fitting was correlated with the presence of hearing loss. Overall the findings suggest that noise levels are too high for hearing safety but that the wearing of hearing protection has been widespread over the last twenty years in this sector.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p557" class="affilation"></a>Noise at Work regulations 2005 and the Royal Academy of Music noise project.</h2>
<h3>Zepidou, G.
, Dance, Stephen</h3>
<p class="affilation">Acoustics Group, FESBE, London South Bank University, London, UK
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
With the introduction of Control of Noise at Work Regulations in 2006, entertainment noise was given a temporary exemption until 2008. Unfortunately classical music was caught by the legislation, even though it is the point of the activity rather than a side effect, as is the case for industrial noise. Since 2007, the Royal Academy of Music, as a leading conservatoire, has been working together with London South Bank University on developing all practical means of complying with the new regulations. The ‘noise project', assisted by the full cooperation of the Academy management, administrators, professors and students, can be split into four separate challenges: educating the musicians (both students and teachers; assessing the aural history of the musicians (students and teachers) and monitoring any changes in terms of hearing loss; assessment of individuals noise exposure and identification of key instruments /ensembles /environments in the Academy that create the highest noise levels and development of mitigating solutions(architectural, teaching, novel solutions). The emphasis of the project was to only to use or apply culturally acceptable methods and solutions. This was to maintain the exceptional standards held by the Academy. This paper discusses the Royal Academy of Music ‘noise project' and all steps taken so far towards both musicians' awareness and protection from excessive noise exposure, but also towards compliance with the new regulations.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p557.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p860" class="affilation"></a>Determination of earmuff transmittance with the use of MIRE technique and with artificial test fixtures</h2>
<h3>Zera, Jan (1, 2)
, Mlynski, Rafal (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
(2) Institute of Radioelectronics, Warsaw Institute of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Earmuff transmittance was measured on human subjects with the use of the microphone in real ear (MIRE) technique and on artificial test fixtures (ATFs). The purpose of the study was to determine hearing protector attenuation as a continuous function of frequency and to compare earmuff attenuation measured on ATFs with that measured on human subjects. Hearing protector attenuation is usually determined with the use of the real ear at threshold (REAT) method. According to ISO 4869-2 standard the measurements are made at seven one-octave steps from 125 Hz to 8 kHz, with the use of one-third-octave bands of noise. Whereas such data are considered sufficient in conditions of exposure to broadband industrial noise, a detailed frequency response of the hearing protector may be useful for the assessment of protection in the presence of tonal components and may be used to predict the impulse noise time waveform under the hearing protector. In this study measurements of earmuffs were conducted on five human subjects as well as with the use of an ATF made according to the ISO 4869-3:2007, a modified ATF with the 2 cm3 chamber, a Kemar manikin, and a Brüel&Kjaer 4100 manikin. The measurements were made in free-field conditions, in an anechoic chamber, using a maximum length sequence (MLS) test signal. It was found that earmuff frequency responses displayed substantial peaks and dips, exceeding 20 dB at certain frequencies. Such irregularities of the frequency response cannot be observed in standard octave-band measurements. Frequency responses determined on ATFs generally differed from those obtained on human subjects. This finding shows that the choice of ATF is crucial for obtaining an accurate representation of conditions in which hearing protectors are worn by real users.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p860.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p258" class="affilation"></a>Quality evaluation of engine start and idle sounds</h2>
<h3>Altinsoy, M. Ercan</h3>
<p class="affilation">Communication Acoustics, Dresden University Of Technology, Germany</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
One of the interesting questions in vehicle acoustics is how do we evaluate the instationary sounds. What are the relative contributions of the different sequences to the overall quality judgment, if the sounds have two characteristic time sequences?<br>
<br>
Normal operation of a vehicle covers stationary and instationary sounds depending on driving condition. "Engine start" (instationary) and "Idle" (stationary) are two examples of these driving conditions which are coupled with each other functionally. Therefore we hear the sounds of these conditions sequentially. Once such a hearing experience is over, we can form an overall evaluation of it. This study deals with the rules behind the evaluation process. We examine the hypothesis stating that the experience over time is not a simple combination of its discrete components. The influences of the extreme part (feature-based), beginning part and the final part of the experience to the overall evaluation are investigated. In order to approach this aim in a systematic way, psychoacoustical experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, the binaurally recorded engine start and the idle sounds of 12 cars from different brands were presented to the nonexpert subjects. They were asked to describe what they like and dislike about engine start and idle sounds. Some of the verbal descriptors which were used by the subjects were selected for the further experiments. In these experiments, the engine start and idle sounds were evaluated separately and variously combined by the subjects using a quasi continues scale. The results of the experiments give some important hints for the experience summation of multiple events.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p258.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p896" class="affilation"></a>Improving the acoustic evaluation of motor cars</h2>
<h3>Brizon, Carla Julio da Silveira (1)
, Medeiros, Eduardo Bauzer (2)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Fiat Automóveis S.A., Brazil
(2) Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Brazil</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In recent years sound quality has become a key issue for the Automotive Industry. As a consequence better testing procedures associated with improved analysis tools have been in constant development to enable car manufacturers to adequate their products to the costumers needs. The present study represents an initiative under current development by the Federal University of Minas Gerais in co-operation with FIAT Automoveis do Brasil. The approach makes use of a combination of both the so-called engineering parameters and classical psycho-acoustics parameters. Some of the initial results, composed of a combination of objective and subjective assessments are presented and organised in what is hoped to be a potential improvement and contribution for the acoustic evaluation of motor cars.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p896.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p859" class="affilation"></a>Optimization of Diesel engine noise</h2>
<h3>Decker, Marco (1)
, Schmiechen, Philipp (2)
, Röpke, Karsten (2)
, Gühmann, Clemens (1)</h3>
<p class="affilation">(1) Department of Electronic Measurement and Diagnostic Technology, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
(2) Development methods, Ingenieurgesellschaft Auto und Verkehr, Berlin, Germany
</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
In Europe compression ignition (or Diesel) engines are outselling spark ignition (Gasoline) engines by numbers. To promote sales even further there exists a strong interest in enhancing the sound quality of Diesel engines to match their performance in fuel economy and CO2-emissions. Among many other projects the German Research Association for Combustion Engines, FVV, supports the project Noise controlled Diesel engine. Within this project we investigate how the engine management can make use of noise-related sensor signals to reduce and control acoustic emissions whilst maintaining the overall goals on fuel efficiency and regulations regarding (chemical) emissions. It is common understanding among experts that purely physical parameters such as the <br>
<br>
overall sound power level are insufficient to quantify the acoustic effect on the environment. Rather psycho-acoustic parameters such as loudness or impulsiveness of the signal are required for that purpose. This is even more important if development effort should be guided towards quantifyable and noticeable benefit. To support this point and to demonstrate the approach measurements on a Diesel engine were conducted on a test bench with variation of input parameters previously identified of having an influence on the engine noise. The tests were planned by DoE with the following inputs: engine speed, engine load, injection timings, and injection durations. From the measured airborne engine sounds psychoacoustic parameters were calculated. From these the Diesel note was derived which was developed to quantify the acoustic impact on humans. The Diesel note was (indirectly) modeled in terms of the ECU parameters and optimized. This optimum shows the best possible sound that can be achieved within the valid ECU parameter combinations. The maximum potential can be shown by computing additionally the worst Diesel note. The approach will be further developed and validated in the future.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p859.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p212" class="affilation"></a>Transmission loss calculations for dissipative mufflers with temperature gradients</h2>
<h3>Denia, Francisco D.
, Antebas, Antoine
, Martínez-Casas, José
, Fuenmayor, F. Javier</h3>
<p class="affilation">Centro de Investigación de Tecnología de Vehículos, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y de Materiales, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
The influence of temperature and the associated gradient on the acoustic attenuation performance of automotive dissipative mufflers is studied in detail by a multidimensional analytical approach based on the mode matching method. To account for the variation of temperature within the absorbent material, a segmentation procedure is considered with a number of dissipative regions with different but axially uniform temperature. The technique is applied to dissipative reversing chamber mufflers, including the presence of an absorbent material. For validation purposes, the analytical predictions are compared with numerical calculations based on the finite element method, showing a good agreement. While the temperature does not modify the transmission loss of reactive mufflers if the ratio of the frequency to the speed of sound is considered as the abscissa, an influence is found for dissipative configurations, at least with the models of impedance and wavenumber currently available in the literature for absorbent materials. In addition, the effect of temperature gradients on the transmission loss of some selected configurations is studied.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p212.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="p1023" class="affilation"></a>Development of a low cost system for pass-by noise beamforming measurements</h2>
<h3>Fonseca, William D.
, Gerges, Samir N. Y.</h3>
<p class="affilation">Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Beamforming is an acoustic imaging technique that can estimate the radiation pattern of single or complex sound sources and produce a map of the results. The pass-by noise test is a standardized test that aims to evaluate the overall noise of vehicle's sideline. <br>
<br>
By coupling the idea of pass-by test with the extension of beamforming technique to moving sources provides the access to the recognition of sound sources produced by vehicle movements, for example, rolling tyres, engines and exhaust systems.<br>
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The present paper aims to describe a low cost system to apply beamforming technique to pass-by noise test. The system is based on the use of low cost electret microphones mounted in a metallic array which are connected by a coaxial cable to the acquisition system. <br>
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Later in this document in the application section the results of beamforming maps of pass-by noise test can be viewed in more detail.</p>
<p class="affilation"><img src="../images/pdfview_small.gif" alt="PDF" border="0" style="width: 28px; height: 31px;"><a href="papers/p1023.pdf" target="_blank"> Full Paper</a></p>
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<h2><a name="p46" class="affilation"></a>Brake vibration and noise - A review and discussion</h2>
<h3>Guan, Dihua</h3>
<p class="affilation">State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China</p>
<p><b>ABSTRACT</b><br>
Brake vibration & noise is the friction induced phenomenon which has been studied by many researchers in a variety of ways due to its importance and complexity since the early 20th century. Recently rapid progress has been made in both theoretical and experimental studies, especially on the modeling and an]]>